Pakistan Journal of Language Studies ISSN (Online) 2664-1461

Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2018 ISSN (Print) 2664-1453

Code-Mixing: A Dilapidating Trend in the Punjab Textbook

Dr. Saba Sadia1 & Hassaan Bin Zubair2
1
Lecturer, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
2
PhD English (Scholar), Faculty of English, National University of Modern Languages,
Islamabad
Correspondence email: [email protected]
Abstract

Code-mixing is one of the dimensions for the increased spread of the English language around the globe.
In Pakistan, it is now a common trend among masses not only in their spoken discourse but also in their
written genre. Education is one of the most influenced field of the English language. The present paper
investigates the occurrence of code-mixing in textbooks published by the Punjab Textbook Board (PTB). A
vigilant analysis of English vocabulary in General Science Book (Grade 9-10), published by The Punjab
Textbook Board (PTB) and approved by the Punjab Curriculum Authority according to National
Curriculum 2006 and National Textbook and Learning Materials Policy 2007, has been conducted. A
robust examination of the textbook shows that a good amount of code-mixed words have been used in
textbooks even when the Urdu language is capable enough to present its Urdu-version equivalents. The
current study has raised many questions, i.e., why Urdu words are so frequently replaced by English lexis
even though Urdu has equivalent words? Is code-mixing in textbooks making Urdu language more flexible,
or it is progressively declining individuality of Urdu language? The current study suggests that textbooks
are the most influential tool for learning and teaching in academic institutions. Textbooks developers
should aim to maintain the individuality of the Urdu language by avoiding unnecessary replacement of
English lexes.

Keywords: code-mixing, Urdu language, English language, textbooks

1. Introduction

Among all the sources of communication, language is the only means which is not
unique in nature but also complicated and flexible. Many languages have been coexisting
and influencing each other being part of the same community. The English language is
one of the languages which always has a powerful influence on other languages. Being
part of the different societies, many languages came under its leverage because of its fast
spread and Urdu language is one of them. Numerous English language terminologies are
part of Urdu language at present. This caused continuous switching and blending of code.

Switching, mixing, and borrowing codes of English in the national and provincial
languages is one of the scopes of the spread of English in Pakistan (Rasul, 2013).
Pakistan is the land where many languages are being spoken and people are
bi/multilingual. This is one of the major reasons for emerging code-switching/mixing. As
far as English is concerned, it has always enjoyed prestige in Pakistan. Due to its
powerful effect, people feel proud to use English lexis in their day to day communication.
It resulted in many words of the English language becoming part of the Urdu language.

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It is recognized by the term intra-sentential switching. Code-mixing is

characterized by the use of utterances or chunks of a language interleaved with another
language while the speaker is mainly using the former language. These particular
‘chunks' of the additional language are frequently lexical items, but they can be utilized
as phrases or larger units (Rasul, 2013). Kachru (1978) stated, fundamentally, there are
three stimuli for code-mixing, i.e., "role identification, register identification, and desire
for elucidation and interpretation." Maschler (1998) proclaimed code-mixing as
"employing two languages in a manner that a third, new code surfaces, in which
essentials of the two languages are merged into an organizationally definable
configuration." It is conceived that code-mixing happens when the user of language does
not have equal proficiency in both the languages, and in most cases, this is an
unintentional process.

1.1 Origin of Code-Mixing in Urdu Language

The origin of the Urdu language, according to Grierson, is Turkish, Arabic,

Persian, and Sanskrit (as cited in Mushtaq & Zahra, 2012). After the invasion of the
British Empire in the subcontinent, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan thought of educating people
through literature and he advocated the simplification of the Urdu language. According to
his point of view, the language gets more effective as it gets simpler. Not only he stressed
utilizing Urdu literature as teaching material for education and development of Muslims
that reside in the subcontinent but also paved the means for the English Language. In the
start, Muslim community of the subcontinent showed some resistance, but later not only
"Urdu Assan Tehreek" came into being but also remained successful in changing
traditional Urdu and Muslims' viewpoints towards the English language. This influence
was much deep-rooted that even after independence one could not get free from the
clutches of the English language. Consequently, English has become the official language
of Pakistan. History is the witness that the Urdu language has undergone many changes
from 1857 to 1947. It became more simple and flexible and the influence of the Persian
language decreased. Now in the current situation, English has penetrated in Urdu to the
degree that even a layman or illiterate is using English vocabulary in one's day-to-day
communication. Words like plate, glass, television, dressing table, sorry, thank you, etc.
are frequently used in routine communication without any awareness of code-mixing.

