Scribd
Upload
91 views6 pages

Numerical Approximations, Scientific, Notation and Indices

Uploaded by

Deadly Chiller

The document discusses several numerical approximation methods: 1) Decimal rounding, which rounds numbers to a specified number of decimal places based on whether the digit following is greater than or less than 5. 2) Significant figures, which rounds numbers based on the location and value of digits relative to the decimal. 3) Scientific notation, which expresses numbers in the form of a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. Rules for operations involving indices/exponents such as multiplication, division, raising to a power, and extracting roots are also outlined.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt

Numerical Approximations, Scientific, Notation and Indices

Uploaded by

Deadly Chiller
91 views6 pages
The document discusses several numerical approximation methods: 1) Decimal rounding, which rounds numbers to a specified number of decimal places based on whether the digit following is greater than or less than 5. 2) Significant figures, which rounds numbers based on the location and value of digits relative to the decimal. 3) Scientific notation, which expresses numbers in the form of a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. Rules for operations involving indices/exponents such as multiplication, division, raising to a power, and extracting roots are also outlined.

Original Description:

MATh

Original Title

2. Numerical Approximations, Scientific, Notation and Indices

Copyright

© © All Rights Reserved

Available Formats

PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

The document discusses several numerical approximation methods: 1) Decimal rounding, which rounds numbers to a specified number of decimal places based on whether the digit following is greater than or less than 5. 2) Significant figures, which rounds numbers based on the location and value of digits relative to the decimal. 3) Scientific notation, which expresses numbers in the form of a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. Rules for operations involving indices/exponents such as multiplication, division, raising to a power, and extracting roots are also outlined.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
91 views6 pages

Numerical Approximations, Scientific, Notation and Indices

Uploaded by

Deadly Chiller
The document discusses several numerical approximation methods: 1) Decimal rounding, which rounds numbers to a specified number of decimal places based on whether the digit following is greater than or less than 5. 2) Significant figures, which rounds numbers based on the location and value of digits relative to the decimal. 3) Scientific notation, which expresses numbers in the form of a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. Rules for operations involving indices/exponents such as multiplication, division, raising to a power, and extracting roots are also outlined.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1/ 6

Numerical Approximations

Decimal Places
When rounding off a number to n places:
 If the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ number is ≥ 5, add 1 to the 𝑛𝑡ℎ digit and drop the remaining
digits.
 If the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ number is < 5, keep the 𝑛𝑡ℎ digit and drop the remaining
digits.

Example 1 - 22.7843
To 1 d.p. 22.7|843 = 22.8
To 2 d.p. 22.78|43 = 22.78
To 3 d.p. 22.784|3 = 22.784

Example 2 – 0.005268
To 2 d.p. 0.00|5268 = 0.01
To 3 d.p. 0.005|268 = 0.005
To 4 d.p. 0.0052|68 = 0.005

Group 2 MATH 1115 Sem I 2019/2020


Significant Figures

When rounding off a number to n places:


 If the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ number is ≥ 5 and lies right of the decimal point, add 1 to
the 𝑛𝑡ℎ digit and drop the remaining digits.
 If the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ number is ≥ 5 and lies left of the decimal point, add 1 to the
𝑛𝑡ℎ digit and replace remaining digits with zeroes.
 If the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ number is < 5, and lies right of the decimal point, keep the
𝑛𝑡ℎ digit and drop the remaining digits.
 If the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ number is < 5, and lies left of the decimal point, keep the
𝑛𝑡ℎ digit and replace remaining digits with zeroes.
 Also note that the first significant figure cannot be zero, although zero can be
a significant figure otherwise.

Example 1 - 22.7843
To 1 s.f. 2|2.7843 = 20.0000 (20)
To 2 s.f. 22|.7843 = 23
To 3 s.f. 22.7|843 = 22.8

Example 2 – 0.005268
To 1 s.f. 0.005|268 = 0.005
To 2 s.f. 0.0052|68 = 0.0053
To 3 s.f. 0.00526|8 = 0.00527

Group 2 MATH 1115 Sem I 2019/2020


Scientific Notation/Standard Form

Any real number can be expressed in the form 𝑎 × 10𝑛 , 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 and 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.
 Place a decimal point after the first non-zero digit.
 Count the number of places (𝑛), that must be moved to get back to the
original decimal position.
 If the movement is to the left, then 𝑛 is negative.
 If the movement is to the right, then 𝑛 is positive.
 If there is no movement, then 𝑛 is equal to 0.
Example:
i. Expressing 20.8634 in standard form is 2.08634 × 101 .
ii. Expressing 0.005268 in standard form is 5.268 × 10−3 .
iii. Is 0.24 × 102 in standard form? No, because 𝑎 needs to be 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10
and 0.24 is not.

Indices

If 𝑎 > 0 (positive) and 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 + , 𝑎𝑛 means 𝑎 multiplied by itself 𝑛 times.


Index, power or exponent

𝑎𝑛
base

Rules of Indices
Let 𝑎 > 0: 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑏 > 0; 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 and let 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 +

Group 2 MATH 1115 Sem I 2019/2020


i. 0𝑛 = 0, 1𝑛 = 1, 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎1 = 𝑎
ii. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
iii. 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
iv. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
1
v. 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑎
vi. (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
1
𝑛
vii. 𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑚
viii. 𝑎𝑚/𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎)
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
ix. (𝑏 ) = 𝑏 𝑛
x. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 ⟹ 𝑛 = 𝑚

Examples
a) 3−3
1
= Using rule (v)
33
1 3
=( )
3
1 1 1
= × ×
3 3 3
1
=
27

1 −2 1 2
b) ( ) this is the reciprocal (inverse) of ( )
2 2
1
= 1 2
Using rule (v)
( )
2
2 2
=( )
1
2
2
= 2=4
1
1
c) 27−3

Group 2 MATH 1115 Sem I 2019/2020


1 Using rule (v)
= 1
273
1
= 3 Using rule (vii)
√27
1
=3

3
d) (121)2 Using rule (viii)
2
= √1213
= 1331

1 1
83 ×163
e) 1
−
(32) 3

Note that 8, 16 and 32 are all multiples of 2 and so can be written in the form of
2𝑛 .
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 ;
16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24 ;
32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 25

Using the above to simplify the expression:


1 1
(23 )3 × (24 )3
1
(25 )− 3
4
1 Using rule (iv)
2 × 23
= 5
−
2 3
7
23 Using rule (ii)
= 5
2−3
7 5
−(− ) Using rule (iii)
= 23 3
7 5
+
= 23 3

Group 2 MATH 1115 Sem I 2019/2020


12
= 23
= 24
= 16

f) Solve 3𝑥 = 9(3−𝑥)
3𝑥 = 32(3−𝑥)
𝑥 = 2(3 − 𝑥) Using rule (x)

𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑥
3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2

g) Show that 𝑎−𝑚 × 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎−𝑚−𝑛

Using the LHS of the equation:

1 1
𝑎−𝑚 × 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑚 × 𝑛 Using rule (v)
𝑎 𝑎
1
= 𝑚
𝑎 × 𝑎𝑛
1 Using rule (ii)
= 𝑚+𝑛
𝑎
= 𝑎−(𝑚+𝑛)
Using rule (v)
= 𝑎−𝑚−𝑛
⌑

Group 2 MATH 1115 Sem I 2019/2020

You might also like