18th PMO Area Stage Answers PDF
18th PMO Area Stage Answers PDF
18th PMO Area Stage Answers PDF
Area Stage
14 November 2015
4. 9 14. 96
5. 12 15. 840
6. csc 1◦ or sec 89◦ or equivalent 16. 164 units
7. 652
√
17. 30
3 π
8. 2
− 6
18. 5
9. 66
19. 4/9
10. 24
1099
11. 12 20.
19
2. Solution 1:
The closest perfect square to 2015 is 2025 = 452 which means that only the rightmost side
will be incomplete while the required diagonal would still have a total of 45 entries.
Looking at the values on the diagonal, we see that the numbers on the diagonal above
1 have a common second dierence. This suggests that this sequence satisfies a quadratic
function of the form f (n) = an2 + bn + c. Since f (1) = 1, f (2) = 3, f (3) = 13, solving a
simple system of three equations gives us f (n) = 4n2 − 10n + 7, 1 ≤ n ≤ 23. On the other
hand, the numbers on the diagonal below 1 also have a common second difference. This
gives a sequence g(n) = dn2 + en + f with g(1) = 1, g(2) = 7, and g(3) = 21. By solving
a similar system as above, we obtain g(n) = 4n2 − 6n + 3, where 1 ≤ n ≤ 23. Taking the
sum of these two sequences of numbers, we have
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23
X 23
X
8n2 − 16n + 10
[f (n) + g(n)] =
n=1 n=1
X23 23
X 23
X
2
= 8 n − 16 n+ 10
n=1 n=1 n=1
(23)(24)(47) (23)(24)
= 8 − 168 + 10(23)
6 2
= 30, 406
Since 1 is counted twice, the required sum must be 30, 406 − 1 = 30, 405.
Solution 2:
Filling the square with a few more numbers enables us to see that the boxed numbers
satisfy the recurrence relation a1 = 1 and (∀n ∈ N) an+1 = an + 2n. The associated
(h)
homogeneous recurrence relation is solved by an ≡ 1. Testing a particular solution of
(p)
the form an = n(cn + d), we see that c = 1 and d = −1. Therefore, the solution to
the nonhomogeneous recurrence relation is an = n2 − n + 1. The last boxed number 1981
corresponds to n = 45. Therefore,
45
X 45 · 46 · 91 45 · 46
(n2 − n + 1) = − + 45 = 30, 405.
n=1
6 2