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A PETROGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS FROM CILETUH

COMPLEX, IN WEST JAVA AND THEIR RELATED METAMORPHISM IN
CENTRAL INDONESIA REGION

Anton Prasetyo1*, Jordan Romora S.1, Yeftamikha1, Fransiskus L. B.1,

Nugroho Imam S.1
1
Departemen Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No.2, Bulaksumur,
Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, Telp. 0274-513688
*Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Ciletuh Complex is considered to be one among other localities (Luk Ulo, Bantimala, Meratus
Complexes) in Indonesia in which Cretaceous subduction fossil was occurred. The objective of this study
is determining the variation of metamorphic rocks in Ciletuh Complex by petrographical analysis
through their texture and mineral assemblages.
Metamorphic rocks in Ciletuh Complex were collected in Gunung Badak and Tegal Pamidangan areas.
Based on petrographical analysis, metamorphic rocks in Gunung Badak area consist of Grt-Ms-Qz
schist, Ms phyllite, quartzite and serpentinite. Meanwhile in Tegal Pamidangan area, consist of Ms-Qz
phyllite and slate. The metamorphic rocks indicate low-grade metamorphism in the greenschist-facies.
The protolith of metamorphic rocks are suggested from pelitic, ultramafic, and quartz-rich rocks.
Present study did not recognize the blueschist or eclogites-facies rocks which indicates high-pressure
and low-temperature metamorphism in the subduction system. The present of serpentinite among the
low-grade metamorphic rocks indicates that metamorphic environment still correlate with oceanic crust
environment or mantle. Low-grade metamorphic rocks might be developed on the near surface of the
subduction system.

Keywords : petrography analysis, mineral assemblages, metamorphic facies, protolith

I. INTRODUCTION relationship between Ciletuh Complex with

other complexes: Jiwo Hills and Luk-Ulo
Ciletuh is one of three regions in Java Island Complex, Central Java.
that consists of Pre-Tertiary rock. The other
two is Jiwo Hills/Bayat and Luk Ulo, Central II. REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Java. The rock was formed by a subduction
of oceanic plate during Jurassic to Late There are three complexes of Pre-Tertiary
Cretaceous (Satyana, 2014). rocks in Ciletuh: Gunung Badak, Cikepuh-
Citisuk, and Citireum. As mentioned before,
Ciletuh Complex itself is a mélange that this paper only focused on Gunung Badak
consists of ophiolite, sedimentary, and and Cikepuh Complex. Gunung Badak
metamorphic rocks. The ophiolite is consists consists of peridotite, pillowed basalt, gabbro,
of peridotite, gabro, and basalts; the phyllite, schist, amphibolite, serpentinite,
sedimentary rocks consists of chert, black graywacke, limestone, and shale (Rosana et
shale, graywacke, and limestone; and al., 2006; Satyana, 2014). The subduction
metamorphic rocks consists of serpentinite, from the southern part has made the
schist, and phyllite (Rosana et al., 2006; basement rock revealed, became a mélange,
Satyana, 2014). This paper explains the and formed an amphitheatre. Gunung Badak
occurence of metamorphic rocks in Gunung complex also has been influenced by strike
Badak and Cikepuh Complex, Ciletuh, West slip fault that happened after the deposition of
Java, with a detailed petrographical mélange.
observation. Furthermore, those results are
combined with previous research to know the
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Cikepuh-Citisuk Complex consist of Recent Based on this research, in Gunung Badak area
to Pre-Tertiary rocks. Pre-Tertiary consist of the metamorphic rocks consist of Grt-Ms-Qz
metamorphic, ultrabasic, and basic rocks schist, Ms phyllite, quartzite, and serpentinite.
such as basaltic lava, gabbro, peridotite, and Dark grey well foliated phyllites are noticed
schist outcropped in Gunung Beas, Pasir on Gunung Badak.
Luhur and along the flow of Citisuk, Cikopo,
and Cikepuh River. Quartz sandstone unit in IV.1 Grt-Ms-Qz schist
this complex is part of Ciletuh Formation Grt-Ms-Qz schist petrographically consists of
aged Eocene. Limestone boulders quartz (40-45%), phengite (30-35%), garnet
considerably can be found in this unit, that (10-15%), hematite (5-10%), minor opaque
consist fossil from the group of Discocyclina minerals, and tourmaline. Based on this
sp., Nummulites sp., and Asterocyclina sp.. mineral assemblage, Grt-Ms-Qz Schist in
Geological structure in Cikepuh-Citisuk Ciletuh are derived from the pelitic rocks
Complex can be seen from the contact of within greenschist facies.
ophiolite and melange also sedimentary rock
of Ciletuh Formation. Generally, geological IV.2 Ms phyllite
structures that can be found are strike-slip
Ms phyllite petrographically consist of quartz
fault with NW-SE orientation, reverse fault
(40-45%), muscovite (40-45%), and minor
with NE-SW orientation, and anticline and
opaque minerals.
syncline that has almost the same orientation
with reverse fault (Rosana et al., 2006). IV.3 Serpentinite
III. METHODS Serpentinite consists of serpentine (65-70%),
clinopyroxene (25-30%), and minor spinel
The works include field sampling in Ciletuh mineral. Based on this mineral assemblage,
Complex, thin section petrography serpentinite are derived from mafic-
observation, and integration with many
ultramafic rocks.
published paper in central Indonesia region
which is related with Ciletuh metamorphism. Presence of Grt-Ms-Qz schist in this area is a
Petrographical works include determining the new discovery, whereas previous publication
variation of metamorphic rock through their simply explained that metamorphic facies
texture and mineral assemblages. Field only up to phyllitic. Hand specimen of this
studies were conducted by authors of this schist is like glaucophane schist which is
paper in several field session to Ciletuh, Luk have dark blue colour mineral with clear
Ulo, and Bayat for comparised their foliation, but from thin section observation
metamorphism. glaucophane does not appear. Present study
of Gunung Badak area recognized that this
The result of this work and field studies are area was developed on the near surface of the
synthesized to result in new metamorphism subduction system by greenschist facies. This
concept: metamorphism for subduction hypothesis supported by present of
system concept and metamorphism
serpentinite that metamorphic environment
environment for Ciletuh Complex in central still correlates with oceanic crust
Indonesia region and their related field such
environment from Xeno Tethys (Satyana,
as Bayat and Luk Ulo. 2014).
IV. RESULTS Approximately 3.5 kilometers to the
In this paper, authors just make observation Southwest (central area of Ciletuh Complex),
in Gunung Badak and its surrounding area in in the Tegal Pamidangan area, metamorphic
the north, Tegal Pamidangan-Gunung Beas outcrops area composed of Ms-Qz phyllite
area. Suhaeli et al. (1977) explained the and slate.
metamorphic rocks consist of serpentinite, IV.4. Ms-Qz phyllite
phyllite, and blue/glaucophane schist in
Ciletuh Complex. Ms-Qz phyllite petrographically consists of
quartz (50-60%) and muscovite (40-50%).

