A Study of Factors Influencing Maladaptive Behaviour Among High School Students
A Study of Factors Influencing Maladaptive Behaviour Among High School Students
A Study of Factors Influencing Maladaptive Behaviour Among High School Students
05
1. Introduction
Behaviour is considered abnormal or antisocial if it is uncommon, different from the norm and does not conform
to what society expects. This idea is also closely related to the statistical approach to definite abnormality which rest
on the idea that differences in human behaviour tends to fall into a normal distribution curve (Nwankwo, et al 2010).
A particular behaviour is not acceptable or is antisocial if any of these three criteria are seen; the behaviour does not
allow a person to function effectively with others as member of society; if the behaviour does not permit the person
to meet his or her own needs and the behaviour has a negative effect in the well being of others (Roberts, 1981).
However young people are segregated from adult society and such segregation serves as an important contribution
to antisocial behaviour by teenagers. Period of adolescence is the most crucial period in the life of human beings and
is the stage where life reaches its peak (Nwankwo, 2001). The adolescent is eager to learn new experiences, to find
new relationships, to examine resources of inner strength and fathom the strength of inner ability However,
antisocial personality disorder is one the most significant types of personality disorder (Nwankwo et al. 2010).
People with the social problems make life miserable for those around them.
They typically display no regard for the moral of ethical
* Corresponding author: [email protected] (Barnabas E. Nwankwo) Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ijpbs
Copyright © 2014 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved
rules of the society or the rights of others, manipulating people and situation for their own benefits.
Maladaptive behavior has been an important topical issue that has been researched by various researchers in an
attempt to discover the outcome of it in various contexts especially educational context such as secondary and
tertiary institutions and how it affects the academic achievements of students. According to Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, maladaptive behaviour means a way of behaving, manners, treatment shown towards others.
Maladaptive behaviour is socially defined as problem, a source of concern, or as undesirable by the norms of
conventional society and the institutions of adult authority, and its occurrence usually elicits some kinds of social
control response.
It is viewed as a violation of a formal or informal rule including serious criminal acts or flagrant disregard for
conventional standards of approved behaviour, as well as more private and momentary oppositional and hurtful acts.
According to Angement (1997), maladaptive behaviour is believed to result from lack of motivation and unfavorable
social climate which make students to quit their study program at school. It was equally stated that background
factor such as family that has educational history with little successes, background of students in the secondary
schools and parents with a low educational level contribute to students maladaptive behaviour at schools (Angenent,
1997) It has been an everyday phenomenon in the society that our secondary students are exhibiting much
maladaptive behaviour irrespective of the stages of socialization and cognitive development they have undergone.
As a result, the society is very much worried about the future of younger
216 James U. Aboh et al.: A Study of Factors Influencing Maladaptive
Behaviour among High School Students
generations as fathers and mothers of tomorrow have turned into beast that behaved in a manner that lacks moral
consciousness. (Unachukwu, 1995). The incidence of maladaptive behavior in the society among adolescents has
continued to attract public condemnation and has generated public debate on the possible causes and solutions
(Unachukwu and Nwankwo, 2001).
According to Durojaiye (2003), maladaptive behavior is believed to result from under socialization and
inadequate training of children which make them to proffer reasons for indulging in an unacceptable behaviours.
