PIP Vol IV C Manual On Semen Production PDF
PIP Vol IV C Manual On Semen Production PDF
PIP Vol IV C Manual On Semen Production PDF
Manual on
Semen Production
Foreword ............................................................................................................. 1
1. Introduction .................................................................................. 3
1.1. What is a manual and why it is needed? ........................................................ 3
1.2. Whom is this manual for? ............................................................................. 3
1.3. Semen Production: A Background ................................................................. 3
1.4. Rationale of the Programme ........................................................................... 4
1.5. Objectives of the Programme ......................................................................... 5
2. Semen Production Project: An Overview ........................................ 5
2.1. Area of Operation .......................................................................................... 5
2.2. Snapshot of Project Activities ......................................................................... 5
3. Project Sub-activities/Steps .......................................................... 8
3.1. Evaluation and Selection of Bulls .................................................................. 8
3.2. Identification of bulls ...................................................................................10
3.3. Quarantine ..................................................................................................11
3.4. Rearing of young bulls ..................................................................................11
3.5. Training of bulls ...........................................................................................12
3.6. Main Semen Station .....................................................................................12
3.7. Housing and Management of bulls (as mentioned in Appendix III) .................13
3.8. Animal Health Protocols in Semen Production...............................................13
3.9. Collection Arena and Semen Collection (as mentioned in Appendix III)...........14
3.10. Evaluation and processing of semen (as mentioned in Appendix III) ...............14
4. Management of the Frozen Semen Station ................................... 15
4.1. Project Management .....................................................................................15
5. Managing Procurement ................................................................ 16
6. Fund flow Mechanism and financial management ........................ 16
7. Project Monitoring and Evaluation .............................................. 16
7.1. Information Disclosure .................................................................................17
7.2. Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) ........................................................17
Annex I: Grievance Redressal mechanism under NDP I .......................... 19
Appendix III Minimum Standards for Production Of Bovine Frozen
Semen ......................................................................................... 21
i
List of figures
Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of the Technical programme........................ 7
Figure 3.1: Scrotal Circumference ....................................................................... 9
Figure 3.2: Measurement Error........................................................................... 9
Figure 3.3: Ear Tag........................................................................................... 10
Figure 3.4: Tag Applicator ................................................................................ 10
Figure 3.5: Ear tagged Animal .......................................................................... 11
ii
Abbreviations
AI : Artificial Insemination
AIT : Artificial Insemination Technician
AV : Artificial Vagina
BMC : Bulk Milk Cooler
BAIF : Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation
BQ : Black Quarter
BV : Breeding Value
CCBFs : Central Cattle Breeding Farms
CEO : Chief Executive Officer
CFSP & TI : Central Frozen Semen Production and Training Institute
CFU : Colony Forming Unit
CL : Corpus Luteum
CMU : Central Monitoring Unit
CRI : Calf Rearing In-charge
DADF : Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
DC : District Coordinator
DCS : Dairy Cooperative Society
DIC : Differential Interference Contrast
DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid
EIA : End Implementing Agency
ELISA : Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
FMD : Foot and Mouth Disease
FSH : Follicle Secreting Hormone
FUR : Fund Utilization Report
GoI : Government of India
GRM : Grievance Redressal Mechanism
GRO : Grievance Redressal Officer
HEPA : High-Efficiency Particulate Air
HF : Holstein Friesian
HS : Haemorrhagic Septicemia
IBR : Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA : International Development Association
INAPH : Information Network for Animal Productivity & Health
JD : Johne’s Disease
iii
LN : Liquid Nitrogen
LRP : Local Resource Person
MAIT : Mobile Artificial Insemination Technician
MC : Management Committee
MMT : Million Metric Tonne
MoA : Ministry of Agriculture
MoU : Memorandum of Understanding
MRT : Milk Ring Test
MT : Metric Tonne
NDDB : National Dairy Development Board
NGO : Non Government Organisation
NPCBB : National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding
NS : Natural Service
OIE : World Organisation for Animal Health
PC : Project Coordinator
PD : Pregnancy Diagnosis
PDA : Personal Digital Assistant
PIP : Project Implementation Plan
PMC : Project Management Cell
PMU : Project Management Unit
PT : Progeny Testing
PTM : Post Thaw Motility
RBP : Ration Balancing Program
SOPs : Standard Operating Procedures
TB : Tuberculosis
iv
Foreword
The demand for semen doses for artificial insemination has been
growing in the country. In the last five years, the demand for frozen
semen doses has increased by an average of 12 percent per year. In
2004-5, fifty seven semen stations produced 37.2 million frozen
semen doses, whereas in 2009-10, forty nine semen stations
produced 65.9 million doses. The demand for semen doses in the
country is projected around 100 million doses by 2016-17 and 140
million doses by 2021-22.
