Utility box using Python

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The main goal of this project is to create a utility box which consists of different tools or
operations which can be accessed by the user. It is important to have all the commonly used
tools to be at one place, so that can be accessed easily at the same place. In this project as I
mentioned in the title , I’ll be working on creating a utility box using Python script. In this
project, the different programs is written separately and is called in a separate program by
importing all the programs through their function names. The programming is done using
Python language. The programs are executed in the command prompt by directing the path of
the file.

Python:

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by

Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code
readability with its notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-
oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale
projects.

Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming

paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Python is
often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library.

Python was conceived in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC language. Python 2.0,
released in 2000, introduced features like list comprehensions and a garbage collection
system capable of collecting reference cycles. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major
revision of the language that is not completely backward-compatible, and much Python 2
code does not run unmodified on Python 3.

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Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers a
choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl's "there is more than one way to do it"
motto, Python embraces a "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to
do it" design philosophy. Alex Martelli, a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and
Python book author, writes that "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a
compliment in the Python culture."

Python's developers strive to avoid premature optimization, and reject patches to non-critical
parts of the CPython reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed
at the cost of clarity. When speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical
functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or use PyPy, a just-in-time
compiler. Cython is also available, which translates a Python script into C and makes direct
C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.

Development: development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement

Proposal (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting
community input on issues and documenting Python design decisions. Python coding style is
covered in PEP 8. Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python
community and the steering council.

Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference

implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's
development. Specific issues are discussed in the Roundup bug tracker maintained at
python.org. Development originally took place on a self-hosted source-code repository
running Mercurial, until Python moved to GitHub in January 2017.

CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of the version
number is incremented:

 Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and need to be

manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases
happen infrequently—for example, version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0.
 Major or "feature" releases, about every 18 months, are largely compatible but
introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Each
major version is supported by bugfixes for several years after its release.

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 Bugfix releases, which introduce no new features, occur about every 3 months and are
made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last
release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final
part of the version number is incremented.

CHAPTER 2

LIBRARIES OF PYTHON

There are different libraries which are used in the python and they are used for performing
different operations. Now let us learn about some of the important libraries that are used in
Python.

NumPy:

NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains among
other things:

 a powerful N-dimensional array object

 sophisticated (broadcasting) functions

 tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

 useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities.

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Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined. This allows NumPy to
seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

NumPy is licensed under the BSD license, enabling reuse with few restrictions.

The most up-to-date NumPy documentation can be found at Latest (development) version. It
includes a user guide, full reference documentation, a developer guide, meta information, and
“NumPy Enhancement Proposals” (which include the NumPy Roadmap and detailed plans
for major new features).

TensorFlow:

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for
machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and
production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released
under the Apache License 2.0 on November 9, 2015.

TensorFlow is Google Brain's second-generation system.

Version 1.0.0 was released on February 11, 2017.[10] While the reference implementation runs
on single devices, TensorFlow can run on multiple CPUs and GPUs (with optional CUDA
and SYCL extensions for general-purpose computing on graphics processing units).[11]

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TensorFlow is available on 64-bit Linux, macOS, Windows, and mobile computing platforms
including Android and iOS.

Its flexible architecture allows for the easy deployment of computation across a variety of
platforms (CPUs, GPUs, TPUs), and from desktops to clusters of servers to mobile and edge
devices.

TensorFlow computations are expressed as stateful dataflow graphs. The name TensorFlow
derives from the operations that such neural networks perform on multidimensional data
arrays, which are referred to as tensors. During the Google I/O Conference in June 2016, Jeff
Dean stated that 1,500 repositories on GitHub mentioned TensorFlow, of which only 5 were
from Google.

PANDAS:

Pandas is a software library written for the Python programming language for data
manipulation and analysis. In particular, it offers data structures and operations for
manipulating numerical tables and time series. It is free software released under the three-
clause BSD license. The name is derived from the term "panel data", an econometrics term
for data sets that include observations over multiple time periods for the same individuals.]

Pandas is mainly used for machine learning in form of dataframes. Pandas allow importing
data of various file formats such as csv, excel etc. Pandas allows various data manipulation
operations such as groupby, join, merge, melt, concatenation as well as data cleaning features
such as filling, replacing or imputing null values.

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Library features:

 DataFrame object for data manipulation with integrated indexing.