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IV. 5 Slate investigations and studies for the Jiwo Hill

were conducted by Setiawan et al. (2013).
Slate are consists of microcrystalline quartz
and microcrystalline muscovite in fine grain Pre-Tertiary rock complex of the Jiwo Hill,
size. Both of them, are derived from pelitic or Bayat area is mainly composed of similar
quartz rich sedimentary rocks. metamorphic rocks with Ciletuh Complex:
phyllite, schist, serpentinite, and glaucophane
Suhaeli et al. (1977) recognized that Citisuk- schist. Recent absolute dating was conducted
Pasir Luhur area consist of blue/ glaucophane. on this pre-Tertiary basement, on two mica
They are seen to be well foliated and schist samples and resulted in 98.05±2.10 Ma
greenish-grey in color. Under the microscope and 98.54±1.45 Ma (mid-Cretaceous/
it can be seen that almost all of the minerals Cenomanian - Prasetyadi, 2007).
are dominated by mica, plagioclase, and also
glaucophane. But, authors cannot find Setiawan et al. (2013) explain that phyllite so
blue/glaucophane schist in this area. dominantly in Jiwo Hills metamorphic area
with quartz and calcite veins fill the phyllitic
Parkinson et al. (1998) reported that quartzite foliations. Microscopically, quartz mineral
contain glaucophane, also the existence of predominates the rock (60-70%), followed by
epidote amphibolite and crossite-epidote chlorite and sericite (20-25%), opaque
metamafic rock. Eclogite has not been mineral and epidote (5%). This composition
reported from Ciletuh Complex. indicates the protolith may be derived from
The metamorphic rocks indicates low-grade pelitic rocks. Jiwo Hills phyllite’s has
metamorphism in the greenschist-facies. The similiarity with phyllite in Ciletuh Complex,
protolith of metamorphic rocks are suggested that had protolith from pelitic rocks. But
from pelitic, ultramafic, and quartz-rich rocks. difference with Jiwo Hills, phyllitic foliations
Present study did not recognize the blueschist in Ciletuh Complex is not truncated with
or eclogites-facies rocks which indicates quartz and calcite veins.
high-pressure and low-temperature Schists petrographically consists of quartz
metamorphism in the subduction system. The (40-50%), calcite (15-20 %), orthoclase (10-
present of serpentinite among the low-grade 15%), muscovite (10-15%), minor opaque
metamorphic rocks indicates that minerals, and epidote (Setiawan et al. 2013).
metamorphic environment still correlate with Slightly different with Jiwo Hills, Ciletuh
oceanic crust environment or mantle. Low- Complex consist of dominantly quartz and
grade metamorphic rocks might be developed muscovite with minor tourmaline mineral.
on the near surface of the subduction system. Based on this mineral assemblage, Grt-Ms-
In the area of Gunung Badak and around the Qz Schist in Ciletuh are derived from the
Citisuk area (central of Ciletuh Complex), pelitic rocks within greenschist facies.
ophiolite rocks are mixed with metamorphic Different from Ciletuh Complex, Setiawan et
rocks and sedimentary rocks of different al. (2013) show that Jiwo Hills contain of
environments. The stratigraphy of the areas blueschist-facies. It suggests that Jiwo Hills
was very difficult to ascertain. These is one of the high-pressure metamorphic
difficulties are mainly the result of the terranes in Indonesia region together with
disruption of lateral continuity. No continual Luk-Ulo Complex of Central Java, Bantimala
distribution of these rocks were visible. These Complex of South Sulawesi, and Meratus
strongly suggest that the complex of the rocks Complex of South Kalimantan. That
in Ciletuh area is a mélange complex. glaucophane schist was exhume with
V. DISCUSSION serpentinite from deeply subducted levels to
the base of the crust by serpentinite’s extreme
Jiwo Hills, Bayat District is located over 530 buoyancy. However, highest metamorphic
km to the east of Ciletuh Complex and 80 km facies in Ciletuh Complex based on this
of Luk Ulo Complex. The first geological research is only up to greenschist facies.
publication in Jiwo Hill was conducted by
Bothé (1929). Latest geological Other differences with Luk Ulo and Jiwo
Hills Complex, mélange deposit, ophiolite,
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and oceanic plate stratigraphy (e.g. chert, the Sundaland during Cretaceous (Setiawan
pillow lava), which found in the Luk Ulo et al. 2013).
Complex and Ciletuh Complex, were not
observed in the Jiwo Hills. VI. CONCLUSIONS