The consumers are also now looking for quality. The semen by many
is no longer perceived as a dose to impregnate their animals, but
perceived as a source of genetics to produce better quality animals.
It is realised that while one thinks about expanding the semen
production facility in terms of increasing bull housing and semen
processing facilities, one has also to think about putting in place
quality control and bio-security systems at semen stations. One has
to think about creating separate quarantine and rearing facilities and
creating disease free zone around semen stations.
This manual has been prepared primarily for the semen stations
which intend to expand and modernize their semen production
facilities and produce quality diseases free semen doses. It would
help equip them with knowledge and skills to produce high quality
semen doses.
1
The manual provides specific guidelines and minimum standards for
management of bulls, collection and processing of semen, quality
control, bio-security measures etc.
2
1. Introduction
1.2.1. This manual has been prepared primarily for the agency which
would be involved in frozen semen production and for those
who would be directly or indirectly concerned with the
expansion of semen production activities under NDP I.
3
of breedable animals, the number of AIs to be performed
annually would go up from the current level of 50 million to
over 95 million, and the frozen semen production in turn
would need to be raised from the current level of 66 million
doses to 100 million doses by 2016-17.
1.4.1. The annual demand for milk is projected to reach around 200
MMT by 2021-22. Given the present productivity levels of our
bovines and the resource constraints, it is impossible to meet
this demand through domestic production unless productivity
of our bovines increases. A three pronged strategy is planned
to achieve this target. Increase the proportion of animals
under AI from the existing 20% to 35%, strengthen the frozen
semen production infrastructure to produce about 100 million
doses to meet the requirement of this increased AI coverage,
and produce the required high genetic merit bulls through
appropriate genetic improvement programmes.
4
1.5. Objectives of the Programme
5
2.2.2. Figure 2.1. The major activities that a semen station
undertakes include:
6
Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of the Technical
programme
Semen Station
Field PT AI Service
Bull calves Programme Providers Bull calves
produced Bull Normal AI produced
evaluation Nominated
Nominated mating (Non
mating PT)
7
3. Project Sub-activities/Steps
3.1.1. Eligible young bulls born and procured from either PT projects
or non PT areas shall be subjected to thorough physical
examination by a qualified veterinarian to ensure that bulls do
not show any clinical symptom of disease(s). He/She shall
also carry out breeding soundness examination of bulls
including measurement of scrotal circumference.
3.1.2. The size of the testis is correlated with sperm production of the
bull and age of puberty of offsprings. It is important to take
measurement of scrotal circumference as it is an indirect
measure of testicular mass; it is associated with sperm
production as well as with parenchymal health of the testicular
tissues. Bulls with small testes produce less sperm, have a
delayed puberty in their daughters and sons and have earlier
testicular degeneration.
8
Figure 3.1: Scrotal Circumference
3.1.5. The bulls shall also be subjected to karyotyping to rule out any
chromosomal abnormality and genetic disease testing to
eliminate bulls having genetic diseases.
3.1.6. The young bulls shall have to pass various health tests: TB,
JD, Brucellosis, Campylobacteriosis and Trichomoniasis.
9
3.2. Identification of bulls
3.2.3. The ear tag shall be applied inside the ear of animals, in the
center of the ear lobe with the female part of the tag inside the
ear.
10
Figure 3.5: Ear tagged Animal
3.2.4. If the ear tag falls off, a new ear tag shall be applied
immediately and the information shall be immediately updated
in the concerned registers and in the computer.
3.3. Quarantine
Must not have any direct contact with the main semen
station;
11
Must be constructed so that contact with other livestock is
prevented;
3.5.1. Main semen station receives mature bulls from Rearing facility
and trains them for semen collection.
3.5.3. They should be treated gently and firmly so that they have no
fear of the dummy animal, bull attendant and semen collector.
3.5.4. Semen samples collected from the bulls under training shall be
examined for semen profile including sperm morphology. The
bulls will be qualified for regular semen collection once their
semen samples are cleared by the Quality Control lab.
12
Have semen quarantine facilities;
13
3.8.2. Bio-security measures at semen station
Frozen semen doses are now taken from freezing unit and
plunged into liquid nitrogen (LN) for cryo-preservation.
