BS 5400 is a British standard that covers the design and construction of continuous composite bridges. It comprises several parts that address different aspects of bridge design. The standard is based on the principles of limit state design and specifies loads, materials, workmanship, and codes of practice for steel, concrete, and composite bridge design. It provides requirements for structural adequacy where design resistance must be greater than or equal to design load effects when factors are applied.
BS 5400 is a British standard that covers the design and construction of continuous composite bridges. It comprises several parts that address different aspects of bridge design. The standard is based on the principles of limit state design and specifies loads, materials, workmanship, and codes of practice for steel, concrete, and composite bridge design. It provides requirements for structural adequacy where design resistance must be greater than or equal to design load effects when factors are applied.
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how to improove in design based on different standard
BS 5400 is a British standard that covers the design and construction of continuous composite bridges. It comprises several parts that address different aspects of bridge design. The standard is based on the principles of limit state design and specifies loads, materials, workmanship, and codes of practice for steel, concrete, and composite bridge design. It provides requirements for structural adequacy where design resistance must be greater than or equal to design load effects when factors are applied.
BS 5400 is a British standard that covers the design and construction of continuous composite bridges. It comprises several parts that address different aspects of bridge design. The standard is based on the principles of limit state design and specifies loads, materials, workmanship, and codes of practice for steel, concrete, and composite bridge design. It provides requirements for structural adequacy where design resistance must be greater than or equal to design load effects when factors are applied.
The design and construction of continuous composite bridges is covered by British Standard
BS 5400: Steel, concrete and composite bridges [5] . The document combines codes of practice to cover the design and construction of bridges and specifications for the loads, materials and workmanship. It is based on the principles of limit state design. It comprises the following Parts:
2 DESIGN CODES
2.1 BS 5400
The design and construction of continuous composite bridges is covered by British Standard
BS 5400: Steel, concrete and composite bridges [5] . The document combines codes of practice to cover the design and construction of bridges and specifications for the loads, materials and workmanship. It is based on the principles of limit state design. It comprises the following Parts:
Part 1 General statement
Part 2 Specification for loads
Part 3 Code of practice for design of steel bridges
Part 4 Code of practice for design of concrete
bridges Part 5 Code of practice for design of composite bridges Part 6 Specification for materials and workmanship, steel Part 7 Specification for materials and workmanship, concrete, reinforcement and prestressing tendons
Part 8 Recommendations for materials and workmanship, concrete, reinforcement and
prestressing tendons
Part 9 Bridge bearings
Part Code of practice for fatigue 10
The general principles of the limit state design approach are given in Part 1. Part 1 states that two limit states are adopted in BS 5400, the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS). The criterion for structural adequacy is expressed as: R*≥S* i.e. the design resistance R* (based on nominal strength divided by partial factors) shall be at least equal to the design load effects S* (based on nominal loads multiplied by other partial factors)—see Clauses 1/2.3 and 1/5. Part 2 specifies loads that are to be taken into account in the design. Parts 3, 4, 5 and 10 are Codes, which are manuals of good practice for the design of bridges. Implicit in the Codes is the assumption that workmanship and materials will be in accordance with the Specifications of Parts 6 and 7. These two Parts are written in a form suitable for incorporation in contract documents. In particular, Part 6 provides a comprehensive specification for the various forms of steel (plates, sections, bolts, welds, etc.) and the quality of workmanship employed in fabrication and erection. In Part 3 (as amended in 2000), reference is made to a number of product standards for the steel material, the most commonly recognised of which is BS EN 10025. Part 6 makes reference to thes testing, etc. Seeefurther and other supporting comment standards in Section 2.6. for materials, workmanship, inspection and
2.2 Interrelation of Parts 3, 4 and 5 of BS 5400
Part 5 of BS 5400 deals with the design of composite bridges, but provides detailed requirements only for the interaction between steel and composite elements. Design of the separate elements is referred to Parts 3 and 4 of the Standard. A particular point to note when using Parts 3, 4 and 5 is the different way in which the partial factor γf3 is applied. In Part 3 (steel bridges) the calculated strengths are divided by this factor for comparison with the load effects, whereas in Part 4 (concrete bridges) the strengths are compared against the load effects multiplied by the factor. Care must therefore be taken when applying γ f3 It is suggested that γf3 is consistently applied on the strength side for all elements of composite structures, both steel and concrete; this approach has been
adopted for the Worked examples[1].
Attention is also drawn to the differ ent treatments of the partial f actor γ m. Part 3 gives values for γm that are to be applied in various circumstances to expressions for design strengths (resistances); the facto r is explicitly included. In Part 4, γ m is often implicitly included in expressions for design strength (such as ULS moment resistance of a slab).
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