Lydiat (2000) in his own contribution stated that mature moral judgement occurs between 12 and 18 years of age
and any student who falls within the age range is expected to be of good behaviour, but indiscipline has come to take
the place of this esteemed virtue which threatens the favorable atmosphere of secondary schools and the society at
large. Unachukwu and Nwankwo (2001) emphasized these behavioural problems affect academic achievement and
performance. Grinder (2001) sees anxiety as a powerful disrupter of cognitive functions as well as initiator of other
faulty defensive logics. According to him, these faulty logics can lead to display of maladaptive social behaviour at
schools. Unachukwu and Nwankwo (1994) remarked that university and secondary school students exhibit
maladaptive behaviour such as fear of examination, anxiety gangstering, cultism, aggressiveness, and moody
disposition which could put them at great risks at any point in time. It has been observed that protective factors
where parents gloss over their children wrongdoings are related to delinquent behaviours. This can be seen when
parents lie in order to obtain admission for their adolescent children and several attempts to defend them when
issues of critical concerns were brought up explain the motives behind adolescent’s misbehavior at schools (Haright
1998). Unachukwu (1995) found that home conditions affect the behaviour of children. Attitudes learned from close
associates can affect the child’s behaviour positively or negatively. He however stressed that parental love, care, and
attitudes towards children are powerful determinants of their behaviours. He noted that children rejected by parents
and those from broken homes are more likely to have maladaptive behaviour. He also found that biased parental
preference for one child over the other and disharmony in the homes where fathers abandon their roles of
participating in the training of children to the mothers can breed maladaptive behaviour. Freud (1981) said that
children record their father as the power authority and more dangerous person to be transgressed against and that is,
adolescents who were left at the mercy of mother tend to be more rude, arrogant, proud and always have disciplinary
problems. Discipline according to Akubue (1991) must begin at home if the society will be good for happy living
and this discipline is the major role of parents on the part of adolescents who are to move into the secondary schools
to practice what they have learned at home. Adolescent children should be properly conditioned by both fathers and
mothers because family is the first basis for the establishment of good and adequate relationship in
order to help the adolescents model good life style and become less susceptible to maladaptive behaviour, but
whereby they fail to do so, the reverse will be the case. Also, poor socialization of adolescent children has been
found to play a role in the maladaptive behaviour of adolescent secondary school students (Akubue, 2000). Oker
(2000) found that factors like broken homes and parental projection cause maladaptive behaviour. He also stressed
that parental influence such as drunkenness, constant conflicts, over protection of children or over permissiveness
and illegitimacy of kids contribute to maladaptive behaviour displayed by students. The effect of social world cannot
be left aside in this discussion. Researches found that social rules and laws can have negative impact on the
behaviour of adolescents in the secondary schools. Mass media such as television, videos, pornographic books and
newspapers, and other abnormal reading materials have paved the way for the continuity of maladaptive behaviours
of adolescent students in schools and in the society at large. They are as effective as real life models in shaping
children’s aggressive responses such as stealing, fighting, cheating and robbery (Bandura and Walter 1959).
Interestingly, adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours are also influenced from several factors at their place of study.
Nwankwo (1991) observed that majority of students learn most of their ill-behaviours or problem behaviours from
their peer group. Unachukwu and Nwankwo (2001) stressed that teachers are mainly the centre of attraction for
adolescents in the secondary schools and as adolescents whose knowledge is still below average, they admire and
copy their teachers in various aspects. This including mode of dressing, teaching, walking, make-up, sitting,
standing, talking and eating and all these affect the personality of these adolescents both socially and morally. They
went further to state that some teachers, no doubt are bad models, prone to behaviours and character destruction
instead of being an object of virtue worthy of imitation and being reference for good behaviours. Some of these
teachers they said are quite ignorant or seem to be unaware of the concept of discipline let alone behaving in
accordance with social expectations. Akubue (1991) and Unachukwu (1995) observed that maladaptive behaviours
of secondary school students can originate from the teaching patterns of some teachers, inappropriate objectives of
instruction, poor planning and inefficient lesson presentation, poor teaching materials and poor evaluation
techniques. They found that attitudes exhibited by some teachers can create an atmosphere which produces and
