My English Lab

Grammar: Verb Tense Review
1. We use the present continuous (be + verb + -ing) to talk about

something that's happening right now or these days.
Jackie: I'm working on an idea for a commercial right now.

2. We use the simple present to talk about something that

happens every day or all the time.
Talia works at Newsline.

3. We also use the simple present with non-action verbs like

know, believe, want, and like--even when we're talking about
something that's happening right now.
Talia: I want to hear more about this commercial.
We do NOT say: X I'm wanting to hear.
4. We can also use the simple present when we tell a story--

even if the story is about the past. The simple present makes the
story more dramatic.
Nick: She meets me in the lobby, we shake hands, and she

takes me out to lunch.
5. We usually use the simple past to talk about something that

happened in the past and is finished.
Nick: I told you about that before.

6. We often use the simple past with time expressions that refer

to a specific time in the past (for example: last year, in 1999,
10 years ago).
Nick met Jackie several months ago.
7. We use the present perfect (have + the past participle) to talk

about something that happened at some time in the past (but not
at a specific time).
Talia: One of Nick's teammates has framed him.
We also use the present perfect with for or since to talk about

something that started in the past and continues to the
present.
We use the present perfect with for and a length of time to

show how long the situation has been going on.
Nick has been here for two hours.
We use the present perfect with since and a point of time to

show when the situation started.
Nick has been here since 7:00.

8. We often use the present perfect with words like already, yet,
just, recently, and lately.
Nick: I've already told you.

9. We can also use the present perfect continuous (have +
been + verb + -ing) to talk about something that started in the
past and continues to the present.
Talia: I've been thinking about this all day.

10. As with the present perfect, we often use the present perfect
continuous with for and since.
Talia has been working on this story for a few days.

She has been working on the story since last Monday.
Remember, we usually don't use continuous forms with non-

action verbs.
We do NOT say: X Talia has been having a headache all day.
11. We can use be going to or will to talk about the future.
Talia: I'll call you tomorrow.
Talia is going to call her mother tomorrow.

Grammar: Negative Yes-No Qs and Tag Qs 1

Match the first part of the sentence with the second part. Drag and drop the answer
into the correct blank.
7/7
100%
 is he
is she
haven't you
isn't he
Won't she
Didn't they
Wasn't she
1 You've met Nick Crawford,
Respuesta correcta: haven't you
haven't you?
2 He's a player on the national team,
Respuesta correcta: isn't he
isn't he?
3
Respuesta correcta: Didn't they
Didn't they lose the game last year?
4 Talia isn't a reporter,
Respuesta correcta: is she
is she?
5
Respuesta correcta: Wasn't she
Wasn't she at the meeting last week?
6
Respuesta correcta: Won't she
Won't she be home tomorrow night?
7 Nick isn't guilty,
Respuesta correcta: is he
is he?
 1
Seth: You've eaten at Valentino's before.

Respuesta incorrecta: Is not. Respuesta del
sistema: Isn't it
Is not
Isn't it
(be) a great restaurant?
Eva: Respuesta correcta: Yes
Yes
. I love it.
 2
Seth: You're not eating

much.
Respuesta correcta:
Aren't you
Aren't you
(be) hungry?
Eva: Respuesta correcta: No
No
. I ate too much for
lunch.
 3
Seth: I love soccer. What about you?

Respuesta incorrecta: Don't you. Respuesta del sistema:
Don't you like
Don't you
Don't you like
(like) soccer?
No
. I only like baseball.
 4
Eva: I'm not that interested in soccer, but I am following the

Crawford story.
Seth: Respuesta incorrecta: Is not. Respuesta del sistema: Isn't
it
Is not
Isn't it
(be) terrible?
Yes
. I feel sorry for Crawford's team.

Seth: Jason likes soccer,

Respuesta incorrecta: Doesn't He. Respuesta del
sistema: doesn't he
Doesn't He
doesn't he
?
Yes
. He has season tickets.
 2
Seth: Today is the 5th,

Respuesta incorrecta: Isn't it. Respuesta del
sistema: isn't it
Isn't it
isn't it
?
No
. It's the 6th.
 3
Seth: Talia doesn't work for Newsline,

Respuesta incorrecta: Does She. Respuesta del
sistema: does she
Does She
does she
?
Yes
. She's been there for three years.
 4
Seth: Valentino's has great desserts. We should try some,

Respuesta incorrecta: Shouldn't we. Respuesta del
sistema: shouldn't we
Shouldn't we
shouldn't we
?
Yes
! The chocolate cake sounds delicious.
Grammar: Modals of Preference
1. We use prefer and would prefer to talk about preferences--

things we like better than other things.
Nick: Would you like to have a seat?

Talia: No, I prefer to stand.
Prefer and would prefer can be followed by a noun.

Amy: Would you like a cup of tea?
Talia: Thanks, but I'd prefer coffee.
Prefer and would prefer can also be followed by the gerund.

Remember, the gerund is formed with the verb + -ing.
Talia doesn't have time to shop at stores. She prefers shopping
online.
Prefer and would prefer can also be followed by the infinitive

(to + the base form of the verb).
She prefers to shop online.
2. We can also make suggestions with would rather plus the base form
of the verb.
Talia: I'd rather pay her a visit.
The negative form for would rather is would rather not.

Talia: I'd rather not sit down.
We do NOT say: X I wouldn't rather sit down.
We often use I'd rather not as a short answer.

Amy: Maybe you should ask John for help with this story.
Talia: I'd rather not. I want to cover this story by myself.
3. We use would to form questions with prefer and rather.
Nick: Would you prefer to sit down?

Nick: Would you rather sit down?
But we can also use a form of do to form questions with prefer.

Nick: Do you prefer to stand?
Grammar: Modals of Preference 1

Read each dialog and choose the correct answer.
Josh: Would you like a cup of coffee?

'd prefer
Megan: Thanks, but I 'd prefer tea if you have some.
Josh: How about some cake?

not
Megan: Thanks, but I'd rather not. I'm going to have dinner very soon.
Ana: Would you rather be a reporter or a researcher?

Tyler: A reporter. It's more exciting.
Tom: Does Erik go to the movies a lot?
Anton: No. He prefers renting videos.
Tony: What kind of movies does he like? Comedies?
Anton: No, actually, he prefers serious movies.
Jessie: Let's go get some pizza.
Ryan: I 'd prefer to get a hamburger. I had pizza last night.
Ryan: Does your sister ever watch soccer?
Jessie: No. She 'd rather watch baseball.
Ryan: What about you? Do you prefer baseball, too?
Jessie: Me? No. I'm a big soccer fan.
Grammar: Modals of Preference 2
Go hear meet pay stay try on watch work
Salesperson: Would you like to try on those
running shoes?
Jessica: No, I'd rather try on a pair of the
white ones.
 2
Dan: Why don't you come to my office at
around 11:00?
Bill: I'd prefer to meet later if that's OK with
you.
 3
Anne- Are you going to call
Marie: Frank?
Philippe: I think I'd rather pay him a
visit.
 4
Mia: Would you like to go out tonight?

Cal: No, actually, I'd prefer to stay home. I'm
really tired.
 5
Toby: Should I turn on The News at Six?
Rick: I'd prefer to watch Newsline, if you don't mind. I think they have
better reporters.
 6
Dania: The boss wants some of us to come in on Saturday to
finish the reports.
Brian: I don't mind staying late, but I'd rather not work on the
weekend.
 7
Jeff: Do you want to eat at home or would you rather go to
a restaurant?
Lola: Why don't we try that new Italian restaurant around
the corner?
 8
Nick: Do you want to hear my
story?
Talia: I'd prefer to hear the
truth.
Grammar: Comparative Adjectives
1. We use comparative adjectives to talk about the

differences between people, places, or things.
Kicks are cooler than your old shoes.

They're more comfortable, too.
They're better than other shoes.
2. There are several ways to form the comparative. For short

adjectives, we usually add -er.
cooler
shorter
taller
Sometimes, when we add -er, there are spelling changes.
nicer
hotter
happier
3. A few adjectives have irregular comparative forms.
good better
bad worse
4. For long adjectives, we usually form the comparative with

more.
Nick: Kicks are more comfortable, too.
We can also make a comparison with less (the opposite of

more) and long adjectives.
Nick: They're less expensive than they look.
5. Some adjectives have two possible comparative forms.
quieter
OR
more quiet
6. We use than when we mention the things we are comparing.
Nick: These shoes are more comfortable than my old shoes.
Notice that we don't always need to use the comparative with

than. Sometimes it is clear what we are comparing.
Nick: They're more comfortable, too.
In the example, it is clear that Nick is talking about two pairs of
shoes. Because Nick doesn't mention the second pair of shoes,
he does not use than.
Grammar: Comparative Adjectives 1

Read each sentence. Click on the box and choose the correct answer.
 1
Ed Haskins is the coach of the national soccer team. He is older than all of
the players.
 2
Nick and Dean are both on the team, but Nick is a better player. In fact,
he's the team's star player.
 3
Talia would rather be a reporter than a researcher. She thinks that the job of reporter
is more exciting.
 4
Talia is always working. She's busier than Amy.
 5
Nick is smart. He was a good student.
 6
Talia believes Nick's story, but Tony doesn't. He's more
skeptical than Talia.
 7
Speedies running shoes cost $60. Cheetah shoes cost $70. Cheetahs
are more expensive than Speedies.

Grammar: Embedded Wh- Questions 2
Look at the question and read the dialog. Change the question to an embedded question, and type
it into the blank. Add the correct punctuation (period or question mark).
4/7
57%
Where is it?
What should I wear?
What time does she get to the office?
How much do they cost?
Who took this photograph of us?
Why did Mark move?
How many people did Josh invite to his party?
 1
Brian: I have an interview at The Gower Building. Do you know where the
building is?
where it is?
Ana: I think it's near here, but I'm not really sure.
 2
Brian: I don't know what wear i
should?
what I should wear.
Ana: A suit is always good.

 3
Tomas: I need to speak to Ms. Miller. Can you tell me what time she gets to
the office?
Jen: Ms. Miller? She's usually at her desk at 8:30.

 4
Andre: Those are nice shoes. I wonder how much
they cost?
Todd: I don't know, but they look expensive.

 5
Tyler: Can you remember who this photograph of us
took?
who took this photograph of us?
Mindy: It was John.

 6
Sonya: I'd like to know why mark moved?
Derek: Because he got a great job offer in
Centerville.
 7
Lauren: Do you know how many people Josh invited to his
party?
Amy: I think there were about thirty people there.
1. We use may, could, and can plus a subject and the base form

of the verb to ask for permission.
Nick: May I speak to someone at Kicks?

Nick: Could I speak to someone at Kicks?
Nick: Can I speak to someone at Kicks?
May is more formal than could and can. Can is the least formal.