1.2 Role of Code-Mixing in Punjab Textbooks

The progressive development of language in the form of enrichment, expression,

and wordsmithing entails from linguists, intellectuals, and academic institutions. In
academic institutions, the academic curricula and textbooks at the early period of
schooling lay the foundation stone to conform to the language with contemporary
advances. As for as Pakistan is concerned, English is ruling in academia before and after

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its inception on the globe and is playing its role as a primary channel of imparting
knowledge at all levels.

Textbooks are one of the biggest and reliable sources of information for students
of every age group. They assist in offering a selected global-view to scholars (Rahman,
2002). It is vital to provide a very good piece of expertise about the situation to whom
they are concerned. Textbooks, according to Chambliss and Calfee (1998), are collections
of new and exciting understanding of fantastic experiences. They function as a primary
means of imparting content knowledge and a fundamental device inside the system of
teaching and gaining knowledge of (Mahmood, 2011, 2009). They also authenticate
social and academic standards and transmit them to all the children in classrooms (Sabir,
2008). As far as language textbooks are involved, they exhibit linguistic norms of the
society that are to be conducted. Textbooks are not only the most effective supply of
records but additionally a radical tool of gaining knowledge (Mahmood, 2010).
Textbooks of a language have a large part of the legacy of that particular language and
used to preserve the purity of the language. The students learn a language in a classroom
situation with the help of recommended books that are founded on their previously
planned curricula.

1.3 Significance of the Current Research

Code-mixing is not a new phenomenon, and it takes place in almost all languages
around the globe. The current study aims to explore to what extent code-mixing of the
English language is used in Urdu medium textbooks and whether or not the Urdu
language has sufficient equivalents of the inserted English lexis. It also investigates the
use of continuous insertion of English words making Urdu language flexible or worse.

2. Literature Review

In the process of learning and teaching, textbooks have always enjoyed a central
position in Pakistan. Especially in schools, textbooks are considered as the hub of entire
knowledge on the subject content. The process of compilation, evaluation, and publishing
demands a great deal of constant attention and vigilant scrutiny. In Pakistan, as in every
country, there is a proper system of textbook evaluation (Mahmood, 2009). Mahmood
(2009) studied eight characteristics of textbooks and pointed out some flaws in the
quality of selected textbooks. He proposed to assign the duty of development and
evaluation of textbooks to experienced curriculum developers rather than teachers. The
researchers hold the same stance and strongly suggested taking notice of improving the
quality of textbooks. Rahman (2002) also presumed the ideological prejudice in Pakistani
textbooks and recommended immediate improvement.

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Mushtaq and Zahra (2012) analyzed code-mixing in television advertisements.

The researchers aimed at analyzing the extent and impact of code-mixing in
advertisements shown on different channels in Pakistan. Data recording of 3 Pakistani
channels, which were Geo TV, ARY Digital Network, and Hum TV were used for
analysis. A questionnaire was established and circulated to identify the views and effects
of code-mixing on the spectators of TV advertisements. The study established on the
result that code-mixing is a common practice, and it is used as a tool to grab the attention
of the viewers.

Likewise, Asghar (2012) conducted a study, and he was of the view that
hybridization is the result of code-mixing. Hybridization is a common phenomenon in the
bi-multilingual community. Due to frequent mixing of languages, a new variety emerged
which shared features of both languages, but having its independent grammatical
features. Asghar (2012) supported his conclusion by giving some examples such as
"leaderan, machinain, classon, quomi assembly, hakomatimemberan". He also observed
that some speakers are in the habit of repeating English equivalents of Urdu words either
to show their knowledge and command on the English Language or to express their status
consciousness.

Furthermore, Talaat (2002), in her study titled "The Form and Functions of
English in Pakistan", collected data from English newspapers and magazines published in
Pakistan. The selected text was inspected by comparison of "standard British English"
and Urdu sentence construction. It was perceived that the structure of Urdu has
significantly influenced the English language giving rise to Pakistani English. She also
observed structural discrepancy in language and concluded that it was due to code-mixing
and literal translation.

Poplack (1978) added tag switching as an additional type, but, mainly, the term
code-switching contains the rest of the types. Most of the studies overlook code-
switching in written text beside its existence, even in the mentioned definition. His study
focused on code-switching in newsletter articles by native English speakers living in
Japan. Language textbooks-based research is, particularly, a neglected area of research.