 Tools for reading and writing data between in-memory data structures and different file
formats.

 Data alignment and integrated handling of missing data.

 Reshaping and pivoting of data sets.

 Label-based slicing, fancy indexing, and subsetting of large data sets.

 Data structure column insertion and deletion.

 Group by engine allowing split-apply-combine operations on data sets.

Matplotlib:

Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical
mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into
applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK+. There
is also a procedural "pylab" interface based on a state machine (like OpenGL), designed to
closely resemble that of MATLAB, though its use is discouraged. SciPy makes use of
Matplotlib.

Matplotlib was originally written by John D. Hunter, has an active development community,
and is distributed under a BSD-style license. Michael Droettboom was nominated as
matplotlib's lead developer shortly before John Hunter's death in August 2012 and further
joined by Thomas Caswell.

Matplotlib 2.0.x supports Python versions 2.7 through 3.6. Python 3 support started with
Matplotlib 1.2. Matplotlib 1.4 is the last version to support Python 2.6. Matplotlib has
pledged to not support Python 2 past 2020 by signing the Python 3 Statement.

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Several toolkits are available which extend Matplotlib functionality. Some are separate
downloads, others ship with the Matplotlib source code but have external dependencies.

 Basemap: map plotting with various map projections, coastlines, and political
boundaries
 Cartopy: a mapping library featuring object-oriented map projection definitions, and
arbitrary point, line, polygon and image transformation capabilities. (Matplotlib v1.2
and above)
 Excel tools: utilities for exchanging data with Microsoft Excel
 GTK tools: interface to the GTK+ library
 Qt interface
 Mplot3d: 3-D plots
 Natgrid: interface to the natgrid library for gridding irregularly spaced data.
 matplotlib2tikz: export to Pgfplots for smooth integration into LaTeX documents.

SciPy:

SciPy (pronounced /ˈsaɪpaɪ'/ "Sigh Pie") is a free and open-source Python library used for
scientific computing and technical computing.

SciPy contains modules for optimization, linear algebra, integration, interpolation, special
functions, FFT, signal and image processing, ODE solvers and other tasks common in science
and engineering.

SciPy builds on the NumPy array object and is part of the NumPy stack which includes tools
like Matplotlib, pandas and SymPy, and an expanding set of scientific computing libraries.
This NumPy stack has similar users to other applications such as MATLAB, GNU Octave,
and Scilab. The NumPy stack is also sometimes referred to as the SciPy stack.

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SciPy is also a family of conferences for users and developers of these tools: SciPy (in the
United States), EuroSciPy (in Europe) and SciPy.in (in India). Enthought originated the SciPy
conference in the United States and continues to sponsor many of the international
conferences as well as host the SciPy website.

The SciPy library is currently distributed under the BSD license, and its development is
sponsored and supported by an open community of developers. It is also supported by
NumFOCUS, a community foundation for supporting reproducible and accessible science.

The SciPy package of key algorithms and functions core to Python's scientific computing
capabilities. Available sub-packages include:

 constants: physical constants and conversion factors.

 cluster: hierarchical clustering, vector quantization, K-means.
 fftpack: Discrete Fourier Transform algorithms.
 integrate: numerical integration routines.
 interpolate: interpolation tools.
 io: data input and output.
 lib: Python wrappers to external libraries.
 linalg: linear algebra routines.
 misc: miscellaneous utilities (e.g. image reading/writing)..
 ndimage: various functions for multi-dimensional image processing..
 optimize: optimization algorithms including linear programming.

Keras:

Keras is an open-source neural-network library written in Python. It is capable of running on

top of TensorFlow, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, R, Theano, or PlaidML. Designed to enable
fast experimentation with deep neural networks, it focuses on being user-friendly, modular,
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and extensible. It was developed as part of the research effort of project ONEIROS (Open-
ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System), and its primary author and
maintainer is François Chollet, a Google engineer. Chollet also is the author of the XCeption
deep neural network model.

In 2017, Google's TensorFlow team decided to support Keras in TensorFlow's core library.
Chollet explained that Keras was conceived to be an interface rather than a standalone
machine learning framework. It offers a higher-level, more intuitive set of abstractions that
make it easy to develop deep learning models regardless of the computational backend used.
Microsoft added a CNTK backend to Keras as well, available as of CNTK v2.0.

