DWDM Impairments Optical Transport Networks (OTN) : Linear Effects
DWDM Impairments Optical Transport Networks (OTN) : Linear Effects
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Linear effects
Optical Transport Networks (OTN) Glossary Acterna Test & Measurement Solutions
Signal Lt APD Avalanche photo diode ITU International Telecommunication Union OXC Optical cross connect
ASE Amplified spontaneous emission ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Sector PDL Polarization dependent loss
CD Chromatic dispersion LAN Local area network PMD Polarization mode dispersion
dB Decibel MUX Multiplexer PoS Packet over SONET/SDH
DCF Dispersion compensating fiber mW Milliwatt RFA Raman fiber amplifier
Noise DCM Dispersion compensating module nm Nanometer SBS Stimulated Brillouin scattering
DEMUX Demultiplexer NMS Network management system SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy
Distance
DFB Distributed feedback NZDSF Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber SMF Single-mode fiber
1. Optical
Attenuation in singlemode fibers
2. Optical window
10 DSF Dispersion shifted fiber OC Optical carrier SOA Semiconductor optical amplifier
3. Optical window
PMD – the effect of the different polarization modes (horizontal and DWDM Dense wavelength division multiplexing O/E Optical-to-electrical converter SONET Synchronous optical network
vertical) of a signal statistically traveling at different velocities due to E/O Electrical-to-optical converter OADM Optical add/drop multiplexer SPM Self phase modulation
fiber imperfections. Stimulated Raman scattering Power conversion
dB/km
CD coefficient in ps/(nm*km)
20 2.5 Gbps T = 402 ps 100 GHz » 0.8 nm 100 pW -70 dBm
Non-linear effects G.652 standard fiber DCMs remove CD effects accumulated during transmission by using an
element to create reverse behavior of the velocity per wavelength.
10 Gbps T = 100.5 ps 50 GHz » 0.4 nm 10 pW -80 dBm
10 44 Gbps T = 25.5 ps 25 GHz » 0.2 nm
CD can be compensated by using: 1 pW -90 dBm
G.655 non zero disp.
– Fiber Bragg grating
shifted fiber
– Dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) DCFs
Parametric effects Scattering effects 0
DCMs are often integrated into optical fiber amplifiers (OFA) and can
G.653 dispersion sometimes be adjusted to react to temperature dependent changes of the
shifted fiber CD value.
-10
Power
Power
The effect a signal in one channel has on another signal’s phase is called
Optical bands
XPM. It is caused by the Kerr effect but arises only from the transmission 1400 1200 1500 13001600
0.6 References FrequencIes
of multiple channels on the same fiber.
60
60
40
60
30
65
25
75
l/nm
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
G.652 or “standard” fibers contain- G.653 dispersion shifted fiber (DSF)
Effects: spectral broadening, Solutions: use of fibers with CD Channels Channels ing zero dispersion at 1310 nm were for transmission in the region of 0.5
Attenuation (dB/km)
positive CD regime), accelerated Intended initially for standard use
frequencies (THz)
frequencies (THz)
frequencies (THz)
frequencies (THz)
wavelengths (nm)
wavelengths (nm)
pulse broadening (in negative CD Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) They show slightly more attenuation with new installations, multiple 0.4 G.661 Definitions and test methods for the
Nominal central
Nominal central
Nominal central
Nominal central
Nominal central
Nominal central
for spacings of
for spacings of
regime), channel crosstalk due to in the 1310 nm than in 1550 nm channels and high transmission relevant generic parameters of optical
This effect transfers power from a signal at a shorter wavelength to one
for spacings
for spacings
walk-off effect and bit errors
E-band (Extended)
window and have the highest CD in rates have led to non-linear effects amplifier devices and subsystems
O-band (Original)
at a higher wavelength. Signal lightwaves interact with optical photons
of 50 GHz
of 50 GHz
comparison to other fibers. being exhibited in these fibers.