Bing (2011) highlighted loan words in Chinese textbooks and of the view that the
majority of words are from the English language. The research emphases on the
quantification of borrowed incidences. Moreover, the researcher proposes the protection
of language from the effects of foreign language and culture. The idea supports the
researchers' claim that redundant code-switching needs to be controlled in the field of
education, particularly, in language textbooks.

Hall-Lew (2002) studied two utmost significant languages of the globe, Chinese
and English, Chinese with the perspective of English used in the Chinese language. The

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researcher was of the view that the overuse of code-mixing had resulted in language
change.

In Pakistan, Khurshid et al. (2010) studied female representation in English and

Urdu textbooks. According to his study, females are portrayed as undervalued. He
recommended amendment in them. Though this study has no direct relation to the current
research, it highlights the weaknesses existing in Pakistani textbooks.

Anwar (2007) studied code-switching in Pakistani English newspapers and

informed switching of Urdu phrases and clauses, whereas, Qadir and Rasul (2009)
analyzed code-switching in Pakistani Urdu newspapers and reported recurrent switching
of English. They illustrated that it mainly stemmed from globalization and language
contact. These studies highlighted frequent code-switching in the written text through the
medium of print media in Pakistan. The studies of English borrowing in Urdu magazines
prompted this study, and it investigates the extent to which the English language has
penetrated Urdu textbooks. Textbooks are supposed to provide standard language and
serve a series of functions from providing an outline for a program to the maintenance of
quality in instruction and education. Byred (2001) states that teachers mostly depend on
textbooks because they believe that books have the required content. Hence, if textbooks
are intended to develop language competence, they are supposed to contain the best form
of language they are teaching.

The researcher holds the same opinion but from a different perspective
concerning textbooks-based study. The researcher has observed the unnecessary use of
English in Urdu textbooks although Urdu has substitutes for such words. The current
study is unique in the sense that it will be helpful for the writers, authors, and evaluators
of the textbooks to be careful about the use of the English words in Urdu script textbooks.

3. Methodology

The presented study has focused on the insertion of code-mixing in PTB. The
researcher had chosen Urdu language textbooks published by the Punjab Textbook Board
approved by The Punjab Curriculum Authority according to National Curriculum 2006
and National Textbook and Learning Materials Policy 2007. The researcher collected the
corpus from the General Science book of Matriculation level for Arts Group. It
investigated the frequency of occurrence of the code-mixed words.

The current study falls in qualitative and quantitative research. It not only counts
the occurrence of each instance but also explores why and how it occurs.

In the data analysis section, data were classified under two major categories:

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a) At word level
b) At compound words and phrase level

It was examined whether the words/linguistic items that are code-mixed have an
Urdu equivalent or not. It is significant to mention here that many linguistic items/words
are used recurrently in the book. To avoid any confusion in the quantification of data,
every new item that occurred in the book is counted as one ‘instance' of code-mixing;
nevertheless, any element that occurred more than once, its occurrence was shown
against it in the table. The term ‘occurrence' is used to refer to the total times these items
are found. It indicates that if the word ‘pollution’ is found nine times in a magazine, it
will be considered as one ‘instance’ and nine ‘occurrences’ of the linguistic item
pollution.

4. Results and Discussion

The research data were analyzed and results are inferred therein. The total
instances of code-mixing of single lexical items in General Science Book are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1
Total Instances of Code-Mixed Words in ‘General Science Book’ of PTB
Urdu Equivalent Urdu Equivalent
Code-Mixed Words Code-Mixed Words
Words Words
Energy 124 Tawanai Growth 17 Nash-o-Numa
Protein 70 Lehmiyat Negative 17 Manfi
Temperature 65 Darja e Hararat Difference 17 Faraq / Tafreeq
Reaction(s) 55 Rad-e-Amal Metal(s) 16 Dhatein
Elements 52 Anasir Positive 16 Musbat
Chemical 50 Chemiyai System 15 Nizam
Carbohydrates 40 Nishasta Respiration 14 Tanafus
Compounds 38 Murakbaat Digestive 14 Inhazam
Process 33 Amal Electric 14 Barqi
Material(s) 31 Mawaad Enzymes 13 khamra
Fats 30 Chiknai Growth 13 Nash-o-Numa
Tissues 30 Raishey Photosynthesis 12 Ziya-e – Ta’aleef
Density 25 Kasafat Starch 12 Nishasta
Oil(s) 24 Tail Crystal 11 Qalam
Cell(s) 23 Khliye Stimulus 11 Moharik
Biological 20 Hayatiati Atmosphere 11 Aab-o-HAwa
Veins 19 Nus / Rug Resistance 11 Muzahammat
Acids 18 Taizaab Oxidation 10 Amal-e-Takseed
Ion(s) 17 Barqi Para Infrared 10 ZirienSurkh
Response 9 Rad e Amal Calories 7 Hararey
Current 9 BarqiBaar Infection 7 Waba
Pollution 9 Aloodgi Random 7 BeyTarteeb