14
3.11 Semen storage/ dispatch (as mentioned in Appendix III)
4.1.1. Under the Project, PMU (located at NDDB) will provide funds to
the identified Frozen Semen Stations for strengthening their
infrastructure – addition/ renovation of quarantine, rearing,
bull housing, semen collection and processing facilities,
addition/replacement of laboratory equipment and
instruments, farm machinery and equipment and induction of
new bulls, in order to increase its capacity for production of
disease free quality semen and to assist it to achieve grade ‘A’.
a. To ensure that the funds are used for the purpose, for
which these are provided, following World Bank’s
procurement guidelines.
15
f. PMU (located at NDDB) or its appointed representative
would continuously monitor the activities of the station.
5. Managing Procurement
16
7.1. Information Disclosure
7.1.1. The EIA will have a website containing suo moto disclosures of
the sub project related information, details of the activities,
area(s) where the activities are being implemented,
procurement plan etc. It will also regularly post the progress
of the project and the particulars of the person who may be
contacted in the EIA for seeking further information.
17
Determine an appropriate periodicity when internal /
external meetings would be held to implement the GRM in
an efficient manner.
18
Annex I: Grievance Redressal mechanism under NDP I
Grievance/Complaint Submission:
Relief sought
6. A reply to any grievance must cover all points raised and not
address the grievance partially. If there is any follow- up action, it
must be pursued.
20
Appendix I
Minimum Standards
For
Production of Bovine
Frozen Semen
21
MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR PRODUCTION OF BOVINE
FROZEN SEMEN
23
Dam’s Lactation yield (Kgs)
Breed First Best Fat %
Pure HF 4500 5600 3.5
Pure Jersey 3000 3750 5.0
Sahiwal 2400 3000 4.0
Red Sindhi 2000 2500 4.5
Gir 2400 3000 4.5
Kankrej 2000 2500 4.5
Tharparkar 2000 2500 4.0
Hariana 1600 2000 4.0
Rathi 1600 2000 4.0
Ongole 1100 1600 4.0
Deoni 800 1000 4.0
Khillar 380 500 4.0
Dangi 400 530 4.0
Amritmahal 400 500 4.0
HF Cross- F2 4000 5000 4.0
Jersey CB- F2 2800 3500 4.5
Sunandini 2500 3000 3.5
Murrah 2400 3000 7.0
Mehsana 2400 3000 7.0
Nili Ravi 2400 3000 7.0
Jaffrabadi 2800 3500 8.0
Surti 1600 2000 7.0
Banni 2400 3000 7.0
Bhadawari 1300 1600 8.0
Pandharpuri 1300 1600 7.0
24
For import of bulls and embryos, the standards for import of
germplasm as prescribed in the “Guidelines for export / import of
bovine germplasm” issued by DADF, MoA, GoI and as revised from
time to time shall be followed.
2. Physical Examination
25
Breed Tests to be carried out
4. Quarantine
26
Once the quarantine period is over, all bulls shall be introduced to
the young bull rearing station.
5. Testing of Bulls
6. Vaccination Schedule
The bulls shall be vaccinated against FMD, HS, BQ, Theileriosis and
Anthrax. However, vaccinations against bacterial diseases shall be
done only if there is an outbreak or prevalence of a particular
disease.
To reduce lay off time, the bulls shall be vaccinated on the rest day
or the day after completing semen collection. Sexual rest may not be
required unless otherwise febrile condition is noticed.
The semen station shall arrange for carrying out ring vaccinations for
all cloven footed animals including swines against FMD within a
radius of 10 km around the semen station. Vaccinations against HS
and BQ shall be carried out in the areas having incidence of these
diseases.
27
7. Culling of Bulls and Semen Doses due to Specific Diseases
The semen station must remove bulls (within 48 hours) which are
positive for Brucellosis, TB and JD. Bulls found positive for
Campylobacteriosis and Trichomoniasis shall be isolated and
treated. Besides, the semen station shall cull those bulls which have
completed eight years of productive period or 3 lakh semen doses,
whichever is achieved earlier. In addition, the bulls with poor libido,
poor semen quality, incurable lameness, etc. shall also be culled.
8. Housing
Bull sheds shall have spacious individual pens with adequate loafing
area, manger and water trough with access to drinking water all
time. Adequate shade around the bull shed shall be provided. The
roof shall be made of asbestos or suitable materials. During summer,
cooling system with sprinklers and fans is required particularly for
the buffaloes and exotic bulls. Disinfectants like formalin or phenyl
based compounds shall not be used in the bull sheds. Alternatively,
28
compounds containing Gluteraldehyde shall be used. Weekly
spraying of Sodium Carbonate (4%) solution shall also be practiced.