encourages problem behaviour. They also noted that lack of confidence, and sense of humors may be symptoms of
personal problems of incompetence as a teacher which are manifested in his/her being egocentric, dull, unproductive
and intolerant and these affect the behaviours of students negatively (Nwankwo, 1991). Unachukwu (1995) stressed
that manner of dressing by some teachers tend to reduce their status and personalities before students. Again, some
members of staff create problems by wearing unbuttoned and flying shirts, abnormally high-heeled shoes, gorgeous
dressing and heavy
International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2014, 4(6): 215-220 217
make-up to school and all these negatively influence the behaviours of adolescent students who strive to imitate their
life styles. These behaviours also can attract disobedience from students. Nwankwo (1991) also discovered that
some teachers scandalize and mislead students by discussing personalities and criticizing openly school management
and their fellow teachers before the students which tend to encourage the display of maladaptive behaviours. Oker
(2000) observed that students often feel insecure and afraid because teachers constantly threaten them with
unexpected examination and failure. He pointed out that some teachers use stringent autocratic controls which make
students to publicly feel humiliated and result in power struggle between students and teachers. Again,
administrative indifference to the needs and aspirations of students causes poor relationship between the teachers,
management and the students which cause students to revenge by fighting and violent action. Social discrimination
by teachers may bring inferiority on the part of some students which will make them to burst out with anti-social
behaviours (Oker, 2000). Unachukwu and Nwankwu (2001) stressed that students at secondary schools are all
adolescents and as such are faced with the problem of social identity such as increase in intellectual awareness
ability; emotional capability and expanded social interests which they believe affect their behavioural patterns at
schools. They were of the opinion that all human being have fairly common socio-psychological and innate
biological needs which bring conflict in an attempt to satisfy them by the adolescent students and this throws them
off balance which resulted in maladaptive behaviour. Nwankwo (1991) noted that when adolescents move into the
secondary schools, they try to test all that they have acquired and developed. This, according to him lead to anxiety
and they tend to use defense mechanisms to escape punishment which eventually attract aggression and rejection at
schools. He believed that peer group plays an important role in socializing the child. This happens when students
look up to their age mates and peers and emit behaviours similar to theirs during interaction at the schools. In the
school, students are propelled by two major drivers known as affiliation and dominance and according to him,
affiliation, is explained as the search for personal relationship and subtle patterns of intimacy while dominance is
seen as the desire to control and influence the thoughts, attitudes and behaviours of others in an attempt to gain
recognition, admiration and prestige. These two forces interact and shape the behaviour of students and equally
reinforce their identification, modeling and emotional attachment. These forces or influences can be positive or
negative depending on whether the aims of the groups are social or anti-social (Unachukwu, 1995).
The rapid changes of social and economic life of the people have been held responsible for the high incidence of
maladaptive behaviour of adolescent students. The societal influences may sometimes manifest itself in the
identification with significant others by adolescents and this happens may end up internalizing the wrong values
because of the prevailing circumstances he/she finds him/herself.
This is in agreement with the statements of Bandura and Walter (1959) that a child internalizes the beliefs and life
styles of, people he/she lives with. Hypotheses
There will be a significant positive effect of broken home on maladaptive behavior of students.
There will be a significant positive effect of negative attitudes of teachers on maladaptive behavior of students.
2. Method
Design/Statistics
Survey design was adopted in the study because the researcher did not manipulate any experimental variable and
again, it was a design in which responses were obtained from a relatively large population who were considered a
representative of a group. Also, chi-square, (x2) was applied as statistics to test the hypotheses. Participants
A total of one hundred (100) participants comprising fifty (50) males and fifty(50) females senior secondary
school adolescent students between the ages of 12-16 and 17-21 respectively and with a mean age of 14 and 19
respectively were selected for the study. They were randomly selected from the populations of five secondary
schools in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, South East Nigeria as samples for the study. Instrument
A 20 item questionnaire with a dichotomous response format of Yes/No designed by the researchers to measure
factors influencing maladaptive behaviour was used in the study. The items were positively worded with items 1-10
measuring the influence of broken homes and items 11-20 measuring the influence of negative attitudes of teachers.