2. We often use please to ask for permission more politely.
Please can go before the base form of the verb.
Nick: May I please speak to someone at Kicks?
Please can also go at the end of the question. When this

happens, we use a comma before please.
Nick: May I speak to someone at Kicks, please?
3. We usually answer questions about permission with words like

yes, sure, certainly, of course, and go ahead.
Nick: Could I ask you a question?

Receptionist: Sure.
We can use may or can in short answers about permission, but

we never use could.
Nick: Could I look at the directory?

Receptionist: Yes, of course you can.
We do NOT say: X Yes, you could.
4. We can also use Do you mind to ask permission. Expressions

with Do you mind are followed by if plus a sentence.
Nick: Do you mind if I look at that?
Do you mind is very polite. We do not use please with Do you

mind.
5. We answer Do you mind questions with Not at all.
Nick: Do you mind if I look at that?

Receptionist: Not at all. Have a look.
Not at all means it's OK. You can do it. If you answer yes to a

question with do you mind, you mean it's not OK. You can't do
it.
We can also answer a Do you mind question with Sure or Go

ahead.
6. When we say no to a question about permission, we usually

apologize and give a reason.
Nick: May I speak to someone else at Kicks?

Receptionist: Sorry, Nick, but there's no Kicks here, either.
Grammar: Comparisons with As + Adjective + As

1. Sometimes we want to talk about ways two people or things are
the same. To talk about a similarity, we use as + adjective +
as.
Receptionist: Maybe you can describe Jackie Baker.

Nick: She's as tall as you are.
Nick means that Jackie and the receptionist are the same height.
2. Sometimes we want to talk about ways two people or things are

different. To talk about a difference, we use not as + adjective
+ as.
Things aren't as bad as they seem.
When the meaning is clear, we often leave out the second part
of the comparison.
Bea: Dean's a good player, but is he as good as Nick?

Zach: Sure. He's just as good.
In this example, Zach means Dean is as good as Nick.
Grammar: Past Continuous with When
1. We use the past continuous with when to talk about an activity

that was already in progress when something else happened.
Notice that we use the simple past after when.
Receptionist: I was getting ready to leave when you arrived.
This means that the receptionist started getting ready before

the visitor arrived.
2. The time clause (the part of the sentence with when) can come

at the beginning or end of the sentence. When the time
clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, we need a
comma after the time clause.
I was getting ready to leave. When you arrived,
When the time clause comes at the end of the sentence, there is
no comma.
I was getting ready to leave when you arrived.
Notice that the meaning doesn't change when you change the
order of the two parts of the sentence. The two sentences both
mean that the receptionist started getting ready to leave before
the visitor arrived.
3. Notice the difference in meaning between these two sentences:
1) When the phone rang, the receptionist was leaving.
This means that first the receptionist started to leave and then
the phone rang. We use the past continuous to show that one
action was already in progress when the other action
happened.
2) When the phone rang, the receptionist left.
This means that first the phone rang, and then the receptionist
left. We use the simple past in both clauses to show that one
action happened after the other action.
Speaking: Giving Opinions

When we talk about news, we often ask for people's opinions.
Grammar: Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
1. Phrasal verbs are verbs that have two parts--a verb + a

particle.
Run into is a phrasal verb. Run is the verb; into is the particle.
The particle looks just like a preposition, but it is actually one

part of this two-part verb. The particle often changes the
meaning of the verb.
Patty: I'm surprised you never ran into her.
In the example, ran into means met by chance. As you can see,

the verb run plus the particle into has a completely different
meaning from the verb run by itself.
2. Some phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means that the two

parts--verb and particle--always stay together. When an
inseparable phrasal verb has an object, the object always comes
after the two parts of the verb.
Reporter: What do you think of this scandal?

Dean: I'm not sure what I think of it. I don't have enough
information.
In the conversation, the noun this scandal and the pronoun it

are objects of the verb think of. Both noun and pronoun objects
always come after an inseparable phrasal verb.
We do NOT say: X I'm not sure what I think it of.
3. Some phrasal verbs are used with certain prepositions when

they have an object. We sometimes call these combinations
three-part verbs. Three-part verbs are inseparable.
Nick: I need to catch up on the news.
The phrasal verb catch up means do something you did not

have time to do before. We use it with the preposition on when
there is an object.
We don't use the preposition when there is no object.
Nick: I've been so busy. I need some time to catch up.

Grammar: Gerunds and Infinitives
1. The gerund is the base form of the verb + -ing.
playing
2. The infinitive is to + the base form of the verb.
to play
3. Some verbs can be followed by the gerund.
Nick: Would you mind making it louder?

Dean: He wouldn't risk ruining his career.
Patty: She keeps changing her hair color.
We form the negative by using not before the gerund.
Would you mind not repeating that?
4. Some verbs can be followed by the infinitive.
Nick: I agreed to endorse some shoes.

Nick: I need to catch up on the news.
We form the negative by using not before the infinitive.
I decided not to go to the game.
Grammar: Future Time Clauses
1. Future time clauses begin with time words like when, after,

before, as soon as, until, and while. We use future time
clauses with main clauses to talk about what is going to happen
in the future.
Dean: I'm sure they'll decide as soon as they have more

information.
In the example, I'm sure they'll decide is the main clause. As

soon as they have more information is the future time clause.
Future time clauses talk about the future but they use the
present.
Dean: I'm not going to comment until we know more.

We do NOT say: X until we will know more
The main clause uses the future--with will or be going to.
Dean: I'm not going to comment until we know more.
2. The future time clause can come at the beginning or the

end of the sentence. The meaning does not change. When the
future time clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, we
use a comma after it.
Nick: When I get home, I'll watch TV.

Nick: I'll watch TV when I get home.
Being
a piece of cake something that is very easy
a rotten apple someone who is dishonest and has a bad effect on
others. It only takes one rotten apple to give the whole industry
a bad name.
a smart cookie someone who is intelligent and confident.
Fumihito is a smart cookie; it won't take him long to learn the
new program.
accept to take something that someone offers you.Mr. Pham

wanted to pay us, but we refused to accept any money.
access
accomplish
according to
accounting
accurate
accurately
acting
adequate
administration
admit
adore
advertising agency
advertising campaign
advice
advisor
advocate
agent
air
alarm
along the same lines
alter
ambulance
ancestor
ancient
and so on
anxiety
appeal
appear
applaud
appreciation
approach
aquarium
as a matter of fact
as in
ask someone out
association
assume
at one with something
ATM
atmosphere
attitude
attractive
audience
authorized
bald
be about to do something
be attracted to somebody
be in a serious relationship
be in touch
be on the rebound
be out of line
be seeing somebody
be tricked
beef something up
behind
berry
besides
big deal
big shot
billion
biometrics
bitter
bizarre
blame
boiling
book
boom
bouquet
braid
brain chemistry
break
break a habit
break a law
break a promise
break a record
break a story
break a sweat
break down
break new ground
break somebody's heart
break the ice
break the news to somebody
breathtakingly
breeze
brew
bribe
bride
brilliant
bring someone up to date
broadcast
burglar alarm
butter someone up
buzzer
by the way
caf 頭 ocha
call back
calm down
cameraperson
candid
cape
cappuccino
care about
career
caress
carnation
castle
catch
catch a ball
catch someone's eye
catch up with someone
cautious
celebrate
celebration
century
character traits
charmed
chat
chrysanthemum
cinema
classic
clear
clear a debt
clear a space
clear someone's name
clear something with someone
clear the air
clear the decks
clear the table
clear the way
clear up
clear your head
clear your throat
client
close
closing
cloudless
coincidence
combination
come about
come across
come between
come by
come down to
come down with
come forward
come out
come through
come up
comfort
coming right up
commercial
complaint
complicated
compliment
concentrate
condition
confession
confirm
congratulate
connect
connection
console
constantly
construct
contemporary
content
contribute
controversial
convey
convincing
cool
cornrows
costume designer
cough
cover
crackle
craze
credit card
crew cut
cross-country skiing
curly
customer service department
cut flowers
deal with
delight
demand
depend on
dependent
deserve
determine
devastating
devise
directly
disaster
discreetly
disregard
do over
do your homework
doctor
don't do the crime if you can't do the time
donate
double latte
down
down the line
download
drama program
drop
drop someone a line
earphone
ease
edge
edit
effective
eligible
emotionally involved
emphasis
encounter
endorse
endorsement
energize
enhance
enter
entertain
era
estimate
et cetera
etiquette
evaluate
even number
excessive
exclusive
explode
express
fabulous
familiar
fantastic
faraway
feature
fees
figure
film director
find out
fingerprint scanner
first and foremost
fix somebody up
florist
focus group
focus on
fog horn
follow in someone's footsteps
formula
foundation
frame
freak out
freeze
frustration
full-time student
funeral
fuss over
gadget
gaze
get a feel for something
get a line on something
get an offer
get down to business
get hold of
get in someone's way
get in touch
get into
get it
Get out of here!
get rid of somebody
get somebody back
get this
give someone a line
give up
gladiolus
glide
glorious
go ahead
go bananas
go on
go on a blind date
go through
gosh
granny
grieving
groom
growl
guarantee
guidelines
had better
halfway
Halloween
hammer
hang on
hang up
harmony
hassle
have
have a crush on somebody
have egg on your face
hectic
help out
herbal tea
high-frequency
high-tech
hip
hold it
horn
host
hot temper
hot water
if I say so myself
image
impressed
improvisation
in a way
in advance
in battle
in distress
in fact
in other words
in someone's shadow
in spite of
inappropriate
incredible
influence
infringe on
injure
innocent
inspiring
instant
instinctive
instruct
intact
intake
intellect
intelligence
interact with
interrupt
interview
intricate
invade
invasion of privacy
iris scan
isolated
It seems like yesterday
it's all over for someone
joy
juice bar
jumpy
keep back
keep going
keep it down
keep out of something
keep quiet
keep someone guessing
keep someone posted
keep something in mind
keep the change
keep to the subject
keep your shirt on
keep your voice down
kick yourself
kinky
know better
lame
lay it on the line
learn something the hard way
leave behind
legal
leisurely
lengthy
levity
license plate
likely
likewise
lily
lining
live in harmony
lobby
logical
look at the bright side
loud color
loud noise
low-frequency
lush
maitre d'
majestic
make a fool of yourself
makeup artist
mania
manufacturer
march
marketing
marketing executive
marvel
match an offer
meadow
meant for each other
measurement
meditation
memorable
memory
mental process
mess something up
mid-semester
mile
misfortune
miss
mission
mist
moderate
monitor
motivation
mph
mutual
nanny
national exposure
naturally
nature
nightmare
no way
objective
odd number
on
oops
open-ended
opening
optimistic
option
organ
original
origins
out of the corner of your eye
outfit
over
overbook
overcharge
overcome
overdo
overeat
overestimate
overhear
overlap
overlook
overreact
oversee
pager
palm
pass
passion
password
pat
path
patience
patient
pattern
peak
pedestrian
people-watching
perform
permission
permit
personal attack
personal life
personal reaction
persuasive
phenomenon
phew
phony
pick out
picture
pie in the sky
pitch
plant
play hard to get
play the field
poison
ponytail
pose as somebody
potential
potted plant
power
practical
preference
preliminary
preparation
press charges
presto
print
printout
probe
producer
professional life
progress
put something on
put your heart into something
qualifying match
qualities
rapport
rare
rating
reach your goal
read between the lines
realize
reassure
recall
recognize
recollect
reconstruct
recording light
recurring
reduce
referee
reflex
regenerate
region
register
regular
reinstate
rejoin
relaxation
release
relief
relieved
remarkably
remote
resent
resentful
reservation
respond
retina scan
reveal
rewind
ridiculous
right
roasted
role
role model
romantic
run
run a light
salmon
sane
sauna
scale
scared
scary
schedule
scheme
scholar
science fiction
scream
scriptwriter
section
security
seek
semester
set designer
set out
set up
shh
shiver
shore
show up
significant
signify
silky
simultaneously
sink
sip
siren
sleeping potion
slogan
sloppy
small potatoes
smooth surface
smooth talker
snapshot
so far, so good
soft pillow
soft rock
solid
sophisticated
sound engineer
sour grapes
sparkling
specialty
spine
split up
spontaneous
spy
squint
stable
stage
stage name
stallion
stand for
standardized test
state-of-the-art
steal a car
steal a look
steamy
store
straight
stroll
Student Advising
student lounge
student union
stuntperson
such-and-such
suffering
suitable
sum up
sunbathe
superb
surgeon
surprise
surveillance
survive
suspend
sweeten
sympathize
take a hard line
take it from me
take root
take someone out
take someone out on a date
take someone's place
take something personally
talk show host
Taoist
tape player
target
text messaging
the bottom line
the finals
the right places
thin curtain
thin excuse
throw a ball
throw a fit
ticket
tip
tired joke
tired worker
top-notch
tornado
tough break
track
tragic
trail
translate
transplant
trend
trendy
trick
triumph
tropical
trout
tuition
turn down
turn out
turn the volume down
twister
unbelievable
undergraduate
unfortunate
unfortunately
unique
up-to-date
use
values
velvet
verbatim
verify
version
visual
vivid
voice print
vote
VP
warm weather
warm welcome
warn
wave
wavy
weird
what a relief
what makes someone tick
What's up?
where there's a will, there's a way
whistle
whoosh-whoosh
wig
win out
winding
window
wizard
wolf
word
work out
work out
work out
yard
You bet!
Yup
Grammar: Modals of Possibility/Probability 1