The floor should be sterilized at least once a year by a blowlamp or
by burning straws. At one corner of the farm, there shall be an
isolation shed for separating ailing / sick bull(s) for treatment. Bull(s)
once diagnosed suffering from infectious diseases shall be removed
immediately from semen station for safety of other bulls.
9. Management of Bulls
b) The coat of the bulls shall be kept clean and generally short.
The hooves shall be regularly trimmed.
29
f) In the event of obvious soiling, careful cleaning of the preputial
orifice and the adjoining areas with soap or a detergent is
recommended; followed by thorough rinsing and drying.
30
c) The person responsible to carry out preputial wash must use
disposable gloves and separate sterilized nozzle for each bull to
avoid transmission of infection from one bull to another.
31
shall always be kept inverted and the collection tube shall be
covered with felt / water jacket (plastic bottle filled with warm
water at 34o C) to avoid cold shock. The open end of sterilized
AVs shall be covered with aluminium foil, which would be
removed at the time when bull is ready for giving semen.
o) The entry of visitors and staff / labourers (other than those not
involved in semen collection) shall be strictly prohibited in the
collection arena at the time of semen collection.
32
of collections per bull would depend on the individual capacity
of the bull.
11 (A) Premises
33
shall be kept in a few places in the laboratory to check the
room temperature.
34
j) The laboratory shall be fumigated twice a week with Cold
Fumigant, using humidifier.
35
11 (B) Equipment
36
i) The thermometer kept immersed in water bath shall be
cleaned daily to have precise temperature reading or water
bath fitted with digital display temperature indicator should
be used.
i. Standard Thermometer
iv. Incubator
v. Autoclave
viii. Micropipettes
ix. pH Meter
37
The following equipment calibration needs to be certified by
Manufacturer/supplier:
vi. Photometer
38
11 (D) Diluents
f) After adding all the components of buffer viz. TRIS, Citric Acid,
Glycerol and Fructose in double, preferably triple distilled
water, it should be sterilized again. If buffer is prepared on the
previous day and stored in the refrigerator, then antibiotics are
to be added next day in the morning after warming it at 34C.
h) The eggs used for making dilutor must be fresh. The eggs shall
be stored in refrigerator after wiping with dry cotton. Just
before preparation of dilutor, eggs shall be wiped with 70%
alcohol. To avoid Mycoplasma infection, eggs shall be
purchased from known sources.
39
i) The required quantity of yolk shall be separated from albumin
on sterile (autoclaved) standard filter papers (Whatman No.1/
Borosil) and yolk membrane shall be punctured using sterile
glass rod, Pasteur pipette or sterile straws under the Laminar
Air Flow Unit. Only fresh semen extender/dilutor shall be used
because changes in the pH of stored extender are considered to
be responsible for the deterioration of some nutrient
components. Day old extender should not be used.
40
six months, with haemocytometer readings. Semen samples
showing less than 500 million / ml sperm concentration shall
be discarded.
41
11 (F) Colour Specifications:
All semen stations shall follow the following colour codes for
filling of semen in straws:
Breed Colour
Holstein Pink/Rose
HF Crossbred Pistachio Green (light green)
Jersey Yellow
Jersey Crossbred Salmon
Indigenous cattle Orange
Sunandini Blue
Buffalo Grey
C to 22 o C.
42
All semen stations shall follow the following printing
abbreviations:
Jersey – JY Farm No. / Name
Holstein – HF Breed
HF Cross – CB HF Name of Institute
Jersey Cross – CB JY Batch No. / Date of
Prodn.
Sunandini – SUN
Sahiwal – SAH
Red Sindhi – RS
Kankrej – KANK
Gir – GIR
Tharparkar – THAR
Rathi – RATHI
Hariana – HAR
Ongole – ONGL
Deoni – DEONI
Khillar – KHLR
Dangi – DANGI
Amritmahal – AMHL
Murrah Buffalo – MBF
Surti Buffalo – SBF
Jaffrabadi Buffalo – JBF
Mehsana Buffalo – MSNB
Nilli Ravi Buffalo – NLRVB
Banni Buffalo – BBF
Bhadawari Buffalo – BDBF
Pandharpuri Buffalo – PNPB
43
11 (H) Post thaw motility
(ii) Hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST) - for all bulls at least once
in a quarter shall be mandatory (iii) Incubation test - for all bulls
at least once in a quarter shall be mandatory (iv) Acrosome
integrity test by Giemsa staining - for all bulls at least once in a
quarter shall be mandatory. Alternatively, wet smear of semen
shall be examined using DIC microscope (v) Percent Intact
Acrosome - all bulls to be covered once a quarter (vi) Sperm
44
Concentration – randomly two samples per week each for cattle
and buffalo.