In scoring the questionnaire a response of Yes = 1 point while a response of No = 0 point. The items of the
questionnaire were exposed to content validity using 5 judges from the department of psychology Enugu State
University of Science and Technology whereby the original 28 items was reduced to 20 items. Hence, Cronbach
Alpha Internal Consistency of .70 was obtained in a pilot study. Eight items were rejected because they did not load
up to .30. In addition, a test-retest study was carried out making use of 30 participants comprising 15 males and 15
females’ senior secondary school adolescent students. The result yielded an r = 0.51 as against r-critical value of
0.46 at degree of freedom of 28 and at P<.01 while a full-scale reliability using Spearman Brown correlation
coefficient yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.68. Procedure
A total of 118 copies of questionnaire were randomly distributed to males and females senior secondary
adolescent students as a group within 3 days. Out of 118 copies of questionnaire distributed, 100 copies were
properly completed and returned and were used for the study.
218 James U. Aboh et al.: A Study of Factors Influencing Maladaptive
Behaviour among High School Students
3. Results
Item 7: Adolescents from broken homes always display aggressive and violent behaviour at school.
Hypothesis 1: There will be a significant positive effect of broken home on maladaptive behaviour.
Table 1. Summary Table of Chi-square on the Difference between Observed and Expected Frequencies on the Influence of
Broken Home on Maladaptive Behaviour
N Df
of negative attitudes of teachers on maladaptive behaviour.
Table 2. Summary Table of Chi-square on the Difference between Observed and Expected Frequencies on the Influence of
Negative Attitudes of Teachers on Maladaptive Behaviour
N Df
Yes Responses
No
X2 P
100 1
86 86%
14 14%
51.84 P<.001
Table 2 shows that the x2-calculated value of 51.84 is greater than the x2-critical value of 10.83 at P<.001 and at
degree of freedom of 1. Hypothesis II is therefore accepted. This equally shows that there is a significant positive
effect of negative attitudes of teachers on maladaptive behaviours.
Table 3 shows that items 1,2,3,5,12,14,16,17,18 and 20 yielded significant results as regards factors influencing
maladaptive behaviour. This shows that they equally contribute to the occurrence of maladaptive behaviours at
schools. Also, items 4,6,8,9,10,13,15 and 19 did not yield significant results as regards factors influencing
maladaptive behaviour. This shows that they do not contribute to occurrence of maladaptive behaviours at schools.
Table 3. Summary Table of Chi-square on the Difference between Observed and Expected Frequencies on other Items Related to
Factors Influencing Maladaptive Behaviour
S/NO ITEMS X2 P
1 Parental attitudes towards their adolescents expose them to maladaptive behaviour. 14.44 <.001
2
Yes Responses
No
X2 P
100 1
73 73%
27 27%
21.16 <.001
Table 1 shows that the x2-calculated value of 21.16 is greater than the x2-critical value of 10.83 at P<.001 and at
degree of freedom of 1. Hypothesis 1 is therefore accepted. This shows that broken home has positive effect on
maladaptive behaviour of adolescents at schools.
Item 11: Teachers’ negative attitudes towards students influence their behaviour negatively.
Hypothesis II: There will be a significant positive effect
Parents without religious and moral background produce adolescents with maladaptive behaviour.
36 <.001
3
Poor monitoring of adolescents behaviour by parents make them prone to maladaptive behaviour.
46.26 <.001
4
Adolescents school.
from polygamous family display aggressive and quarres one behaviour at
0 >.05
5 Poor economic background of parents lead adolescents into committing crime at school. 10.24 <.01
6
Adolescents trained by one parent are more likely to show misbehaviuor at school than adolescents trained by two parents.
0.64 >.05
8 Adolescents from family with low level of education show lack of interest in school lessons. 0 >.05
9
Adolescents whose parents are dead are more likely to display maladaptive behaviour at school than those whose parents are
living.
1.44 >.05
10 Adolescents whose parents smoke are likely to smokes at schools. 0.16 >.05
12 Adolescents’ poor academic performances at school lead them to maladaptive behaviour. 29.16 <.001
13
Lack of recreational facilities at school lead to students’ engagement in unacceptable behaviour.