in the silica fiber and are scattered in all directions. 0.3
G.662 Generic characteristics of optical
Solutions: careful power level G.655 non-zero dispersion shifted amplifier devices and subsystems
Effects: decrease of peak power
S+-band
and OSNR, optical crosstalk design fiber (NZDSF) reduces non-linear
0.2 G.663 Application related aspects of optical 196.10 196.10 1528.77 194.05 — 1544.92
especially in bi-directional effects caused by multiple wave-
amplifier devices anbd subsystems
DWDM systems, bit errors length transmission and high-power 196.05 — 1529.16 194.00 194.00 1545.32
0.1 (describes non-linear effects)
laser by leaving a small amount of
CD in the fiber. 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 G.664 Optical safety procedure and requirements
196.00 196.00 1529.55 193.95 — 1545.72
Blue shift Red shift Wavelength (nm) 195.95 — 1529.94 193.90 193.90 1546.12
for optical transport systems
G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel 195.90 195.90 1530.33 193.85 — 1546.52
systems with optical amplifiers 195.85 — 1530.72 193.80 193.80 1546.92
(DWDM systems, channel spacing grids 195.80 195.80 1531.12 193.75 — 1547.32
and reference test points)
X Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) 195.75 — 1531.51 193.70 193.70 1547.72
G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport
This backscattering process causes loss of power. Signal lightwaves network (OTN) (2.7 Gb/s, 10.7 Gb/s, 195.70 195.70 1531.90 193.65 — 1548.11
Self phase modulation (SPM) induce periodic changes in the fiber’s refractive index at high power. — 193.60
43 Gb/s, FEC and digital wrapper) 195.65 1532.29 193.60 1548.51
With high signal intensities, light induces variable local changes in the 195.60 195.60 1532.68 193.55 — 1548.91
G.957 Optical interfaces for equipment and
fiber’s refractive index known as the Kerr effect that produces a varying
phase in the same channel. Effects: decrease of peak power
and OSNR, optical crosstalk
Solutions: spectral broadening
of the light source
Optical fiber amplification systems relating to the synchronous
digital hierarchie
195.55
195.50
—
195.50
1533.07
1533.47
193.50
193.45
193.50
—
1549.32
1549.72
Solutions: use of fibers with CD especially in bi-directional G.959.1 Optical transport networks with physical 195.45 — 1533.86 193.40 193.40 1550.12
Effects: spectral broadening,
DWDM systems, bit errors layer interfaces
initial pulse compression (in 195.40 195.40 1534.25 193.35 — 1550.52
positive CD regime), accelerated — 193.30
195.35 1534.64 193.30 1550.92
pulse broadening (in negative CD Gain profiles
regime) and channel crosstalk IEC http://www.iec.ch 195.30 195.30 1535.04 193.25 — 1551.32
due to walk-of effect Basic configuration of the EDFA 14 195.25 — 1535.43 193.20 193.20 1551.72
61290 Basic specifications for optical test
Optical isolator methods 195.20 195.20 1535.82 193.15 — 1552.12
Further limitations Input
Er-doped fiber
WDM coupler Output
12
EDFA gain
61291-1 Optical fiber amplifiers 195.15 — 1536.22 163.10 193.10 1552.52
195.10 195.10 1536.61 163.05 — 1552.93
195.05 — 1537.00 163.00 163.00 1553.33
10
f1 f2 f3 Original channels Raman gain Telcordia http://www.telcordia.com 195.00 195.00 1537.40 192.95 — 1553.73
GR-1221 Generic reliability assurance requirements 194.95 — 1537.79 192.90 192.90 1554.13
Crosstalk
Gain (dB)
Crosstalk GR-2882 Generic requirements for fiber-optic 194.75 — 1539.37 192.70 192.70 1555.75
l2 dispersion compensators
f331
f223
f113
f221
Note: Specifications, terms and conditions are subject to change without notice.– © 2005 JDS Uniphase Corporation. All rights reserved. 10143228 500 1205 DWDM.PO.FOP.TM.AE