Complete each dialog. Click on the box and choose the correct answer.
7/8
88%
 1
Tony: I'm worried about Talia. I think she might
Correct answer: feel
feel too emotionally involved with this story.
 2
Patty: Jackie's hair color is different each time I see her.
Nick: Well, she doesn't wear a wig, so she
Incorrect answer: might

must
might
color it.
 3
Nick: You know, Jackie Baker isn't her real name.
Patty:
Correct answer: Could
Could it be her stage name? She's an actress, isn't she?
 4
Amy: Sally and Doug are both taking drama classes at the university.
Talia: They
Correct answer: might
might know Jackie. Maybe they've taken classes together.
 5
Lola: I noticed that Professor Roberts doesn't wear a wedding ring.
Megan: Well, he
Correct answer: might not
might not be married. But then again, lots of married people don't
wear rings.
 6
Mrs. Santos: Do you think Nick is guilty?
Talia: He
Correct answer: can't be
can't be! He's innocent, and I'm going to prove it!
 7
Amy: Talia gets all A's in our journalism class.
Josh: She
Correct answer: must
must be a good writer.
 8
Talia: Jackie is being really friendly to Amy. She
Correct answer: must not
must not suspect that Amy is tricking her.

Grammar: Reflexive/Reciprocal Pronouns 1
 1
Amy: Jackie, this is Talia. Talia, this is Jackie.
Amy introduced Jackie and Talia to ______.

them themselves
each other
 2
Talia: Don't you work for Kicks, Jackie?
Talia asked _____ about her job.

herself her each other
 3
Amy: Bye, Jackie. It was great talking to you.
Jackie: Bye.
Amy and Jackie were talking to _____.

themselves each other him
 4
Jackie: I'd like a table for two. It's for my brother - Dean Bishop, the soccer
player - and me.
Jackie made a reservation for ______.

herself her her brother and herself
 5
Talia: Nice work, Amy!
Talia thinks Amy should be pleased with ______.

her
herself one another
 6
Amy (alone in her office): I wonder what's happening between Talia and Nick.
Amy asked ______ about Talia and Nick's relationship.

her him herself
 7
Jackie: Hmmm. I could look better. Maybe I should change my hair color again.
Jackie was looking at ______ in the mirror.

her herself each other
 8
Talia: See you later, Amy. Bye, Chris.
Amy: Bye, Talia. Bye, Chris.
Chris: Take care, Amy! You too, Talia!
Talia, Amy, and Chris said good-bye to ______.

themselves them one another
Grammar: Modals of Possibility/Probability 2
Complete the dialogs. Drag and drop the answers into the correct blanks. You will not use
all the choices.
5/6
83%
 must love
might not like
must not love
can't be
might like
might be
must not love
must not feel
must study
Professor Roberts
Correct answer: must love
must love Shakespeare. He always looks so happy when he's
Nina: quoting him.
Dave: Ron is absent again. I wonder what the problem is.
Well, he
Correct answer: might not like
might not like the class. He sometimes seems bored when
Ana: he's here.
Nina: Jackie looks terrible today. I wonder what's wrong.
She
Correct answer: must not feel
Ana: must not feel well.
Dave: Is Marcel French?
Ana: He
Correct answer: might be
might be. He has a French name.
Nina: Marcel always gets good grades.
He
Correct answer: must study
Dave: must study a lot.
Jake: Why are those students leaving?
I don't know. The class
Incorrect answer: might like. System answer is: can't be
might likecan't be
Marcel: over yet. It's too early.
Grammar: Reflexive/Reciprocal Pronouns 2
Complete each dialog. Type a reflexive or reciprocal pronoun into the blank.
In this activity you are graded on capitalization (lowercase and UPPERCASE).
John: Have you ever met Talia's mother?
Amy: Yes. The two of them are very close. They call Correct answer: each othereach other almost
every day.
Mrs. Santos: What kind of man is this Nick Crawford?
Talia: Well, for one thing, he prides Correct answer: himselfhimself on being an honest person.
Amy: What did you do last night?
Josh: I went to the movies - alone, again.
Amy: Oh. Did you enjoy Correct answer: yourselfyourself?
Talia: Why isn't Nick answering the phone?

Amy: Did you just ask me something, Talia?
Talia: No. I was just talking to Correct answer: myselfmyself. I do that when I get nervous.
Amy: This is a difficult assignment.
Talia: Well, maybe if we help Correct answer: each othereach other it won't be so bad.
Amy: Good idea.
Tony: Do you know where Talia is?
John: No. Do you, Chris?
Chris: No, I don't.
Amy: Hi everyone. Hey, do you know where Talia is?
Tony: We were all just asking Incorrect answer: each another. System answer is: one anothereach
anotherone another
the same question!
Amy: What did your friends do in Los Angeles?
Josh: They kept Incorrect answer: each other. System answer is: themselveseach otherthemselves
busy. Lisa went to the museum, and Todd went shopping.
John: Where are you guys going?
Amy/Talia: To our journalism class.
John: Enjoy Correct answer: yourselvesyourselves
Grammar: Modals-Possibility/Probability-Past 2
Complete the dialog. Type the correct form of the modal and the verb in parentheses into
the blanks. Choose between affirmative and negative.
Example: i think james isn't fun. I think James isn't fun.
4/6
67%

Micky: When did competitive sports begin?

Professor A very long time ago. Organized sports
Clark: Correct answer: might have existed
might have existed
(might/exist) in Central America 3,600 years ago.
Micky: No! They
Incorrect answer: could't have had. System answer is: couldn't
have had
could't have had
couldn't have had
(could/have) sports leagues that long ago!
Professor It's not impossible. They
Clark: Correct answer: could have built
could have built
(could/build) a system of playing fields. There is evidence all
through Central America.
Micky: What did they play thousands of years ago?
Professor Some ball courts have stone rings, so they
Clark: Correct answer: may have played
may have played
(may/play) something like basketball.
Micky: Any Michael Jordans?
Professor Probably. A lot of statues show kings dressed like ballplayers - so
Clark: athletes
Correct answer: must have been
must have been
(must/be) pretty important!
Micky: Oh, it sounds like things
Incorrect answer: might have been. System answer is: might not
have been
might have been
might not have been
(might/be) so different from today.
1. We use make + an object + the base form of the verb to talk

about when a person forces another person to do something.
Nick: Are you really going to make me put these on?

Talia: Yes.
2. We use have + an object + the base form of the verb to talk

about when a person causes another person to do something.
Have is not as strong as make.
Anna: Talia had Amy call Valentino's to make reservations
3. We use get to talk about when a person persuades another

person to do something. Notice that get is followed by an object
+ an infinitive--not the base form.
Talia: I'm not trying to get you to take me out on a date.
We do NOT say: X I'm not trying to get you take me out.
4. We use let + an object + the base form to talk about when a

person permits another person to do something.
John: Tony let Talia work on the Crawford story
5. We can use help + an object + the base form of the verb or the
infinitive.
Talia: I'm trying to help you save your career.
OR
Talia: I'm trying to help you to save your career.
These two sentences have the same meaning, but help + the

base form is more common.
1. We often use short sentences with so to express agreement with

another speaker. When we use this type of response, we don't
have to repeat the information in the first statement.
Talia: I care about your future.

Nick: So do I!
In the example, So do I means I care about my future too.
We can also use so and neither to add similar information to

what another speaker has said.
Nick: Jackie doesn't look very happy.

Talia: Neither does Dean.
2. We use short sentences with so to respond to an affirmative

statement. We form the response with so + a form of be or an
auxiliary verb + the subject.
Nick: The fish is delicious.

Talia: So is the chicken.
In the example, So is the chicken means The chicken is

delicious, too.
Nick: You look nice.

Talia: So do you.
In the example, So do you means You look nice, too.
Notice that the verb comes before the subject.
We do NOT say: X So the chicken is.

3. We use short sentences with neither to respond to a
negative statement.
Nick: I'm not really hungry.

Talia: Neither am I.
Nick: Dean hasn't noticed us.