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Electrical 9 Barqi Solvent 6 Mohalil

Size 9 Jisamat Vertebrate 6 Fukra Dar
Lipids 8 Hayatiati Fix 6 Pukhta Karna
Lubricant 8 ChiknaiWala Recycling 6 Baz Gardani
Solubility 8 Hal Paziri Glands 6 Ghadood
Bodies 8 Ajsam Vessel(s) 6 Shiryan
Muscles 8 Uzla / Bafat Motion 6 Harkat
Salt(s) 8 Namkiat Range 6 QisamWaar
Effect 8 Asar Rare 5 GhairMamooli
Medicine 8 Dawa Lighting 5 Roshni
Transport 8 Naql o Hamal Organic 5 Na’miyati
Potential 8 Kabliat Drug(s) 5 Dawa
Supply 8 Mohiyakarna Injection 5 Teeka
Function 8 Fa’al Type(s) 5 Iqsaam
Charge 8 Qeemat Depression 5 Dabaoo
Paints 7 Rung Amaizi Transport 5 Naqal o Hamal
Urdu Equivalent Urdu Equivalent
Code-Mixed Words Code-Mixed Words
Words Words
Combustion 7 AtishGiri Constant 5 Mustqil
Dispose 7 Nakas Catalyst 5 AmalAngaiz
Universal 4 Aalami Species 3 Nou / Anwaa
Vegetative 4 NamoPazeer Potential 3 Qabliyat
Malnutrition 4 GhazaiQilat Record 2 Mehfozaat
Counselling 4 Mushawarat Branches 2 Shakhein
Quality 4 Khasiat Agriculture 2 Zara’at
Solar 4 Shamsi Transgenic 2 Jean Yafta
Direct 4 Bilawasta Herbicide 2 Nabata Kush
Force 4 Taqat Packing 2 Bandhana
Instrument 4 Alaa Sucrose 2 Chini /Shaker
Diamond 3 Heera Rickets 2 Sookha
Inert 3 GhairFa’al Puberty 2 Balooghat
Donor 3 AtiyaDaineyWala Aging 2 Burhapa
Fungus 3 Funjai Unit 2 Akai
Lubricant 3 Chiknai Influenza 2 NazlaZukaam
Coordination 3 Tawun Sewage 2 Kechar
Stage 3 Marhala Carrier 2 BaarBardaar
Space 3 Jaga Endangered 2 PurKhatar
Products 3 Ashiya Store 2 Godaam
Reactor 3 Ta’amulAngaiz Orbit 2 Madaar
Electric 3 Barqi Fitness 2 Mozooniyat
Variable 3 Mutaghiar Leakage 2 Akhraj
Alternating 2 Mutabaadil Live 1 Lachakdaar
Position 2 Jaga / Halut Wire 1 Taar
Display 2 Numish Fungal 1 Funjai
Device 2 Alaa / Tadbeer Retort 1 HazirJawabi
Display 2 Muzahira Community 1 Baradari
Attend 1 Hazirhona Waste 1 Zaya Karna
Inertial 1 Jamoodi Saliva 1 Thook

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Reservoir 1 Zakheera Smog 1 Dhund

Assimilation 1 Istehaala Beach 1 Sahil
Grease 1 Chiknai Anti-bodies ZidJism

Table 1 above shows the occurrence of each instance in the book. According to
Hoffman (1991), ‘code switching most commonly occurs at the word level’. It is easier to
insert open-ended words into the grammar of the target language. In the presented data, a
large number of such occurrences have been found under this category.

Prasad (2008) accounted code-mixing as ‘linguistic cocktail’ which involves ‘a

few words of one language and a few from others, and again a few words from the former
and a few from the latter and so on, mix up’ and such ‘changes generally take place more
or less randomly’. In General Science Book, a total of one hundred and forty-five (145)
code-mixed words have been used. In the category of code-mixed words, the researcher
found those words for which Urdu equivalent was used almost a decade ago, including
the following words: photosynthesis, compounds, reactions, temperature, boiling point,
freezing point, energy, biological, chemical, tissues, bodies, agriculture, growth, nature,
system, elements, coordination, response, glands, puberty, salts, injection, stage,
depression, atmosphere, space, quality, force, alternating, resistance, solar, positive,
negative, motion, live, wire, function, and instruments. These are commonly used words
in PTB. Although their Urdu equivalents do exist, still they are preferred and used so
frequently that now they have become part of daily Urdu conversation. It is found that in
terms of code-mixing of the single lexical item, all the mixed items are nouns. The words
energy (tawanai), protein (lehmiyat) and temperature (darja-e-hararat) occurred with the
highest frequency of 124, 70, and 65, respectively.