0.64 >.05
14 Watching of corrupt films exposes students to maladaptive behaviour. 84.64 <.001
15 Social clubs al school make adolescents deviate from school goals and rules. 0.16 >.05
16
Social discrimination in terms of power sharing at school lead students to display maladaptive behaviour.
16 <.001
17 Autocratic leadership in school attracts rebellion from students. 17.64 <.001
18
Unfair and stringent school rules cause adolescent students to exhibit maladaptive behaviour.
23.04 <.001
19 I derive joy in going contrary to school rules and regulations. 1 >.05
20
Teachers’ automatic threat of examination make adolescent students react aggressively and violently.
6.76 <.01
International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2014, 4(6): 215-220 219
4. Discussion
It is obvious to note that findings in this research work were highly upheld as the two hypotheses stated were
accepted, proving that broken home and negative attitudes of teachers significantly have positive effects on
maladaptive behaviours. The first hypothesis which states that there will be a significant positive effect of broken
home on maladaptive behaviour was accepted because the x2-calculated value of 21.16 is greater than the x2-critical
value of 10.83 at degree of freedom of 1 and at P<.001. This shows that there is a relationship between broken home
and maladaptive behaviour. The acceptance of this hypothesis was in agreement with the assertion of Pickering and
Vazsonyl (2002) that adolescent students from broken homes are always aggressive, jealous and are more likely to
display maladaptive behaviour. They maintained that anti-social adolescents have long histories of disruptive
behaviours traceable to childhood because of traits modeled at home during childhood which became manifested in
their late adolescence when they enter secondary school. Also poor socialization of adolescent children associated
with disruptive homes plays a role in the maladaptive behaviour of adolescent secondary school students. Freud
(1981) said in support of this hypothesis that adolescents abandoned by their father at the mercy of their mother as a
result of broken home are more likely to be rude, arrogant, proud and always have disciplinary problems.
The second hypothesis which stated that there will be a significant positive effect of negative attitudes of teachers
on maladaptive behaviour was accepted because the x2-calculated value of 51.84 is greater than x2-critical value of
10.83 at degree of freedom of 1 and at P<.001. This shows that there is a relationship between negative attitudes of
teachers and maladaptive behavior of students’. This hypothesis was supported by the research of Unachukwu
(1995) where he stated that teachers’ negative relationship with students influence their behaviours negatively and
also, unfavourable instructions posed to adolescent students by teachers as a result of their negative attitudes towards
students elicited maladaptive behaviours. Akubue (1991) study supported this finding. He found that attitudes
exhibited by some teachers can create an atmosphere which produces and encourages problem behaviour. He
equally noted that teachers’ lack of sense of humours makes them to be egocentric and intolerant which in turn
precipitated the display of maladaptive behaviour by adolescent students. Oker (2000) in his research observed that
students often feel insecure and afraid because they are constantly threatened with unexpected examination and
failure by teachers due to non-existence of mutual relationship between them. An overview of the discussion above
revealed that broken home is significantly related to maladaptive behaviour and also, negative attitudes of teachers is
significantly associated with maladaptive behaviour.
7. Conclusions
Since the results of the findings indicate that there is a significant positive influence of broken home and negative
attitudes of teachers on maladaptive behavior of high school students. High, proper and effective socialization
mechanism should be put in place at the family level where adolescent children should be properly groomed in
moral values and learn virtues of good behaviour because family is the basis of development of good behaviour.
Parents should engage in frequent counseling to learn how to use complimentary method of communication to relate
with each other in order
220 James U. Aboh et al.: A Study of Factors Influencing Maladaptive
Behaviour among High School Students
to reduce or eliminate opinions and behaviour incompatibilities and enhance harmonious living. Also, school
management should ensure adequate installation of recreational facilities in schools where students will burn their
energies rather than engaging in idol, frivolous and trivial activities. School authorities should create democratic
atmosphere where students would be carried along in the scheme of things.
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