Talia: Neither has Jackie.
Notice that the verb comes before the subject.
We do NOT say: X Neither Jackie has.
4. The response always uses a form of be or an auxiliary verb

(be, have, do, or a modal such as can, could, should, would).
If the statement has a form of be or an auxiliary verb, use a form
of be or the same auxiliary verb in the response.
Talia: I'm nervous.
Nick: So am I.
Nick: I've never been to Valentino's.

Talia: Neither have I.
Talia: This pasta is delicious.
Nick: So are the vegetables.
5. If the statement doesn't have a form of be or an auxiliary verb,

use a form of do in the response. Use the same tense as the
verb in the statement.
Alicia: Nick plays soccer.
Don: So does Dean.
Anna: Talia went to college.
Dan: So did Nick.
Grammar: So/Neither 2
Complete the dialog. Type a response using so and neither into each blank. Use capital
letters if necessary.
Alison: This is so exciting! I've never eaten at Valentino's before.
Brian: Correct answer: Neither have
Neither have
I, but I've always wanted to try it.
Alison: I love the bread.
Brian: Correct answer: So do
So do
I. I like the salad, too.
Alison: Correct answer: So do
So do
I. What are you thinking of getting as your main dish? I can't
decide.
Brian: Correct answer: Neither can
Neither can
I. Everything on the menu looks good.
Alison: Mmmm. Spaghetti with fresh tomatoes and wild mushrooms. That
doesn't sound bad.
Brian: Correct answer: Neither does
Neither does
the fish special.
Alison: You're right. It does sound good.
Waiter: Excuse me. Have you decided?
Alison: I think so. I'll have the fish special.
Brian: Incorrect answer: So have. System answer is: So will
So have
So will
I. Can you tell me what it comes with?
Waiter: Rice and broccoli.
Brian: Oh. I don't really like broccoli.
Alison: Correct answer: Neither do
Neither do
I. Is there another choice?
Waiter: Of course. You can have carrots.
Alison: This is such a nice place. I'm so glad we came here.
Brian: Incorrect answer: So did. System answer is: So am
So did
So am
I.
1. We often use a future time clause with a main clause to show

the relationship between two future events. They show which
event will happen first and which will happen next.
Talia: Dean and Jackie are going to talk about you as soon as
they get here.
In the example, Dean and Jackie are going to talk about you is
the main clause. As soon as they get here is the future time
clause.
Talia means that first, Dean and Jackie will get to the restaurant.
Immediately after that, they'll talk about Nick.

2. The verb in the main clause is in the future with will or be

going to. The verb in the time clause is in the present.
Nick: I'll cough when I see them.

I'll cough is the main clause. When I see them is the future
time clause.
Remember, we don't use will or be going to in a future time

clause.
We do NOT say: X I'll cough when I'll see them.
3. We often use when, after, and as soon as in a future time

clause to introduce the event that will happen first.
Nick and Talia will go into Valentino's as soon as they put on
their wigs.
In the example, Nick and Talia will first put on their wigs. Then
they'll go into Valentino's.
4. We often use before, until, and by the time in a future time

clause to introduce the event that will happen second.
Talia and Nick will get the proof they need before they finish
dinner.
In the example, Nick and Talia will get the proof. They they'll
finish dinner.
5. We use while in a future time clause to introduce an event that

will happen at the same time as another event.
While Dean and Jackie talk, Nick and Talia will listen to their
conversation.
In the example, Dean and Jackie will talk. At the same time, Nick
and Talia will listen.
6. The future time clause can come at the beginning or end of

the sentence. The meaning does not change. When the future
time clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, we use a
comma after it.
Nick: While you plant the mike, I'll look out for Dean and Jackie.
Nick: I'll look out for Dean and Jackie while you plant the mike.
Both sentences have the same meaning.
rammar: Future Time Clauses 2

Read each pair of sentences. Rewrite them as one sentence with a future time clause. Type
the sentence into the blank. Be sure to use a comma and capital letters if necessary.
In this activity you are graded
on punctuation and capitalization (lowercase and UPPERCASE).
Example: i think james isnt fun. I think James isn't fun.
2/8
25%
 1
First, we'll interview more people. Then we'll hire a dessert chef.
Before
Incorrect answer: We hire a dessert chef, we interview more people. System answer
is: we hire a dessert chef, we'll interview more people
We hire a dessert chef, we interview more people
we hire a dessert chef, we'll interview more people
.
 2
Customers will want to try the new desserts. They will see them.
Incorrect answer: customers wat to try the new dessert. System answer is:
Customers will want to try the new desserts
customers wat to try the new dessert
Customers will want to try the new desserts
as soon as
Correct answer: they see them
they see them
.
 3
DiCaprio is going to be in this neighborhood. He'll shoot his next movie here.
Incorrect answer: DiCapriois in this neighborhood. System answer is: DiCaprio is

going to be in this neighborhood
DiCapriois in this neighborhood
DiCaprio is going to be in this neighborhood
while
Correct answer: he shoots his next movie here
he shoots his next movie here
.
 4
People will find out. The restaurant will get a lot of business.
When
Incorrect answer: the restaurant get a lot of business, people find out. System
answer is: people find out, the restaurant will get a lot of business
the restaurant get a lot of business, people find out
people find out, the restaurant will get a lot of business
.
 5
The coffee will be cold. Then the waiter will bring the milk.
By the time
Incorrect answer: When the waiter bring the coffee, it is cold. System answer is: the
waiter brings the milk, the coffee will be cold
When the waiter bring the coffee, it is cold
the waiter brings the milk, the coffee will be cold
.
 6
The waiter is going to bring us more coffee. Then I'll ask for the check.
After
Incorrect answer: I ask for the check, the waiter bring us more coffee. System
answer is: the waiter brings us more coffee, I'll ask for the check
I ask for the check, the waiter bring us more coffee
the waiter brings us more coffee, I'll ask for the check
Vocabulary: Keep It Down! 3
Complete the sentences. Click on the box and choose the correct answer.
10/10
100%
1Here's $15. Correct answer: Keep the changeKeep the change.
2 That's very interesting, but if you don't Correct answer: keep to the subjectkeep to the subject, we'll
never finish this meeting.
3Correct answer: Keep backKeep back. The workers need room to do their jobs.
4Correct answer: Keep it downKeep it down! I can't hear the movie.
5Correct answer: Keep goingKeep going. You have to turn at the next corner, not this one.
6I know you want to help end their argument, but you'd better Correct answer: keep out of itkeep out of
it.
7 Don't say a word in the meeting. Just Correct answer: keep quiet keep quiet and let me do the talking.
8Correct answer: Keep your shirt onKeep your shirt on! I haven't lost the tickets. They're right here in
my bag!
9Our boss likes to Correct answer: keep us guessingkeep us guessing. We never know what he's going to
do next.
10Please Correct answer: keep me posted keep me posted about what's happening while I'm out of the
office.
1. We use the past continuous to talk about an action that was in
progress at a specific time in the past. When we use the past
continuous, we aren't interested in when the activity ended.
Jackie: It was 6:00. I was sitting in the student lounge.
We use the simple past to talk about another action that

interrupts that action.
Jackie: I was sitting in the student lounge when a woman came

up to me.
In the example, first Jackie sat down in the student lounge. Then
a woman came up to her.

2. We use when to introduce the simple past action.

Jackie: Amy and I were talking when a friend of hers showed up.
In this example, first Amy and Jackie started talking. Then Amy's
friend showed up.
3. When both clauses are in the simple past, the meaning is very
different. Notice the difference in these two examples.
When Jackie arrived at Valentino's, Nick and Talia looked at

their menus.
In this example, first Jackie arrived at Valentino's. Then Nick and
Talia looked at their menus.
When Jackie arrived at Valentino's, Nick and Talia were looking

at their menus.
In this example, Nick and Talia were looking at their menus.
Then Jackie arrived at Valentino's.
4. The part of the sentence that begins with when is called a time

clause. The time clause can come at the beginning or the end of
the sentence. The meaning is the same.
When Jackie asked about Byron Walters, Dean seemed

surprised.
OR
Dean seemed surprised when Jackie asked about Byron
Walters.
When the time clause comes first, we put a comma after it.

When the main clause comes first, we don't use a comma
between the two clauses.
Grammar: Simple Past/Past Continuous-When 2

Complete the paragraph. Type the correct form of the verbs in parentheses (simple past or
past continuous) into the blank.
5/9
56%
 Commuters were trying to get home this evening, when another typical cell
phone accident
Incorrect answer: occured. System answer is: occurred
occured
occurred
(occur) downtown at Center Street and First Avenue. One car
Correct answer: was traveling
was traveling
(travel) east on First Avenue when the light
Incorrect answer: turn. System answer is: turned
turned
(turn) red. The car
Incorrect answer: was not stopping. System answer is: didn't stop
didn't stop
(not stop) when the light
Correct answer: changed
changed
(change). It hit a truck that was entering the intersection. According to a witness,
the driver
Correct answer: was talking
was talking
(talk) on a cell phone when he
Correct answer: hit
hit
(hit) the truck. When the ambulance
Correct answer: arrived
arrived
(arrive), the paramedics
Incorrect answer: was treating. System answer is: treated
treated
(treat) the drivers. There were no serious injuries
1. We use imperatives, such as ''Be quiet,'' to give commands,

make suggestions, give directions, and extend invitations. A
direct imperative uses the person's exact words.
Dean said, "Be quiet!"

When we write, we put quotation marks around direct
imperatives.
2. We can also report imperatives without using the person's exact
words. In this case, we use reported imperatives.
Dean told Jackie to be quiet.
When we write, we don't use quotation marks around reported

imperatives.
We do NOT say: X Dean told Jackie "to be quiet.
3. The most common reporting verbs are say and tell.
We use say when we don't mention the listener.
Dean said to be quiet.
We do NOT say: X Dean said Jackie to be quiet.
We use tell when we mention the listener.
Dean told Jackie to be quiet.
He told her to be quiet.
We do NOT say: X Dean told to be quiet.
4. To report an affirmative imperative, use the infinitive.
Dean: I told you to keep your voice down!
5. To report a negative imperative, use not + the infinitive.
Jackie: I told you not to interrupt.
6. In reported imperatives, we sometimes have to change

pronouns to keep the original meaning.
Talia: Amy, call me later.
John: Talia told Amy to call her later.
7. We sometimes have to change time phrases to keep the
original meaning.
Talia: Call me tomorrow, Amy.