Sr.
QC Parameters Cut- off Values
No.
1 Bacterial Load (FSD) 5000 CFUs /ml
2 Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test ≥ 40%
(HOST)
3 Incubation / Thermo resistance standard drop in
Test motility by 10% after
every 30 minutes
4 Acrosome Integrity (Fresh Semen) ≥ 70%
5 Percent Intact Acrosome (PIA) ≥ 65 %
6 Sperm Concentration 20 million
spermatozoa per
dose (0.25 ml Mini
straw)
45
Quality checking of semen straws, drawn randomly from the long
storage containers once in three months, should be done as a
part of quality assurance.
47
12 Biosecurity
48
c) For sterilization, fully assembled AVs shall be autoclaved at 5
p.s.i. pressure for 20 minutes. During sterilization, the valve of
AV shall be kept open. Alternatively, use AV sterilizer (using
double distilled water in the sterilizer) for proper sterilization of
AVs.
13.3 Glassware
49
13.4 Rubber wares
13.6 Buffer
50
14 Summary of Sterilization
a) Autoclave
c) AV Steriliser
51
15 Quality Control of Consumables
Chemicals
Straws
2. The factory plug should not be loose. The factory seal should be
impenetrable and the seal formed should be homogeneous and
compact.
52
5. The use of dark coloured straws should be avoided, as they are
not transparent enough. Due to this, it is difficult to distinguish
between filled / semi-filled straws.
53
Designation Up to >10-25 >25-50 >50 Mega
10 lakh lakh lakh Semen
lakh Doses Doses doses Stn.
doses 10m
doses
Lab Attendant 2 3 3-5 7-8 10-12
Bull Attendant 1 person per 7- 8 bulls
Agri. Labourers 15-20/100 acres depending on
mechanization level
54
Annexure- 1
55
Semen station A farm along with semen processing facilities where
adult bulls are housed for semen collection and
processing. A series of clinical and laboratory
examinations, vaccinations and medications etc.
are undertaken during the stay of bulls in the
semen station to maintain their health status.
Unknown Animals originating from village or farm where all
health status the animals of the farm or the village have not been
tested against the MSP diseases
56
Annexure- 2
57
Quarantine Guidelines
Annexure- 3A
A. Quarantine of adult bulls of unknown health status
Quarantine Minimum 60 days or long enough to allow at least two
period tests for MSP diseases to be performed during
quarantine with a minimum interval of 30 days
between the two tests. In case of TB and JD the
interval between the two tests should not be less than
62 days.
Shifting of Within 30 days from the date when the last test was
bulls from performed and all bulls were found negative.
the
quarantine
Action on Brucellosis, TB, JD, Cull / remove the positive bull
finding a Bovine Genital and put all the remaining
positive Campylobacteriosis, bulls under extended
result Trichomoniasis quarantine.
Extended For a period of minimum 60 days or long enough to
quarantine allow at least two tests for the diseases mentioned
above to be performed, from the day last positive bull
was culled/ removed. Perform one test within the last
30 days of the extended quarantine.
Action on During Quarantine, if the bulls are housed and
finding a managed
positive Individually - Remove only the positive bull.
during In groups (not more than 3 animals in each
extended group) – Remove all bulls in the group in which
quarantine positive was detected.
Free and not in groups- Remove all the bulls.
58
Annexure- 3B
B. Quarantine of adult bulls of known health status
Quarantine Minimum 30 days or long enough to allow at least one
period test for all MSP diseases
Shifting of Within 30 days of the last negative test
bulls from
the
quarantine
Action on Same as in Annex- 3A
finding a
positive
result
Extended For a period of minimum 30 days from the day last
quarantine positive bull was culled/ removed. Perform one test
within the last 30 days of the extended quarantine.
Action on Same as in Annex- 3A
finding a
positive
during
extended
quarantine
59
Annexure- 3C
60
Annexure- 3D
61
Annexure- 4
Disease testing and management of Bovine Tuberculosis in
Semen Station
62
Frozen semen Destroy frozen semen doses of the positive animal
doses of the since the last negative test.
positive
animal
Positive herd Testing not before 42 days after culling of last
testing positive animal.