Keras contains numerous implementations of commonly used neural-network building blocks

such as layers, objectives, activation functions, optimizers, and a host of tools to make
working with image and text data easier to simplify the coding necessary for writing deep
neural network code. The code is hosted on GitHub, and community support forums include
the GitHub issues page, and a Slack channel.

In addition to standard neural networks, Keras has support for convolutional and recurrent
neural networks. It supports other common utility layers like dropout, batch normalization,
and pooling.

Keras allows users to productize deep models on smartphones (iOS and Android), on the
web, or on the Java Virtual Machine. It also allows use of distributed training of deep-
learning models on clusters of Graphics processing units (GPU) and tensor processing units
(TPU) principally in conjunction with CUDA.

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CHAPTER 3

UTILITIES INVOLVED IN PROJECT

In this project project ,I have taken six utilities or tools into consideration which can be
accessed at one place. They are as follows;

 Image resizer.

 Temperature Converter.

 Random team chooser..

 GST Calculator.

 Dice roll.

 Coin tosser.

Image resizer:

A simple image resizing program that handles .gif, .jpeg, .bmp, and .png images that allows
the user to change the size and quality (jpeg only) of the images the user selects. Also allows
for a prefix on all resized images.

In computer graphics and digital imaging, image resizing refers to the resizing of a digital
image. In video technology, the magnification of digital material is known as upscaling or
resolution enhancement.

When scaling a vector graphic image, the graphic primitives that make up the image can be
scaled using geometric transformations, with no loss of image quality. When scaling a raster
graphics image, a new image with a higher or lower number of pixels must be generated. In

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the case of decreasing the pixel number (scaling down) this usually results in a visible quality
loss. From the standpoint of digital signal processing, the scaling of raster graphics is a two-
dimensional example of sample-rate conversion, the conversion of a discrete signal from a
sampling rate (in this case the local sampling rate) to another.

Image scaling can be interpreted as a form of image resampling or image reconstruction from
the view of the Nyquist sampling theorem. According to the theorem, downsampling to a
smaller image from a higher-resolution original can only be carried out after applying a
suitable 2D anti-aliasing filter to prevent aliasing artifacts. The image is reduced to the
information that can be carried by the smaller image.

Temperature Converter:

Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses hot and cold.
Temperature is measured with a thermometer.

Temperature is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source
of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is
colder.

Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have used various
reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the
Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and
the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes
by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).

Temperature conversions:

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from Celsius to Celsius

Fahrenheit [°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32 [°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9

Kelvin [K] = [°C] + 273.15 [°C] = [K] − 273.15

Rankine [°R] = ([°C] + 273.15) × 9⁄5 [°C] = ([°R] − 491.67) × 5⁄9

Delisle [°De] = (100 − [°C]) × 3⁄2 [°C] = 100 − [°De] × 2⁄3

Newton [°N] = [°C] × 33⁄100 [°C] = [°N] × 100⁄33

Réaumur [°Ré] = [°C] × 4⁄5 [°C] = [°Ré] × 5⁄4

Rømer [°Rø] = [°C] × 21⁄40 + 7.5 [°C] = ([°Rø] − 7.5) × 40⁄21

Random Team Chooser:

In mathematics, random groups are certain groups obtained by a probabilistic construction.

They were introduced by Misha Gromov to answer questions such as "What does a typical
group look like?"

It so happens that, once a precise definition is given, random groups satisfy some properties
with very high probability, whereas other properties fail with very high probability. For
instance, very probably random groups are hyperbolic groups. In this sense, one can say that
"most groups are hyperbolic".

For instance, in the density model, the number of relations is allowed to grow with the length
of the relations. Then there is a sharp "phase transition" phenomenon: if the number of
relations is larger than some threshold, the random group "collapses" (because the relations
allow to show that any word is equal to any other), whereas below the threshold the resulting
random group is infinite and hyperbolic.

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Constructions of random groups can also be twisted in specific ways to build group with
particular properties. For instance, Gromov used this technique to build new groups that are
counter-examples to an extension of the Baum-Connes conjecture.

GST Calculator:

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) used in India on the
supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination based tax:
comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes.
Multi-staged as it is, the GST is imposed at every step in the production process, but is meant
to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer
and as a destination based tax, it is collected from point of consumption and not point of
origin like previous taxes.