Alicia: Talia told Amy to call her the next day.
Grammar: Reported Imperatives 2

Read each statement. Complete the reported imperative that expresses what the person
said. Type your answer into the blank.
 1
Amy: Here, Lynn. Look at the menu.
She told
Correct answer: Lynn to look
Lynn to look
at the menu.
 2
Lynn: Don't order an appetizer. The portions are really big.
She said
Correct answer: not to order
not to order
an appetizer because the portions are really big.
 3
Amy: Be careful, Lynn. That dish is really spicy.
She told
Correct answer: Lynn to be
Lynn to be
careful because that dish is really spicy.
 4
Lynn: Don't worry, Amy. I'm used to spicy food.
She told
Correct answer: Amy not to worry
Amy not to worry
because she's used to spicy food.
 5
Lynn: Tell me all about Talia and Nick.
She told
Incorrect answer: her. System answer is: her to tell her
her
her to tell her
all about Talia and Nick.
 6
Lynn: Don't leave anything out!
She said
Correct answer: not to leave
not to leave
anything out.
 7
Amy: Don't tell anyone about it.
She told
Incorrect answer: not to tell. System answer is: her not to tell
not to tell
her not to tell
anyone about it.
 8
Lynn: Trust me, Amy. I can keep a secret.
She told
Correct answer: Amy to trust her
Amy to trust her
because she can keep a secret.
Grammar: Subject Adjective Clauses 2

Complete each dialog. Type a relative pronoun (who, that, or which) and the correct form
of the verb in parentheses into the blank.
7/8
88%
 1
Ana: Who's that?
Bo: Nick Crawford. He's the soccer player
Correct answer: who is
who is
(be) in a lot of trouble now.
 2
Brian: Do you know Amy and Talia?
Todd: They're the two women
Correct answer: that work
that work
(work) for Newsline, aren't they?
 3
Yumiko: Which news program do you usually watch?
Otto: Newsline! I think it's the program
Correct answer: which has
which has
(have) the most objective reporting.
 4
Sarah: Which train are you taking?
Max: I don't know the number, but it's the one
Correct answer: which leaves
which leaves
(leave) at 8:05.
 5
Jackie: You're the one
who is
(be) going to be sorry, Dean.
Dean: Oh, yeah?
 6
Vilma: Those people look familiar. Who are they?
Miguel: I think they're the people
Correct answer: that own
that own
(own) Valentino's.
 7
Marta: Is that the jacket
Incorrect answer: which is. System answer is: that was
which is
that was
(be) on sale last week?
Todd: Yes. Do you like it?
 8
Nell: Who's Jeanette Keating?
Jim: Oh, you know her. She's the actor
who is
(be) in the movie My Summer in Paris.
1. We use the future conditional to talk about results that will

happen under certain conditions. The if-clause (the clause
beginning with if) states the condition. The result clause (the
clause that does not begin with if) states the result.
If Nick asks Talia out, she'll say yes.
2. The verb in the if-clause is in the present--even though we're

talking about the future.
The verb in the result clause is in the future with will or be

going to.
Talia: If we leave now, we'll catch Tony.

Talia: If we don't leave now, we're going to miss Tony.
3. You can also use a modal, such as might and can, in the result

clause.
Talia: If we leave now, we might see Amy.

Talia: If we see Amy, we can tell her what happened.
4. The if-clause can come at the beginning or the end of the

sentence. The meaning is the same. When the if-clause comes
first, we put a comma after it. When the main clause comes first,
we don't use a comma between the two clauses.
Talia: If we go now, Tony will still be at the office.

OR
Talia: Tony will still be at the office if we go now.
Grammar: Future Conditional 2

Read each sentence. Type the correct form (simple present or future) of the verbs in
parentheses into the blanks. Use contractions when possible.
9/10
90%
 Talia: It's getting late. You know that if we
Correct answer: have
have
(have) dessert, Tony
Correct answer: won't be
won't be
(not be) in the office when we get there. I want him to hear this tape!
Nick: Don't worry. If you
Correct answer: play
play
(play) it for him tomorrow, it
Correct answer: 'll be
'll be
(be) fine.
Talia: If your coach
Correct answer: hears
hears
(hear) this tape, I'm sure he
Correct answer: will let
will let
(let) you play in the next game.
Nick: I hope so.
Talia: He'd better let you play! Your team
Correct answer: won't win
won't win
(not win) if you
Correct answer: don't play
don't play
(not play)!
Nick: You know, Talia, if you
Correct answer: phone
phone
(phone) the office, you
Incorrect answer: are going to. System answer is: 'll feel
are going to
'll feel
(feel) more relaxed.
Talia: Great idea!
1. We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened

before a specific time in the past.
It was 8:30. Jackie and Dean had left Valentino's.

This means, Jackie and Dean left before 8:30.

2. We form the past perfect with had + the past participle. We

often use the contraction 'd with pronoun subjects.
Nick and Talia already knew each other. They'd taken classes

together in college.
3. We often introduce the specific time with by.
Talia: My boyfriend and I had split up by the middle of the

semester.
In the example, the specific time was the middle of the semester.
Talia broke up with her boyfriend before then.
4. We also use the past perfect to show a relationship between two
past events. We use the past perfect for the earlier event and
the simple past for the later event.
Dean and Jackie had left the restaurant by the time Nick and

Talia ordered dessert.
This means that first Dean and Jackie left. Then Nick and Talia
ordered dessert.

5. We often use already, yet, and never with the past perfect.

These words emphasize that the event in the past perfect
occurred first.
By the time Talia studied for the exam with Nick, she had

already broken up with her boyfriend.
6. We can use the simple past for two past events when it's clear
which came first. This is often the case when you use after,
before, or as soon as to connect the events.
Nick had decided not to ask Talia out as soon as he heard that

she had a boyfriend.
OR
Nick decided not to ask Talia out as soon as he heard that she
had a boyfriend.
Both sentences mean that Nick decided not to ask Talia out
when he heard that she had a boyfriend.
Grammar: Past Perfect 2

Complete the magazine interview. Type the correct form (simple past or past perfect) of the
verb in parentheses into the blank.
4/8
50%

Interviewer: You're a casting director. Can you explain what you do?
Abdul: It's simple. I hire actors to work in movies.
Interviewer: Did you start out as a casting director?
Abdul: Oh, no! I was an actor! But after five years, I still
Incorrect answer: didn't get. System answer is: hadn't gotten
didn't get
hadn't gotten
(not get) any good acting roles, and I wanted to stay in the
business.
Interviewer: How did you get your first casting job?
Abdul: I didn't get a part! At that time, I
Incorrect answer: didn't give up. System answer is: hadn't given
up
didn't give up
hadn't given up
(not give up) on acting yet, and I was still looking for roles. The
casting director said, "I don't want to hire you to act, but why
not do casting with me?"
Interviewer: So that's when you changed careers?
Abdul: Yes. I really
Incorrect answer: not had thouhgt. System answer is: hadn't
thought
not had thouhgt
hadn't thought
(not think) about casting until she
Correct answer: suggested
suggested
(suggest) it, but it sounded like a great idea.
Interviewer: How important is luck for a new actor?
Abdul: Preparation is more important than luck. A few years ago, I
hired someone who is now very famous. When I
Correct answer: hired
hired
(hire) him, he
Correct answer: had not taken
had not taken
(not take) many acting classes, so he was lucky to get the job.
But by the time I
Correct answer: offered
offered
(offer) him his second job, he
Incorrect answer: studied. System answer is: 'd studied
studied
'd studied
(study) a lot more. That preparation made him successful.
1. As you know, we can use the infinitive after certain verbs. But we
can also use the infinitive after certain adjectives.
Talia: Are you ready to go?
Many of these adjectives describe a feeling about the action in

the infinitive.
Talia was anxious to work on the story.
2. We can also use the infinitive after some nouns. The noun +
infinitive combination often expresses necessity or advice.
Nick: I have a confession to make.

Nick: Why don't we just take a little time to enjoy ourselves?
Here are some more examples:
Do you have permission to go?
She's the person to ask.
I have a test to study for.
It's time to leave.
3. We also use infinitives after adjective + noun combinations.
Nick: That's an easy mistake to make.
Talia: Jackie really wants to be famous.

Nick: But it's a high price to pay for fame.
4. We often use for + a noun or pronoun before the infinitive

when we include the subject of the infinitive.
Nick: It's important for the Federation to hear the tape.

Talia: It's time for us to go.
B.4
Learning Objectives
Listening
• Predict the speaker's intentions
• Listen for sequences of actions
• Listen for ideas that show people's relationships
• Listen for the main ideas in news stories
Speaking
• Identifying a problem
• Suggesting a course of action
• Responding to a suggested course of action
• Committing to a course of action
Grammar
• Future in the past
• Passive causative
• Reported statements
Pronunciation
• Stress in words with prefixes
• The voiced th sound in this
Reading and Vocabulary

• Getting the meaning from context
• Understanding main ideas and details
Writing
• Pre-writing technique: Make an outline
• Task: Retell a traditional story
• Skill: Use chronological order; draw a conclusion
Video Listening
Watch the video and answer questions about the information and ideas in it.
Learn more about body language and other cultural aspects of the video.
Vocabulary
Learn the meanings and usage of these phrases with clear:
clear a debt, clear a space, clear someone's name, clear something with someone, clear the air,
clear the decks, clear the table, clear the way, clear your head, clear your throat
borrar cuentas, despejar cel camino, despejar la mente,dspejar o aclarar lagarganta
Speaking
Learn expressions you can use to
• identify a problem: Something's wrong with the tape.
• suggest a course of action: Did you check that the recording light was on?
• responding to a suggested course of action: No, maybe that's what's wrong.
• commit to a course of action: I'll do that now.
Grammar
Learn to express yourself using
• future in the past: I was just going to call you.
• passive causative: I had the tape player cleaned last week.
• reported statements: Jackie said that she had posed as a Kicks executive.
Task Listening
Listen to the stories on the evening news. Choose the newspaper headline that matches each story.
Pronunciation
Practice your pronunciation of
• stress in words with prefixes: a-, be-, de-, ex-, in-, and re-
• the voiced th sound in this : that, these, together
Reading
Read a traditional Taoist story that both educates and entertains.
On the Web
Research traditional stories.
Retell a story you like.
Grammar: Future in the Past
1. We use the future in the past to talk about future plans that we
made in the past.
Tony: I was just going to call you.
This means that Tony had planned to call Talia.
2. Most of the time, we use the future in the past to talk about
planned events that didn't happen.
Talia: I was going to check after we sat down, but too much was

going on.
In the example, Talia had planned to check that the recording
light on her tape player was on, but she didn't do it.
3. We form the future in the past with was or were + going to +

the base form of the verb.
Tony was going to listen to the tape.

Amy and John were going to listen, too.
Grammar: Passive Causative
1. We use the passive causative to talk about services that

another person does for us.
Tony: I had the tape player cleaned last week.
This means that someone cleaned the tape player for Tony. He
didn't clean it himself.
2. We can also use the passive causative to talk about something

that causes something else to happen. We usually use get (and
not have) for this meaning.
Talia: This is the recording that will get Nick reinstated.
This means that Nick will be reinstated because of the recording.

