Materiale Piezoelectrice
Materiale Piezoelectrice
Materiale Piezoelectrice
Lecture Outline
• Piezoelectric Phenomena
— Piezoelectric Effect
— Modes of Vibration
— Terminology
• Materials and Processing
— Perovskite Materials
— Ceramic Processing
• Piezoelectric Applications
— Design Principles
— Application Examples
Piezoelectric Phenomena
Piezoelectric Effect
Terminology
Terminology
Modes of Vibration
Type Materials
Single Crystals Quartz
Lead Magnesium Niobate
(PMN-PT and PZN-PT)
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)
Ceramics
Lead Metaniobate (LMN)
Lead Titanate (LT)
Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN)
Polymers Polyvinylenedifluoride (PVDF)
Composites Ceramic-polymer
Ceramic-glass
Sensor
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15
Piezoelectric Materials
Soft Ceramics
18
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Materials
Hard Ceramics
Type of Piezoelectric Material Typical Properties
Hard Ceramics
19
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Materials
Electrostrictive Ceramics
Materials:
BM600 (Modified Lead
Magnesium Niobate)
Sensor
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Piezoelectric Materials
Dissipation Factor
2.0 2.0 0.4 0.2
%
Voltage Constant
-11.5 -7.5 -10.5 -10.5
(g31) 10-3 Vm/N
Charge Constant
-165 -250 -115 -80
(d31) 10-12 C/N
Curie Temperature 360 210 350 325
0
C
Mechanic Q Factor 80 70 500 1000
Underwater
Sonar Projectors r r
Hydrophones r r
Depth Sounders r
Linear Arrays r r
Measurement
Level, Flow
r r r
Flaw Detection (NDE) r r r
Accelerometers r r r
Actuators r r r
Medical
Transducers r r r
Steilizers r r
Industrial
Cleaners r r
Alarms r
Welders r
Piezoelectric Materials
Polarization of Ceramics
Tubes
Washers
Plates and bars
W
A
V
∆L = • L • d31
W L
∆L = V • N • d 33 A
V
= • L • d33
tE
L
V d
F= • A • 33E
tE s 33
DS d 33 LS hB
∝ • •
DB d31 LB LB
LB
FS d 33 s11E AS L B hB
∝ • E • •
FB d 31 s33 AB hB
AB
∆L ! Coercive Field
≈ 0.0006
L (~ 500V/mm)
∴would need 17mm stack ! Flashover Limit in Air
for 10µm displacement.
(~ 1000V/mm)
F ≈ 30 × Area
Note: Exceeding coercive
(F in Newtons, Area in mm2 ) field limit requires DC bias to
For 15mm OD & 5mm ID: avoid depoling.
F ≈ 4600 N
LB
V
hB
DB
L2B 3 d WB hB
DB = 6 • V • d 31 • 2 FB = • V • 31 •
hB 2 s11E LB
Electrostrictive Actuator
12
Di spla ce m e n t (m i cr ons).
10
6
25 x 25 mm2 Parallel to Field
4
0
20 mm -2
0.5 mm -4
Perpendicular to Field
-6
-20 0 -10 0 0 10 0 20 0
V o l tag e (V )
Piezoelectric Composites
Piezoelectric Composites
Langevin Transducers
Langevin-type transducers feature compactness, high
energy efficiency and a wide range of operating
temperatures. These transducers use Lead Zirconate
Titanate ceramic elements in a sandwich-type
construction (two to four discs), providing a rugged
unit capable of high efficiency and continuous operation
at elevated temperatures.
Applications:
Langevin transducers can be • Ultrasonic cleaning
built from 18kHz to 70kHz for Characteristic features: • Ultrasonic degreasers
various end-user applications. • Large amplitude • Cell disrupters
• Low heat generation • Ultrasonic machining
A booster horn can be used to • Stability and durability • Plastics welding
generate greater displacement • High efficiency • Underwater acoustics
from the transducer. • Non-destructive evaluation
• High output
• Atomizers
• Ultrasonic scalpel
Piezoelectric Relations
Piezoelectric Relations
Piezoelectric Relations
Principles of Application
Principles of Application
Principles of Application
3. Conversion Criteria
The following are the general performance criteria for the transducers.
• Linearity. The output of the transducer is a linear function of the
input.
• Reversibility. The transducer must convert energy in either direction.
• Passivity. All the output energy from the transducer is obtained from
the input energy - electrical or acoustical.
Applications
Hydrophones
Applications
Electrical to ! Valves
Mechanical ! Micropumps
Conversion ! Earphones and speakers
! Ultrasonic cleaners
! Emulsifiers
! Sonic transducers
1 2 3
Misting
(at increased power levels)
Cavitation
(at lower power levels)
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Piezoelectric Materials
Sonar Dome
Shinsei, 1996
Sensor Technology Limited
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Piezoelectric Materials
Applications
Aura
Sensor Technology Limited
63
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Materials
Power Lithium
Transducer Depth Matching Power Signal Distribution Battery
SX100 Compensator Network Shield Amplifier Processor Board Pack
Anodized
Aluminum
Housing
Underwater Communications
Sensor Technology Limited
64
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Materials
Cable &
Battery Reel
Control
Box
Transducer
Transmitter Receiver/Monitor
Conclusions
Conclusions