Goods and services are divided into five different tax slabs for collection of tax - 0%, 5%,
12%, 18% and 28%. However, petroleum products, alcoholic drinks, and electricity are not
taxed under GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments, as per
the previous tax system. There is a special rate of 0.25% on rough precious and semi-precious
stones and 3% on gold. In addition a cess of 22% or other rates on top of 28% GST applies
on few items like aerated drinks, luxury cars and tobacco products. Pre-GST, the statutory tax
rate for most goods was about 26.5%, Post-GST, most goods are expected to be in the 18%
tax range.

The single GST subsumed several taxes and levies, which included central excise duty,
services tax, additional customs duty, surcharges, state-level value added tax and Octroi.
Other levies which were applicable on inter-state transportation of goods have also been done
away with in GST regime. GST is levied on all transactions such as sale, transfer, purchase,
barter, lease, or import of goods and/or services.

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Dice Roll:

Dice (singular die or dice) are small, throwable objects with uniquely marked sides that can
rest in multiple positions. They are used for generating random numbers and are commonly
used in tabletop games. Such games include dice games, board games, role-playing games,
and games of chance (such as craps).

A traditional die is a cube with each of its six faces marked with a different number of dots
(pips) from one to six. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing on its upper
surface a random integer from one to six, each value being equally likely. Dice may also have
polyhedral or irregular shapes and may have faces marked with numerals or symbols instead
of pips. Loaded dice are designed to favor some results over others for cheating or
entertainment.

When rolling two dice, distinguish between them in some way: a first one and second one, a
left and a right, a red and a green, etc. Let (a,b) denote a possible outcome of rolling the two
die, with a the number on the top of the first die and b the number on the top of the second
die. Note that each of a and b can be any of the integers from 1 through 6. Here is a listing of
all the joint possibilities for (a,b).

Common dice are small cubes, most often 1.6 cm (0.63 in) across, whose faces are numbered
from one to six, usually by patterns of round dots called pips. (While the use of Arabic
numerals is occasionally seen, such dice are less common.)

Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, requiring the 1, 2, and 3 faces to
share a vertex. The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this
vertex. If the 1, 2, and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called "right-handed". If those
faces run clockwise, the die is called "left-handed". Western dice are normally right-handed,
and Chinese dice are normally left-handed.

Typical facets showing the more compact pip arrangement of an Asian-style die (top) vs. a
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Western-style die (bottom)

The pips on dice are arranged in specific patterns as shown. Asian style dice bear similar
patterns to Western ones, but the pips are closer to the center of the face; in addition, the pips
are differently sized on Asian style dice, and the pips are colored red on the 1 and 4 sides.
Red fours may be of Indian origin. In some older sets, the "one" pip is a colorless depression.

Coin Toss:

Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and
checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to choose between two alternatives,
sometimes used to resolve a dispute between two parties. It is a form of sortition which
inherently has two possible outcomes. The party who calls the side that the coin lands on
win.

Three-way coin flips are also possible, by a different process – this can be done either to
choose two out of three, or to choose one out of three. To choose two out of three, three coins
are flipped, and if two coins come up the same and one different, the different one loses (is
out), leaving two players. To choose one out of three, either reverse this (the odd coin out is
the winner), or add a regular two-way coin flip between the remaining players as a second
step. Note that the three-way flip is 75% likely to work each time it is tried (if all coins are
heads or all are tails, each of which occur 1/8 of the time due to the chances being 0.5 by 0.5
by 0.5, the flip is repeated until the results differ), and does not require that "heads" or "tails"
be called. A famous example of such a three-way coin flip (choose two out of three) is
dramatized in Friday Night Lights (originally a book, subsequently film and TV series), three
Texas high school football teams use a three-way coin flip. A legacy of this coin flip was to
reduce the use of coin flips to break ties in Texas sports, instead using point systems to
reduce the frequency of ties.

During a coin toss, the coin is thrown into the air such that it rotates edge-over-edge several
times. Either beforehand or when the coin is in the air, an interested party calls "heads" or
"tails", indicating which side of the coin that party is choosing. The other party is assigned
the opposite side. Depending on custom, the coin may be caught; caught and inverted; or
allowed to land on the ground. When the coin comes to rest, the toss is complete and the

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party who called correctly or was assigned the upper side is declared the winner.