3. We form the passive causative with have or get + a direct
object + the past participle of the verb.
Talia gets her hair done at Fausto's Hair Salon.

OR
Talia has her hair done at Fausto's Hair Salon.
These two sentences have the same meaning.
4. We use the passive causative with all tenses and with modals.
John has his car inspected every year. (simple present)

He has gotten it done at the same place since he bought it.
(present perfect)
He had it inspected last week. (simple past)
He's going to get it painted next week. (future)
He might have the tires replaced, too. (modal)
5. We use by when we mention the person doing the service. We

only mention the person doing the service when it provides
important information.
Amy is getting her hair cut by the best hairdresser in town.
We do NOT say: X Amy is getting her hair cut by a hairdresser.
Grammar: Reported Statements
1. A direct statement uses the person's exact words.
When we write, we put quotation marks around direct

statements.
Jackie said, "I posed as a Kicks executive."
2. We can also report statements without using the person's exact
words. In this case, we use reported statements. We often use
the word that to introduce a reported statement.
Talia (to Tony later that evening): Jackie said that she had
posed as a Kicks executive.
You can also leave out the word that. The meaning is the same.
Talia: Jackie said she had posed as a Kicks executive.
We don't use quotation marks in reported statements.
We do NOT say: X Jackie said that "she had posed as a Kicks

executive."
3. The most common reporting verbs are say and tell.
We use say when we don't mention the listener.
Jackie: Dean, I'm worried.

Jackie said that she was worried.
We do NOT say: X Jackie told that she was worried.
We use tell when we mention the listener.
Jackie told Dean that she was worried.
We do NOT say: X Jackie said Dean that she was worried.
4. When we report someone's statements, we often change the

verb tense.
Simple present changes to simple past.

Dean: There is no Byron Walters.
Dean said that there was no Byron Walters.
Present continuous changes to past continuous.

Talia: I'm not seeing anyone.
Talia said she wasn't seeing anyone.
Simple past changes to past perfect.

Dean: I sent the phony tape to Newsline.
Talia: Dean actually said that he had sent the phony tape to us.
Present perfect changes to past perfect.
Tony: You've just learned a lesson the hard way.
Amy: Tony said that she'd just learned a lesson the hard way
5. When the reporting verb is in the present, we don't change the

verb tense in the reported statement.
Talia: I'm really worried about Nick.

Amy: Talia says that she's really worried about Nick.
6. In reported statements, we also make other changes to keep the

original meaning.
We change pronouns and possessive adjectives.
Tony: I'm looking for my tape player.

Talia: Tony said that he was looking for his tape player.
We also change time words.
Talia: I met Jackie yesterday.

Tony (the next day): Talia said that she'd met Jackie the day
before.
TEST
 1
Doug: Do you stop to get the newspaper

every day?
Megan: No. I
Respuesta correcta: get it delivered
get it delivered
(deliver). It's more convenient that
way.
 2
Evan: I need 500 copies of this report. Can you
Respuesta incorrecta: get the copies. Respuesta del
sistema: have it copied
get the copies
have it copied
(copy) for me?
Nina: Sure. I'll take it over to the Copy Center.
 3
Ana: Your printer isn't working well. Something's

wrong with it.
Chris: I know. I have to
Respuesta correcta: get it repaired
get it repaired
(repair).
 4
Lisa: This is a nice blouse. Is it

washable?
Maya: No. You have to
Respuesta correcta: get the
blouse cleaned
get the blouse cleaned
(clean).
 5
Tony: Congratulations! I hear you bought a new house. When are you
going to move in?
Paulo: Just as soon as we
Respuesta correcta: have it painted
have it painted
(paint).
 6
Eva: Does Laura do her own hair? It always looks great.

Nora: She
Respuesta incorrecta: is getting her hair done. Respuesta del
sistema: has it done
is getting her hair done
has it done
(do) by a hairdresser.
 1
Newsli Mr. Mayor, where is the city going to build the new sports stadium?
ne:
Mayor: We haven't made our final decision yet.
The Major
Respuesta correcta: told
told
Newsline that
Respuesta incorrecta: he hadn't made their. Respuesta del sistema:
they hadn't made their
he hadn't made their
they hadn't made their
final decision yet.
 2
Daily When are you going to announce the decision?

World
:
Mayor: I plan to make the announcement soon.
He
Respuesta correcta: said
said
that
Respuesta incorrecta: he planned. Respuesta del sistema: he
planned to make
he planned
he planned to make
the announcement soon.
 3
Newsli Isn't it true that Jim Edwards, the owner of the baseball team, isn't
ne: too happy about it?
Mayor: Mr. Edwards changed his mind at a meeting yesterday.
He
said
that Mr. Edwards
Respuesta correcta: had changed
had changed
his mind at a meeting
Respuesta correcta: the day before
the day before
.
 4
The How do the fans feel about losing City Stadium?

Tribun
e:
Mayor: Most fans are looking forward to having a modern stadium.
He
told
The Tribune that most fans
Respuesta incorrecta: were loking forward. Respuesta del sistema:
were looking forward
were loking forward
were looking forward
to having a modern stadium.
 5
Daily How old is the current

World stadium?
:
Mayor: The city built the stadium
in 1970.
He
said
that the city
had built
the stadium in 1970.
 6
Newsli What do you think about the Soccer Federation's action against
ne: Nick Crawford?
Mayor: I don't know the details of Crawford's situation.
He
said
that
Respuesta correcta: he didn't know
he didn't know
the details of Crawford's situation
Module B Tests
 1
I believe my mother will
Respuesta correcta: make me do
make me do volunteer work for my little sister's school over break.
 2
I'm afraid I can't go to the movie tonight. I promised my boyfriend that I would
Respuesta correcta: help him write
help him write his paper for his biology class.
 3
Mary thinks her professor will
Respuesta correcta: let her miss the class next week
let her miss the class next week, but I don't think
so. That professor is tough
Amy: Talia, did you come up with a guest list?
No, I didn't. When we
Respuesta correcta: were talking
Talia: were talking about the party last week, you said you would do it, didn't you?
Amy: No, I didn't.
Well,
Respuesta correcta: neither
Talia: neither did I.
Amy: So who is going to work on it?
Talia: I guess I can do it … How about the restaurant?

Amy: Talia, I am so busy. I really don't have time because I have so much work.
Well,
Respuesta correcta: so do
Talia: so do I. Maybe we should postpone the party.
No, that's OK. In fact, I just
Respuesta correcta: heard
heard that Rick's Cafe has added a special room just for meetings and parties, so I'll call
Amy: later today to reserve it

Hi Talia,
You're not the only one who has great news! First, my boss
told me that I got promoted for my hard work! Then he asked me
Respuesta correcta: to write
to write a report on the last project – he's usually the one who writes the reports!
And one more thing, he says that I am the one
Respuesta correcta: who
who is going to assist him with the new project. Isn't this great news? Well, I guess I'd
better get back to work.
Tony: Hi, honey. I'm afraid that I may be late for our dinner date. There's an emergency here. If I
Respuesta correcta: don't show up
don't show up(not show up) at six, then you should leave without me, and I'll meet you
there. I
Respuesta correcta: will call
will call (call) you if anything else comes up. See you soon.
Talia: Hi, Zoe. I
Respuesta correcta: was going to
was going to call you the other day, but forgot to. It sure is
Respuesta correcta: difficult to catch
difficult to catch each other! We're both so busy! I

Respuesta incorrecta: am planning. Respuesta del sistema: had planned
am planninghad planned to stop by your work, but things got really crazy
with my story! I guess it's time
Respuesta correcta: for us to get together
for us to get together. I will be at Rick's tomorrow night. Please
try to stop by. See you
Talia: Hi, Zoe. It's been such a long time. How are you?
I'm great. Wait a minute! Did you
Respuesta correcta: get
Zoe: get your hair done?
Yes, how does it look? I
Respuesta correcta: had it cut
Talia: had it cut at the new styling salon.
Oh, it's beautiful. I'd love to cut my hair, but I
Zoe: can't.
But, Zoe, you
told me a few weeks ago that you made an
Talia: appointment to cut your hair!
I did, but I canceled it. I
Respuesta correcta: was going
Zoe: was going to cut it, but I didn't have the courage!
C. Resources
Learning Objectives
Listening
• Predict people's reactions to events
• Listen for advice
• Listen to understand people's personalities
• Listen and respond to questions on a personality test
Speaking
• Blaming yourself
• Blaming someone else
• Comforting someone
• Respond to comforting
Grammar
• Wish
• Past unreal conditional
• Be supposed to
Pronunciation
• Reduced phrases: supposed to, have to, has to, want to
• Unstressed words: could, would

Writing
• Pre-writing technique: Make a mind map
• Task: Write a paragraph about how to buy flowers
• Skill: Give advice
Unit Summary
Video Listening
Vocabulary
Learn the meanings and usage of these words that begin with over-:
overbook, overcharge, overcome, overdo, overeat, overestimate, overhear, overlap, overlook,
oversee
Speaking
• blame yourself: I blew it.
• blame someone else: It's all her fault.
• comfort someone: Don't be so hard on yourself.
• responding to comforting: Yeah, maybe I'm overreacting.
Grammar
• wish: I wish you would stop kicking yourself.
• past unreal conditional: If I had been more careful, we would have had the evidence!
• be supposed to: I'm supposed to be a professional!
Task Listening
Listen to the statements and take "The Optimist Test" to find out if you are an optimist or a pessimist.
Pronunciation
• reduced phrases (supposed to, have to, has to, want to): We were supposed to be celebrating
tonight.
• unstressed words (could, would): I wish I could go back and do it over.
Reading
Read an article about what flowers mean in different countries.
On the Web
Research how to buy flowers.
Give advice on how to buy flowers.
Grammar: Wish
1. We use wish + the simple past to make a wish about

something in the present.
Talia: I wish I had a recording of their conversation.
This means that Talia doesn't have a recording now, but she
wants one.
Amy: I wish Talia didn't work all the time.
In the example, Talia works all the time, but Amy doesn't want
her to.
When the verb is be, we usually use were after wish, even for

singular subjects.
Talia: I wish I were that optimistic.
2. We use wish + the past perfect to talk about things in the

past that we regret.
Talia: I just wish I had been more careful.
In the example, Talia wasn't careful, and she regrets it.
3. We use wish + would + the base form of the verb to express a

wish for someone to act in a different way.
Nick: And I wish you would stop kicking yourself.
We don't use will after wish.
We do NOT say: X I wish you will stop kicking yourself.
4. We use wish + could to express a wish about an ability in the

present.
Talia: I wish I could go back and do it over.
We don't use can after wish.
We do NOT say: X I wish I can go back and do it over.
Grammar: Wish 1
Complete each sentence. Click on the box and then choose the correct answer.
6/6
100%
 1
Nick: I wish Talia
Respuesta correcta: weren't
weren't so upset about her mistake.
 2
Nick: She wishes she
Respuesta correcta: could be
could be more optimistic. So do I.
 3
Nick: I wish she
Respuesta correcta: wouldn't
wouldn't be so hard on herself. Everyone makes mistakes.
 4
Jackie: I wish I
Respuesta correcta: hadn't agreed
hadn't agreed to help Dean. It was a stupid thing to do.
 5
Talia: I wish I
Respuesta correcta: were
were as forgiving as Nick.
 6
Amy: I wish I
Respuesta correcta: could help
could help Talia feel better.
Grammar: Past Unreal Conditional
1. We use the past unreal conditional to talk about past

conditions and results that never happened. The if-clause
expresses the unreal condition. The result clause expresses the
unreal result.
Talia: If I had been more careful, we would have had the

evidence!
This means that Talia wasn't careful and as a result, they don't
have the evidence.
We often use the past unreal conditional to express regrets

about what happened in the past.
Talia: If I hadn't messed it up, we'd have the tape now.
In the example, Talia regrets that she messed up the recording.
2. The verb in the if-clause is in the past perfect.
Nick: If you hadn't done such a good job, we'd never have

known the truth.
We form the verb in the result clause with would have + the
past participle.
Nick: If you hadn't done such a good job, we'd never have

known the truth.
Notice that in conversation, we often use the contraction 'd for

would and wouldn't for would not. We also use the contraction
'd for had and hadn't for had not.
Grammar: Present Unreal Conditional 2