Negative herd Six monthly (± 1 week) testing after last whole herd
testing negative testing.
TB free herd Herd found negative on two consecutive tuberculin
tests carried out at an interval of 6 months, the first
being performed 6 months after the culling of last
affected animal.
If frequency of testing is more than two in a year,
the testing should establish that all animals in the
herd have been negative for the last 6 months
beginning from 6 months after culling the last
affected animal.
63
Annexure- 5
64
doses of the since the last negative test.
positive
animal
Positive herd Testing not before 42 days after culling of last
testing positive animal.
Negative herd Six monthly (± 1 week) testing after last whole herd
testing negative testing.
JD negative Herd found negative on two consecutive Johnin
herd tests carried out at an interval of 6 months, the first
being performed 6 months after culling of the last
affected animal.
If frequency of testing is more than 2 in a year, the
testing should establish that all animals in the herd
have been negative for the last 6 months beginning
from 6 months after culling the last affected animal.
65
Annexure- 6
Disease testing and management of Bovine Brucellosis in Semen
Station
Name of test Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Sample Serum
required
Eligible All animals. However, animals up to 9 months of
animals age may have maternal antibodies.
Action to be Immediate isolation and removal from herd after
taken on the castration (within 2 days)
positive
animal
Frozen semen Destroy frozen semen doses of the positive animal
doses of the since the last negative test.
positive
animal
Positive herd Testing 30 to 60 days after culling of last positive
testing animal.
Negative herd Six monthly (± 1 week) testing after last whole herd
testing negative testing.
Brucellosis Herd found negative on two consecutive annual
free herd tests.
If the frequency of testing is more than one in a
year, the testing should demonstrate that the herd
has been negative for the last one year
66
Annexure- 7
Disease testing and management of Bovine Genital
Campylobacteriosis (BGC) in Semen Station
67
Annexure- 8
Disease testing and management of Bovine Trichomonosis in
Semen Station
68
Annexure-9
Management of Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) in Semen Station
FMD outbreak in semen station
Immediate Immediate disinfection of premises and fomites.
action to be Destruction of contaminated feed & fodder by
taken burning.
Frozen Destroy frozen semen collected from infected animal
semen doses up to one month prior to onset of outbreak.
of FMD
infected
animal
Action to be Isolate the affected bull immediately
taken on Affected bull is treated and rested for 90 days
FMD after recovery from clinical symptoms.
infected No semen collection from any infected animal
animal during the infection and up to 3 months after
last case has recovered in the farm.
Animals in No semen collection from healthy bulls during the
the farm not outbreak and no semen collection up to one month
affected by after the last case has recovered.
FMD
Semen Sale If frozen semen sale is from the same campus of the
SS where FMD is recorded, suspend semen sale till
30 days after the last case has recovered.
FMD outbreak in areas surrounding the SS
Ring Arrange immediate ring vaccination within a radius
vaccination of 10 Km around the focus of infection starting from
the perimeter towards the focus.
Disinfection Disinfection of the roadsides adjacent to the farm on
a daily basis.
Movement of Stop all fodder movement through areas of
fodder infection.
Animal Stop animal movement of semen station through
movement areas of infection.
69
Annexure - 10
Feeding Growing and Mature Bulls
70
Daily ration for Bulls
Body wt. Calf starter C.F. B.P.F. Hay Green Fodder
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
Growing bulls
100 2 - - 0.5 6-8
150 - - 2 0 8-10
200 - - 2 0.5 15
300 - 2 1 ad lib.
400 a) - 2 3 ad lib.
b) - 2.5 - 3 ad lib.
500 a) - - 2.5 2-4 ad lib.
b) - 3 - 2-4 ad lib.
600 a) - - 2.5 2-4 ad lib.
b) - 3 - 2-4 ad lib.
Mature breeding bulls
500 a) - 2.5 - 2-4 ad lib.
b) - - 2 2-4 ad lib.
600 -------------------------------do----------------------
700 -------------------------------do-----------------
71
2) Fresh water should be made available 24 hrs.
Green fodder requirement of 10 mature bulls would be approx. 125
MT per year, which can be grown in 1 hectare of land by intensive
farming.
Calf Green
starter C.F. B.P.F. fodder Hay
DM % 90 90 90 20-25 90
CP % 22-23 18-19 22-23 5-6 5-6
TDN % 70 62-64 65-68 55-60 55
72