It is possible for a coin to land on its side, usually by landing up against an object (such as a
shoe) or by getting stuck in the ground. However, even on a flat surface it is possible for a
coin to land on its edge. A computational model suggests that the chance of a coin landing on
its edge and staying there is about 1 in 6000 for an American nickel. Angular momentum
typically prevents most coins from landing on their edges unsupported if flipped. Such cases
in which a coin does land on its edge are exceptionally rare.

CHAPTER 4

ACCESSING THE UTILITIES

All the utilities in the project which is written using Python can be accessed by executing the
programs in the command prompt. Each of the utilities is accessed by executing the programs
and the output is obtained as follows:

Image Resizer:

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Before resizing.

After resizing.

Temperature Converter:

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Random Team Chooser:

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GST Calculator:

Coin Toss:

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Dice Roll:

CHAPTER 5
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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDY

CONCLUSION:

From this project we can reduce the human work of searching for different tools or utilities in
different places . We can implement this idea anywhere like office, home, companies, malls,
hospital and college etc… , where there is necessary of these tools.

I believe the trial has shown conclusively that it is both possible and desirable to use Python
as the principal teaching language:

 it is Free (as in both cost and source code).

 it is trivial to install on a Windows PC allowing students to take their interest further.
For many the hurdle of installing a Pascal or C compiler on a Windows machine is
either too expensive or too complicated;
 it is a flexible tool that allows both the teaching of traditional procedural
programming and modern OOP; It can be used to teach a large number of transferable
skills;
 it is a real-world programming language that can be and is used in academia and the
commercial world;
 it appears to be quicker to learn and, in combination with its many libraries, this offers
the possibility of more rapid student development allowing the course to be made
more challenging and varied;
 and most importantly, its clean syntax offers increased understanding and enjoyment
for students;

Python should be used as the first year teaching language. If used it will be possible to teach
students more programming and less of the peculiarities of a particular language. Teaching a
mid-level language like C in just one day is inadvisable. Too much time must be spent
teaching C and not enough time teaching generic skills to students with no programming
experience.

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The use of Python as the first year language is not a dead-end. I have tried to emphasise that
Python allows the teaching of widely applicable programming concepts. Its use in no way
precludes the use of C in a more advanced course. In fact students who go on to use C in later
years will have a better grounding in concepts from their introduction to programming than
they might have from a C-based introduction. I believe that more students will go on to
advanced programming if introduced using Python because introducing programming using
C will frustrate and scare off a large number of students.

SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY:

The future scope of python programming language can also be predicted by the way it has
helped big data technology to grow. Python has been successfully contributing in analyzing a
large number of data sets across computer clusters through its high-performance toolkits and
libraries.

Python has gained more popularity than ever. Python provides significant features which
catch every programmer’s attention.Python is very simple to read and write hence, it reduces
the confusion among the programmers.Surprisingly, one of the biggest tech company Google
uses Python for their numerous applications and has a full devoted portal to Python.Here are
some features of Python that can project the reasons why it has become so popular.

Most of the other programming languages have supports issues. Also, some of them lack in
the documentation which makes it difficult for a programmer to build his project.Python
doesn’t have these issues. It has been around for a long time, so there are plenty of
documentation, tutorials, guides and much more to help a programmer.Also, it has an active
and rich community who ensures to provide help and supports to the developers. The
community consists of many experienced developers and programmer who provides support
at any time.

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CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

PyPI — Python Package Index

 Submitting a package to PyPI — http://peterdowns.com/posts/first-time-with-

pypi.html

Object Oriented Programming

 Primer on python object oriented programming —

https://jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/06/18/improve-your-python-python-classes-and-
object-oriented-programming/

 http://simeonfranklin.com/blog/2012/jul/1/python-decorators-in-12-steps/

 https://realpython.com/blog/python/primer-on-python-decorators/

Python Libraries

 Requests(HTTP Requests) — http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html

 Click (Command Line Interface Creation Kit) — http://click.pocoo.org/

 cassandra-driver — http://datastax.github.io/python-driver/getting_started.html

 atexit(do stuff at exit) — http://pymotw.com/2/atexit/

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 paramiko(python ssh library) — http://www.paramiko.org/

 termcolor(ANSII Color formatting for output in terminal) —

https://pypi.python.org/pypi/termcolor.

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