Complete each dialog. Type the correct form of the verbs in parentheses into the blanks.
Use the present unreal conditional.
4/12
33%
 1
Jackie: Dean is going to be so angry

at me!
Lola: If I
were
(be) you, I
Respuesta correcta: would
stay
would stay
(stay) away from him.
 2
Lucas: Why do you need Amy's

address?
Tim: If I
Respuesta correcta: had
had
(have) it, I
Respuesta correcta: could
send
could send
(can send) her a post card.
 3
Milo: Are you going to tell Les the truth?

Clara: I don't think so. If I
Respuesta incorrecta: had told. Respuesta del sistema: told
had told
told
(tell) him, he
Respuesta incorrecta: would not have believed. Respuesta del
sistema: would not believe
would not have believed
would not believe
(not believe) me.
 4
Clio: Is Jackie a good actress?

Ben: Not really. If she
Respuesta incorrecta: had been. Respuesta del sistema:
were
had been
were
(be) good, she
Respuesta incorrecta: would have get. Respuesta del
sistema: would get
would have get
would get
(get) more parts.
 5
Pilar: A few of us are going to Valentino's next Friday. Why don't

you come, too?
James: Sorry, but I can't. If I
Respuesta incorrecta: had not have. Respuesta del sistema:
didn't have
had not have
didn't have
(not have) so much work, I
Respuesta incorrecta: would have joined. Respuesta del
sistema: would join
would have joined
would join
(join) you.
 6
Ida: I'm exhausted. I

Respuesta incorrecta: had taken. Respuesta del
sistema: would take
had taken
would take
(take) a vacation right now if I
Respuesta incorrecta: would have had. Respuesta del
sistema: had
would have had
had
(have) the time.
Jan: Where would you go?
Sally Curran started her journalism career a lot earlier than most reporters. Curran was born in
Washington, D.C., in 1975, but grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina. Before the Curran family
Respuesta correcta: moved
moved
(move) to Raleigh, both her parents
Respuesta incorrecta: were working. Respuesta del sistema: had been working
were working
had been working
(work) for a TV news show in Washington, D.C. In Raleigh, her father became the news reporter for
a local TV show, and her mother worked for a national newspaper. In middle school in 1985, Curran
Respuesta correcta: decided
decided
(decide) to publish a newsletter, The Cul-de-Sac, to report neighborhood news. Her interest in
reporting wasn't surprising – by 1985, she
Respuesta incorrecta: was watching. Respuesta del sistema: had been watching
was watching
had been watching
(watch) her father report the evening news for years. Cul-de-Sac printed Curran's first big story, a
local pollution scandal. "This factory
Respuesta incorrecta: threw. Respuesta del sistema: had been throwing
threw
had been throwing
(throw) its waste into our river for years when I
Respuesta correcta: reported
reported
(report) it," Curran said. By the time she
Respuesta correcta: became
became
(become) editor of her high school newspaper, Curran
Respuesta incorrecta: covered. Respuesta del sistema: had been covering
covered
had been covering
(cover) neighborhood news for several years.
Grammar: Should Have 2
Complete the sentences. Choose a word from the answer pool. Type the correct form of the
word into the blank. You may also need to use the negative.
Nick: I really like Talia. I

Respuesta correcta: should have asked
should have asked
her for a date when we were in college.
Tony: Talia doesn't have much experience. Maybe I
Respuesta incorrecta: shouldn't have gave. Respuesta del sistema:
shouldn't have given
shouldn't have gave
shouldn't have given
the Crawford story to her.
 3
Talia: I'm still angry at myself for not pushing the right buttons on the tape
player. I
Respuesta correcta: should have been
should have been
more careful.
Amy: Poor Talia. I
Respuesta correcta: should have gone
should have gone
to the restaurant with her and Nick. I could've helped them.
Coach: I feel sorry for Nick. He's a nice guy and a great athlete. This
Respuesta correcta: shouldn't have happened
shouldn't have happened
to him.
Jackie: I'm so angry at Dean. I
Respuesta correcta: should have known
should have known
that I couldn't trust him
 1
Why did Jackie say, "Surprise!"?
She went to Talia's apartment without an invitation. She wanted to give
Talia a birthday gift. She wanted to show Talia a video tape.
 2
How did Jackie get Talia's phone number?
She asked Amy. She looked up Talia's address. She heard Nick say
it.
 3
Why did Jackie go to Talia's apartment?

to bother Talia to tell the truth to be friends with Talia
 Why is Talia interviewing Jackie?

She needs to have a story for her next Newsline deadline. She wants the
truth to be told about Nick Crawford. She wants to make Jackie famous.
 2
What role did Jackie play in the scandal?
She pretended to wear Kicks Shoes. She posed as the Kicks marketing VP.
She acted like she worked at the health club.

 3
Why did Talia say "And then?" to Jackie?
She wanted Jackie to reveal what happened next. She didn't know what
would happen next. She was annoyed with Jackie for not telling the whole story.
Talia: I wonder how the sudden change in Jackie came
Respuesta correcta: about
about.
Nick: I don't know. But I'm glad Jackie finally decided to come
Respuesta correcta: forward
forward with the truth.
Talia: I agree. If she hadn't, it might have come
Respuesta correcta: down to
down to defending yourself in court.
Nick: I think you're right. I'm glad it came
Respuesta correcta: out
out that it's Dean who is guilty, and not me!
Talia: Nick, what would you do if you could do anything you wanted?
Nick: Well, before I found out there was no endorsement deal, I
Respuesta correcta: had been
had been planning to manage my own soccer team. I still think that

Respuesta correcta: if I had
if I had a million dollars, I'd buy one and manage it.
Talia: I think you should have
Respuesta correcta: gotten
gotten some kind of endorsement deal, especially after all that you've been
through.
Nick: Yeah. If Dean and Jackie
Respuesta incorrecta: wouldn't. Respuesta del sistema: weren't
wouldn'tweren't working so hard to make their own success, we all might be
able to work together to get an endorsement deal.
Talia: Well, if I were you, I
Respuesta correcta: wouldn't expect
wouldn't expect that to happen anytime soon.
Nick: You're right. Oh, well, let's not worry about what might have been. Why don't we go get
some lunch?
Talia: John, you
Respuesta correcta: should've
should've gone to last night's soccer game! It was amazing! Can you go to the
championship game tomorrow?
John: If I
Respuesta correcta: didn't
didn't have so much work, I'd go. But I can't.
Talia: Wow. You must be busy.
John: Yeah. By midnight last night, I
Respuesta incorrecta: have been. Respuesta del sistema: had been
have beenhad been working for 12 hours.
Talia: Well, you

Respuesta correcta: should
should have taken a break. If I
were you, I'd go crazy working so long!
C-4
Learning Objectives
Listening
• Predict topics of conversation
• Listen for specific information about events in people's lives
• Listen for main ideas about people's relationships
• Listen to the key ideas in short testimonial speeches
Speaking
• Talking about intentions
• Talking about plans
• Wishing someone luck
• Asking for future updates
Grammar
• Adjective clauses – review and expansion
• Auxiliary verbs for emphasis
• Review of phrasal verbs
Pronunciation
• Stress in phrasal verbs
• Vowels followed by r

Writing
• Pre-writing technique: Take notes
• Task: Write a summary of reviews of a classic film
• Skill: Summarize main ideas
Video Listening
Vocabulary
Learn the meanings and usage of these phrases with break:
break a habit, break a law, break a promise, break a record, break a story, break a sweat, break
new ground, break somebody's heart, break the ice, break the news to somebody
Speaking
• talk about intentions: I've been meaning to call you.
• talk about plans: What are you planning to do?
• wish someone luck: I'm sure everything will work out.
• ask for future updates: Keep me posted.
Grammar
• adjective clauses – review and expansion: Is Talia Santos the reporter who broke the story?
• auxiliary verbs for emphasis: It does seem like yesterday.
• review of phrasal verbs: Things have worked out for you, Nick.
Task Listening
Listen to the speeches given at a party for Talia. Match the quotes with the correct person.
Pronunciation
• stress in phrasal verbs: Amy called me up. I just found out the news.
• vowels followed by -r: work, perfect, care, here
Reading
Read an article about endings in movies.
On the Web
Research classic films.
Summarize reviews of a classic film
Grammar: Auxiliary Verbs for Emphasis 1
Amy: Remember the day Nick told you he saw Jackie Bishop on TV?
Talia: I do remember it. I remember it well.
Amy: It really seems like just yesterday.
Talia: It does seem like yesterday. But so much has happened since then.
Amy: Have you heard that Jackie got a part in a toothpaste commercial?
Talia: I have heard that.
Amy: She looks kind of silly in it.
Talia: She does look silly, doesn't she?
Amy: You seem a little depressed, Talia.
Talia: I am a little depressed. I miss Nick.
Amy: Why don't you call him?

Talia: I will call him as soon as I have a chance.
Grammar: Auxiliary Verbs for Emphasis 2
Complete each dialog. Type the correct form of be or an auxiliary verb for emphasis into the
blank.
Talia: I thought you said that Amy called you.

