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    Cardinal Vowels: Presented by Marwa Mahmoud Abd El Fattah

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    Samar Saad
    Cardinal vowels are a standardized reference system for classifying and comparing vowels across languages. They were devised by Daniel Jones and are based on two criteria: tongue height and tongue frontness/backness. This results in 8 primary cardinal vowels, from highest front vowel [i] to lowest back vowel [ɑ]. Secondary cardinal vowels reverse the lip rounding of the primary vowels. The cardinal vowel system provides a framework to describe vowel qualities in any language relative to the standard cardinal vowels. Though criticized for equidistance assumptions, acoustic analysis has supported Daniel Jones' original auditory judgments of vowel relationships in the system.

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    Cardinal Vowels: Presented by Marwa Mahmoud Abd El Fattah

    Uploaded by

    Samar Saad
    1K views4 pages
    Cardinal vowels are a standardized reference system for classifying and comparing vowels across languages. They were devised by Daniel Jones and are based on two criteria: tongue height and tongue frontness/backness. This results in 8 primary cardinal vowels, from highest front vowel [i] to lowest back vowel [ɑ]. Secondary cardinal vowels reverse the lip rounding of the primary vowels. The cardinal vowel system provides a framework to describe vowel qualities in any language relative to the standard cardinal vowels. Though criticized for equidistance assumptions, acoustic analysis has supported Daniel Jones' original auditory judgments of vowel relationships in the system.

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    Cardinal vowels are a standardized reference system for classifying and comparing vowels across languages. They were devised by Daniel Jones and are based on two criteria: tongue height and tongue frontness/backness. This results in 8 primary cardinal vowels, from highest front vowel [i] to lowest back vowel [ɑ]. Secondary cardinal vowels reverse the lip rounding of the primary vowels. The cardinal vowel system provides a framework to describe vowel qualities in any language relative to the standard cardinal vowels. Though criticized for equidistance assumptions, acoustic analysis has supported Daniel Jones' original auditory judgments of vowel relationships in the system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views4 pages

    Cardinal Vowels: Presented by Marwa Mahmoud Abd El Fattah

    Uploaded by

    Samar Saad
    Cardinal vowels are a standardized reference system for classifying and comparing vowels across languages. They were devised by Daniel Jones and are based on two criteria: tongue height and tongue frontness/backness. This results in 8 primary cardinal vowels, from highest front vowel [i] to lowest back vowel [ɑ]. Secondary cardinal vowels reverse the lip rounding of the primary vowels. The cardinal vowel system provides a framework to describe vowel qualities in any language relative to the standard cardinal vowels. Though criticized for equidistance assumptions, acoustic analysis has supported Daniel Jones' original auditory judgments of vowel relationships in the system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Cardinal Vowels

    Presented by
    Marwa Mahmoud Abd El Fattah

    Under the supervision of:


    Dr Afaf Abd El Hamid
    Cardinal vowels:
    They are an accurate standard reference system for vowels (CV’s), devised by Daniel
    Jones (1881-1967). They are accurate in the sense they locate the place of vowels
    articulation and standard because they are fixed. The cardinal vowels are a reference
    system for the vowels of any language. They aren't the vowels of any particular
    language but general broad categories through which we can describe and analyze the
    vowels of any language. Thus learning them does not mean one is learning English
    vowels but learning about the rangier of vowels humans can produce using their
    articulatory system and also learning a useful way of describing, classifying, and
    comparing vowels.

    There are two main criteria which determine 8 primary cardinal vowels:

    1- The degree of height of the tongue inside the mouth producing the pair open-close.
    Open is the least height of the tongue while close the highest position for the tongue.
    2- The part of the tongue participating in the production of the vowel whether the front
    of the tongue or the back part
    A third criterion may be added which is the degree of lips rounding :rounded and
    unrounded

    Jones proposed a set of 8 reference vowels. Two “anchor points” - the highest, frontest
    possible vowel (Cardinal Vowel 1) and the lowest, backest possible vowel Cardinal
    Vowel 5). the front of the tongue is raised as close as possible to the palate without
    friction being produced for the cardinal vowels [i] No 1, and the whole of the tongue is
    as low as possible in the mouth with slight raising for the back for the cardinal vowel
    [ ] cardinal no. 5. The lowering of the tongue was halted at 3 points the space seems to
    be equidistant between each vowel and the following. On the other axis the same
    happened three auditory equi-distant points were established from the lowest to the
    highest position.

    The front series [ ] and [ ] are pronounced with spread or open lips,
    whereas he remaining three members of back series have different degrees of lips
    rounding (they are rounded).
    A set of Secondary Cardinal Vowels with the same tongue positions but opposite values
    of lip rounding are also proposed. This secondary series can be obtained by reversing the
    lip position e.g. lip rounding applied to [i] or lip spreading applied to [u].
    Primary description secondar IPA description
    IPA y
    cardina
    l 9 [y] close front rounded

    1 [i] close front unrounded vowel 10 [ø] close-mid front rounded

    2 [e] close-mid front unrounded11 [œ] open-mid front rounded

    3 [ɛ] open-mid front unrounded12 [ɶ] open front rounded

    4 [a] open front unrounded vowel 13 [ɒ] open back rounded

    5 [ɑ] open back unrounded vowel 14 [ʌ] open-mid back

    6 [ɔ] open-mid back rounded15 [ɤ] close-mid back

    7 [o] close-mid back rounded16 [ɯ] close back unrounded

    8 [u] close back rounded vowel 17 [ɨ] Close central

    18 [ʉ] Close central rounded


    Using the Cardinal Vowel system

    The primary and secondary cardinal vowel categories provide a suitable framework for
    comparison for many languages .This scale is very useful because: a) the vowel qualities
    are unrelated to particular values in a certain language, b)the set is recorded so that
    reference may be always made to a standard invariable scale. (Gimson 1962) (E.g. a
    vowel close to CV 1; a vowel a little lower and more retracted than CV 2, a vowel
    halfway between CV 8 and CV 9, etc.).
    A visual representation of these vowel relationships is given on a chart which is based
    on the cardinal vowels tongue positions. The internal triangle corresponding to the
    region of central or [ ] type vowel sounds is made by dividing the top line into three
    approximately equal sections and drawing parallel line to the sides.

    Criticism
    Some criticism was directed to this notion of cardinal vowels as to the fact of
    equidistance being not accurate enough, yet it is a remarkable fact that auditory
    judgments as to vowel relationships made by Daniel Jones earlier have been largely
    supported by recent acoustic analysis. In fact a chart based on acoustic analysis of
    cardinal vowels qualities corresponds very well with traditional cardinal vowel figure.
    •
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