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AAGGEE__CCXXII EEOOJJ__RR__XXOORRGGGGLL OOCCOOEEXXRRIIEE 
T_BJODX:T_BJODX:T_BJODX:T_BJODX: ILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLX BOEBOEBOEBOEFFFF 7777222244444444
X_XKRIGC 7 X_XKRIGC 7: ILXRK XK ILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXT FRK_^: 7BOLF HGXO: TO^X 2>7? ^GFO:
7
 
Xutkrigc 7
7.
 
Oxpcgil tmo hiaaoroldo botwool systo`gtid glh rglhk` orrkrs. Vmgt gro tmo typidgc skurdos ka tmoso twk typos ka orrkrs; 2.
 
G dirduit `ogsuro`olt akr rosistgldo ka ??>
 is sgtisaioh by dkllodtilf tkfotmor twk rosistkrs ka lk`ilgc vgcuos 22>
 glh 44>
 il sorios. Ia ogdm rosistkr mgs g tkcorgldo ka · 2 %, dgcducgto tmo orrkr il tmo dirduit il bktm gbskcuto glh pordolt orrkr. U77
, 2%P 4.
 
Xmo durrolt tmrkufm g rosistkr is 7.?G but `ogsuro`olt yiochs g vgcuo ka 7.81G. Dk`puto tmo: g)
 
gbskcuto orrkr b)
 
pordoltgfo orrkr d)
 
rocgtivo gddurgdy h)
 
pordoltgfo ka gddurgdy akr tmgt rosuct U>.>8G, 2.16%, >.96, 96%P 8.
 
Tix stuholts usilf klo ksdiccksdkpo witm tmo akcckwilf `ogsuroh tmo kutput vkctgfo ka gl g`pciaior. 7-
 
2>.2>Q 2-
 
79.9>Q 4-
 
2>.>?Q 8-
 
2>.>?Q ?-
 
79.=?Q 1-
 
2>.>>Q Dgcducgto tmo prodisikl ka tmo akurtm `ogsuro`olt. Vmidm ka tmo gbkvo `ogsuro`olt is tmo `kst prodiso; U>.9969, 1
tm
P ?.
 
Xwk durrolts ark` hiaaorolt skurdos ackw il kppksito hirodtikls tmrkufm g rosistkr, R
7
. I
7
 is `ogsuroh gs 69`G kl g 7>>`G glgckf ilstru`olt witm gl gddurgdy ka ·4% ka aucc sdgco. I
2
 is hotor`iloh gs 47`G, is `ogsuroh kl g hifitgc ilstru`olt witm ·7>>
¿
G gddurgdy. Dgcducgto tmo `gxi`u` glh `ili`u` covocs ka tmo durrolt il R
7.
 U?7.7`G, 88.9`GP 1.
 
G rosistgldo bkx mgs tmo akcckwilf dk`pklolts glh tkcorgldos: 7> rosistkrs ogdm ka 7>>e 
 · >.>?% 7> rosistkrs ogdm ka 7>e 
 · >.>?% 7> rosistkrs ogdm ka 7e 
 · >.>?% 7> rosistkrs ogdm ka 7>>
 · >.7% 7> rosistkrs ogdm ka 7>
 · >.?% Hotor`ilo bktm il km`s glh pordoltgfo tmo ci`it ka uldortgilty il sottilf ka 8?4.62e 
. U226.4
, >.>?%P 6.
 
Oifmt hiaaorolt stuholts tuloh g dirduit akr rosklgldo glh tmo akcckwilf vgcuos akr tmo rosklglt aroquoldy ka tmo dirduit woro rodkrhoh. Dk`puto tmo gritm`otid `ogl, tmo gvorgfo hovigtikl, stglhgrh hovigtikl glh prkbgbco orrkr ka klo roghilf glh prkbgbco orrkr ka `ogl.
5
 
 
AAGGEE__CCXXII EEOOJJ__RR__XXOORRGGGGLL OOCCOOEEXXRRIIEE 
T_BJODX:T_BJODX:T_BJODX:T_BJODX: ILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLX BOEBOEBOEBOEFFFF 7777222244444444
X_XKRIGC 7 X_XKRIGC 7: ILXRK XK ILTXR_@OLXGXIKL GLH @OGT_RO@OLXT FRK_^: 7BOLF HGXO: TO^X 2>7? ^GFO:
2
 
Roghilf Lk. Rosklglt Aroquoldy (eMz)
7 ?42 2 ?8= 4 ?84 8 ?4? ? ?81 1 ?47 6 ?84 = ?41 U?49.2?, ?.6?, 1.?8, ·8.87724, 7.1164P =.
 
Xmo ulelkwl rosistgldo is hotor`iloh by Vmogtstklo brihfo glh is fivol by
742
 R R R R
 ] 
 0
 wmoro R
7
0 9>
·
 >.?%
 R
2
0 9>>
·
 >.=%
 R
4
0 =2?
·
 >.1%
 Hotor`ilo tmo `gflituho ka tmo rosistgldo glh tmo ci`itilf orrkr il % glh km`s akr tmo ulelkwl rosistgldo R
x
. U R
x
0=.2?e 
,
·
7.9%,
·
7?1.6?
P 9.
 
G > — 7?>Q vkct`otor mgs fugrgltooh gddurgdy ka 7% aucc-sdgco roghilf. Ia tmo vkctgfo `ogsuroh by tmis ilstru`olt is =4Q, dgcducgto tmo ci`itilf orrkr. U7.=7%P 7>.
 
G rosistgldo il g dirduit is 86>
 · 7>%. Vmol g `otor witm g aucc-sdgco vkctgfo ka 2?Q glh orrkr ka · 4% is usoh tk `ogsuro tmo vkctgfo gdrkss tmo rosistgldo, tmo vkctgfo wgs rogh gs 72Q. Kbtgil tmo pkwor gdrkss tmo rosistgldo glh hotor`ilo its orrkr. U>.4>1V, ·22.?%P 77. Ttgto tmo
typo ka orrkr
 tmgt kddurs il tmo akcckwilf situgtikls glh suffost
klo (7) `otmkh
 tk rohudo tmo orrkr:- (i)
 
G porskl usilf gl km``otor roghs tmo `ogsuroh vgcuo gs 86>
, wmol tmo gdtugc vgcuo is 86
. (ii)
 
G vkct`otor mgs g spodiaidgtikl gs bockw:-
Ito`s Tpodiaidgtikl
Rglfo > 2?> Q Gddurgdy
·
 7% aucc-sdgco hoacodtikl Xmo vkct`otor is tk bo usoh tk `ogsuro vkctgfo gdrkss rosistkr, R7. Xmo oxpodtoh vgcuo ka tmo vkctgfo gdrkss rosistkr, R7 is 72?Q5 mkwovor `ogsuro`olt yiochs g vgcuo ka 74>Q. 72.
 
G vkct`otor glh gl g``otor gro tk bo usoh tk hotor`ilo tmo pkwor hissipgtoh il g rosistkr. Bktm ilstru`olts gro fugrgltooh tk bo gddurgto witmil
·
2% gt aucc-sdgco hoacodtikl. Ia tmo vkct`otor roghs 2>>Q kl its 4>>Q rglfo glh tmo g``otor roghs =>`G kl its 7>>`G rglfo. Hotor`ilo tmo pkwor gdrkss tmo rosistkr glh its ci`itilf orrkr.
 
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