Nick: She did call me. But she obviously didn't tell me
everything.
Talia: Well, it seems like everything has worked out.
Nick: It does seem that way. I told you to be
optimistic.
Nick: You know, we should celebrate tonight.
Talia: I agree. We should celebrate. Any ideas?
Nick: How about Valentino's?
Talia: Perfect. But we do need reservations. I'll call
them.
Talia: By the way, have you seen Jackie's
commercial?
Nick: I have seen it – a few times too many!
Talia: You still seem very angry at her.
Nick: I am angry at her. She almost destroyed my
career.
Talia: But she helped prove your innocence.
Nick: She did help. I suppose I should be grateful.
Nick: Well, my grandmother always said the truth
would win out.
Talia: She was right! The truth did win out.
Grammar: Review of Phrasal Verbs
 called up: convocar
 clear up: aclarar
 came out: salir, resultar
 dropped by: retirarse, abandonar
 help out: ayudarse:
 keep on: continuar
 left out: excluido
 let down: defraudar
 turned down: rechazado
turned out: resultar producer
1. Phrasal verbs are verbs that have two parts--a verb + a

particle.
Turn out is a phrasal verb. Turn is the verb; out is the particle.
The particle looks just like a preposition, but it is actually one

part of this two-part verb. The particle often changes the
meaning of the verb.
Patty: Let me know how things turn out.
In the example, turn out means have a particular result. As you

can see, the verb turn plus the particle out has a completely
different meaning from the verb turn by itself.
2. Some phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means that the two

parts--verb and particle--always stay together. When an
inseparable phrasal verb has an object, the object always comes
after the two parts of the verb.
Amy: What do you think of the commercial?

Talia: What do I think of it? I think it's ridiculous.
In the conversation, the noun the commercial and the pronoun it

are objects of the verb think of. Both noun and pronoun objects
always come after an inseparable phrasal verb.
3. Some phrasal verbs are used with certain prepositions when

they have an object. We sometimes call these combinations
three-part verbs. Three-part verbs are inseparable.
Patty: Things have worked out for you, Nick.
The phrasal verb work out means stop being a problem. We

use it with the preposition for when there is an object.
We don't use the preposition when there is no object.
Nick: Yes, they have worked out.
4. Many phrasal verbs are separable. This means that the noun

object can come either after or between the two parts of the
verb.
Talia: I turned down the job.

Talia: I turned the job down.
5. When the object of a separable phrasal verb is a pronoun (a

word like him, her, or it), it must go between the verb and the
particle.
Nick: Why did you turn down the job?

Talia: I turned down the job because I didn't want to move.
We do NOT say: X I turned down it.
6. Remember, we use phrasal verbs a lot, especially in

conversation. Phrasal verbs are often more common than their
definitions. For example,
Mark: I ran into my cousin yesterday.

is more common than
Mark: I met my cousin by accident yesterday.
Vocabulary 2
Lynn has written an email to Amy.
Complete the email. Drag and drop the answers into the correct blanks. You will not use all
of the answers.
2/3
67%
 oversee
overreact
came out
come by
came across
Hi Amy, thanks for your note. Guess what? Yesterday, I
Respuesta correcta: came across
came across my friend Jane at the supermarket and she told me about her work at
the schools. I know that you are always looking for a good news story, so you might
want to talk to her. She is going to
Respuesta incorrecta: came out. Respuesta del sistema: oversee
came outoversee a group of teachers who are trying to arrange better teaching
conditions. She'll be in charge of the whole process. Why don't you
Respuesta correcta: come by
come by some time tonight? I can tell you more about it, and you can decide if you
want to research it.
See you,
Lynn
Hi, Amy, it's Talia. I finally talked to Nick and I
Respuesta correcta: broke the news
broke the news to him about messing up the tape. I guess I was
Respuesta incorrecta: overcharging. Respuesta del sistema: overestimating
overchargingoverestimating how strong his reaction would be. He didn't get angry at all!
I guess I need to
Respuesta correcta: break the habit
break the habit of thinking I know how people will respond before I give them a chance. I tend to
exaggerate too much, don't I? Well, call me and I'll give you the details. Bye!
Speaking 1
3/3
100%
 1
Car Rental I'm sorry, but you must be at least 25 years old to rent a car
Salesclerk: from us. You are too young.
Susan: What?!
Respuesta correcta: This is ridiculous
This is ridiculous.
 2
Jim: I can't believe I failed that test! I studied a lot!

Keri: Calm down.
Respuesta correcta: Getting angry won't do any good
Getting angry won't do any good.
 3
Terry: Mom, can I miss school next week to go to a Shakira concert?

Terry's No. I don't want you to miss school for a concert.
mom:
Terry: What?!
Respuesta correcta: You can't be serious
You can't be serious! I never get to have
any fun!
Speaking 2
2/3
67%
 1
Amy: Oh, hi, Jim. How are you?

Jim: I'm great, Amy. It's nice to see you again.
Amy: It's nice to see you too.
Respuesta incorrecta: Let me know how everything goes. Respuesta
del sistema: I've been meaning to call you, but I haven't had time
Let me know how
everything goesI've been meaning to call you, but I haven't had time.
 2
Nick: So,
Respuesta correcta: do you have any plans for the future
do you have any plans for the future?
Adam: After I finish college, I hope to get a good job as a computer
engineer.
 3
Kim: I have an interview tomorrow at a large international

company.
Tracey: Really? Good luck.
Respuesta correcta: Let me know how everything goes
Let me know how everything goes
Grammar 1
Talia is writing an entry in her journal at home.
Complete the entry. Click on each box and choose the correct answer.
1/7
14%
 Oct. 25th
I cannot believe Nick forgave me. If I
were him, I wouldn't be able to do that. Before I saw him today, I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: had been playing
had been playing horrible scenarios over and over in my mind,
but he was so understanding. Since he forgave me, I know I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: am supposed to
am supposed to be happy, but I'm not. I wish I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: could have

could have done things differently.
I know I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: should have been
should have been more careful, but I guess these things happen
and everybody makes mistakes. But this did
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: turn out
turn out well for me in one way. If I hadn't made such a mistake, I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: wouldn't have
wouldn't have found out what a nice guy Nick is.

Grammar 2
Talia and her friend Zoe are having a conversation at Rick's Café.
Complete the dialog. Drag and drop the answers into the correct blanks. You will not use all
of the answers.
0/5
0%
 whom
shouldn't have
did
shouldn't be
shall be
'll be talking
that
couldn't have
Zoe: So, tell me, is there anyone special?

Talia: Well, sort of. How did you know?
Well, you
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: did
did tell me that you were interested in someone, remember? So, let's
Zoe: hear about him.
Well, remember I've been working on a story about a famous soccer
Talia: player?
The story
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: that
that you're really spending a lot of time on? Wait a second ... don't tell
Zoe: me that's the guy! Nick?
I probably
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: shouldn't be
Talia: shouldn't be interested in him, but I am.
Zoe: Oh, that's great!
Thanks. I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: 'll be talking
'll be talking to Nick tomorrow after work. We're planning to have
Talia: dinner. I can't wait!
You're so lucky! I probably
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: shouldn't have
shouldn't have asked you such personal questions, but I'm glad you
Zoe: told me about Nick! Congratulations!
Grammar 3
Tony's wife is leaving a voicemail message on his cell phone.
Read the message. Type the correct form of the verb in parentheses into each blank. Use
the past perfect continuous tense or the future continuous tense.
0/2
0%
 Hi, Tony, it's me. It's funny – when you left the message, I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: 'd been trying
'd been trying
(try) to reach you for at least an hour. I wanted to ask you if it's okay for us to go to
that new nightclub after dinner. Anyway, I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: 'll be leaving
'll be leaving
(leave) here at six. If I don't hear from you by then, I'll see you at the restaurant.
Hi Zoe,
I have great news to tell you. Remember last time we talked and I said, "I wish I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: were
were a reporter"? Well, from now on, I don't need to dream about this because I am a reporter now!
Even though I made some mistakes, my boss really liked the story
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: which
which I've been working on so hard. It
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: might have
might have seemed impossible before, but I really have been promoted! Call me! Let's celebrate!
Talia
Grammar 5
Complete the sentences. Click on the box and choose the correct answer.
0/3
0%
 1
I didn't have time to finish my paper. I wish I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: hadn't gone out
hadn't gone out with my friends last night.
 2
Professor Johnston says I never study. I
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: do
do study. I study every day.
 3
When I get bored at work, sometimes I imagine I'm in a place
Sin respuesta. Respuesta del sistema: where
where nobody needs to work, and everyone has fun all the time.

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Grammar: Verb Tense Review

1. We use the present continuous (be + verb + -ing) to talk about

Jackie: I'm working on an idea for a commercial right now.

2. We use the simple present to talk about something that

3. We also use the simple present with non-action verbs like

Talia: I want to hear more about this commercial.

We do NOT say: X I'm wanting to hear.

4. We can also use the simple present when we tell a story--

Nick: She meets me in the lobby, we shake hands, and she

5. We usually use the simple past to talk about something that

6. We often use the simple past with time expressions that refer

Nick met Jackie several months ago.

7. We use the present perfect (have + the past participle) to talk

Talia: One of Nick's teammates has framed him.

We also use the present perfect with for or since to talk about

We use the present perfect with for and a length of time to

Nick has been here for two hours.

We use the present perfect with since and a point of time to

Talia: I've been thinking about this all day.

Talia has been working on this story for a few days.

Remember, we usually don't use continuous forms with non-

We do NOT say: X Talia has been having a headache all day.

11. We can use be going to or will to talk about the future.

Grammar: Negative Yes-No Qs and Tag Qs 1

1 You've met Nick Crawford,

Respuesta correcta: haven't you

2 He's a player on the national team,

Respuesta correcta: isn't he

Respuesta correcta: Didn't they

Didn't they lose the game last year?

4 Talia isn't a reporter,

Respuesta correcta: is she

Respuesta correcta: Wasn't she

Wasn't she at the meeting last week?

Respuesta correcta: Won't she

Won't she be home tomorrow night?

7 Nick isn't guilty,

Seth: You've eaten at Valentino's before.

Seth: You're not eating

Seth: I love soccer. What about you?

Eva: I'm not that interested in soccer, but I am following the

Seth: Jason likes soccer,

Seth: Today is the 5th,

Seth: Talia doesn't work for Newsline,

Seth: Valentino's has great desserts. We should try some,

1. We use prefer and would prefer to talk about preferences--

Nick: Would you like to have a seat?

Prefer and would prefer can be followed by a noun.

Prefer and would prefer can also be followed by the gerund.

Prefer and would prefer can also be followed by the infinitive

Talia: I'd rather pay her a visit.

The negative form for would rather is would rather not.

We do NOT say: X I wouldn't rather sit down.

We often use I'd rather not as a short answer.

3. We use would to form questions with prefer and rather.

Nick: Would you prefer to sit down?

But we can also use a form of do to form questions with prefer.

Grammar: Modals of Preference 1