Table 2
Total Instances of Code-Mixed Compounds and Phrases in ‘General Science Book’
English Urdu Equivalent English Compounds Urdu Equivalent
Compounds and Compounds and Phrases and Phrases Compounds and
Phrases Phrases
Chemical Chemiyai Ta’amulaat Building Blocks Amaarti Blaak
Reactions
Nuclear Energy Johari Tawanai Paper Bag Kaghaz ka lafafa
Building Material Amaarti Samaan Mineral Salts Samndari Nimkiyat
Freezing Point Nuqta-e-Injamaad Root Tubers Jarrka Warum
Boiling Point Nuqta-e-Hararut Balance Diet Mutwazan Ghaza
Fire Fighting Aag Bujhana Nerve Cells Asbi Khliye
Advertising Sign Ishtehari Alamut Sterilized Food Jarseem kush khorak
Non-reactive Ghair Fa’ali Global Warming Alamgir Hararut
Street Lighting Noor Andazi Kinetic Energy Harki Tawanai

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Nervous System Asbi Nizam Live Stock Maal Mowaishi

Endocrine system Daron-e-Afraazi System Earth Wire Zameeni Taar
Waste Material Fuzla
Code-mixed instances are those for which the target language has equivalents, but
for the purpose of convenience, code-mixed words from the other language are used. It is
observed that in Urdu medium textbooks, not only mixing of single words but also
compounds and phrases are found. In Table 2, the total number of such occurrences has
been mentioned. The total number of such instances are twenty-three (23). Compound
phrases are those in which the phrases are formed by two or more English words (e.g.
building material, freezing point, boiling point, balance diet).

5. Conclusion
The occurrence of code-mixing is an integral component of a bi/multilingual
society that allows bi/multilingual speakers to converse conveniently. Code-mixing is
limited to single words or idiomatic phrases." Code-mixing occurs when a bilingual
speaker fails to communicate intelligibly in one language. Sometimes, the code-mixing of
a word occurs because it is shorter and thus requires less linguistic effort. Books are the
future of any society, therefore, they reflect contemporary literary practices.

The analysis of the current study has shown that English language has become an
integral part of the Urdu language. The data for this research was taken from the General
Science book of PTB. Textbooks are considered to present the Standard Language of the
country. It is quite irrational to use scientific names and forms for different linguistic
items, especially when Urdu has its equivalent forms.

The findings show that a substantial number of code-mixed words were repeated
several times, i.e., 1 to 145 times in the text. The greatest frequency of words occurred in
the bracket of 8-145 at several locations in the lessons. This aspect signifies that a wide
number of words from the English language had been inserted into Urdu text as to make
the subject-matter more familiar to the students. Therefore, it is recommended that
minimum number of code-mixed words may be imported from English language into the
textbook of Urdu-medium of instruction. The code-mixed words may be borrowed in
case alternative words are not currently available in the Urdu language.

The researchers strongly advocate a careful analysis of Urdu textbooks. There is a

need to improve the quality, as well as the evaluation procedure because textbooks are
the heritage of language and culture of the people who own it. This heritage needs to be
protected by the frequent insertion of outlandish words because the lifespan of every
loanword, according to Mayers-Scotton (1995), begins as a code-switch. There is a need
to fill the gap in textbook research methodology as well as research as pointed out by
Nicholls (2003). Some code-mixing from English is essential to replace the words for

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which proper Urdu equivalencent do not exist such as community, charge, team, internet,
radio, computer and so forth (Asghar, 2004). Some others have their equivalents, but
bi/multilingual people avoid it due to their convenience.

The researcher supports the standpoint of Rahman (2002) who strongly

recommends the state to take immediate action to review textbooks. This is so because
textbooks are influential tools for teaching and learning. Another reason for the same
issue is that Pakistani students learn Urdu (their native language) in schools with the
assistance of textbooks. They perceive these English shifts and add them to their Urdu
lexicon. In this way, they remain unable to learn their Urdu equivalents. It harms the
enthusiasm towards their national language as well as to the nation's unity.

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