Ciletuh Complex does not have detailed 1. The metamorphic rocks in Ciletuh
chemistry analysis eg. ACF diagram. Complex is from low-grade
Warmada (2008;unpublished data in metamorphism in the greenschist-facies,
Setiawan et al. 2013) explained that bulk with the protolith from pelitic, ultramafic,
chemistry analyzed of several metamorphic and quartz-rich rocks. This study did not
rocks in the Jiwo Hills by ACF diagram, recognize the blueschist or eclogite facies.
shows that the protolith were derived from 2. All metamorphic complexes in Java
sedimentary rocks without any basic igneous Island (Ciletuh, Luk Ulo, and Bayat) are
rock signature. This is different from those in believed from the same subduction
the Bantimala, Luk Ulo, and Meratus process.
Complexes, which have protolith of MORB,
OIB, and arc signatures more than VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
sedimentary rocks.
We would like to thank to Optical Geology
Sedimentary rocks are much more developed Laboratory of Geological Engineering
in the continental crust. Recent hypothesis, it Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada for
might have possibility that Jiwo Hills was a providing us facilities for doing petrography
part of Southeast Java Microcontinent analysis.
(Satyana, 2014) and had subducted beneath

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tectonic synthesis of the pre-Tertiary very-high-pressure metamorphic and associated rocks of
Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia”, The Island Arc, Vol. 7, pp. 184–200.
Prasetyadi, C. 2007. “Evolusi tektonik Paleogen Jawa bagian Timur”, Doctoral thesis, Bandung Institute
of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.
Rosana, M.F., Mardiana, U., Syafri, I. 2006. Geologi kawasan Ciletuh, Sukabumi: karakteristik,
keunikan dan implikasinya. Lokakarya Penelitian Unggulan dan Pengembangan Program
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Satyana, A.H. 2012. Accretion and dispersion of Southeastern Sundaland: the growing and silvering of
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Satyana, A. H. 2014. New consideration on the Cretaceous subduction zone of Ciletuh-Luk Ulo-Bayat-
Meratus: implication for Southeast Sundaland petroleum geology. Proceedings Indonesian
Petroleum Association Thirty Eighth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2014.
Setiawan, N.I., Osanai, Y., Nakano, N., Adachi, T., Yonemura, K., Yoshimoto, A., Wahyudiono, J.,
Mamma, K. 2013. An overview of metamorphic geology from Central Indonesia: importance of
South Sulawesi, Central Java and South-West Kalimantan metamorphic terranes. Bulletin of
the Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Vol. 19 (2013), pp.39-
55.
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Sikumbang, N. and Heryanto, R. 2009. Geological map of the Banjarmasin Quadrangle, Kalimantan,
Scale 1: 250.000, Geological Research and Development Centre, Indonesia.
Suhaeli, E.T., Said, E.L., Siswoyo, and Priyomarsono, S., 1977. The status of the melange complex in
the Ciletuh area, South West Java, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 6th Annual
Convention, Jakarta, 241-254.
Wakita, K. 2000. Cretaceous accretionary-collision complexes in Central Indonesia. Journal of Asian
Earth Sciences 18 (2000), pp. 739-749.
Wakita K., Miyazaki, K., Zulkarnain, I., Sopaheluwakan, J., and Sanyoto, P. 1998. “Tectonic
implications of new age data for the Meratus Complex of south Kalimantan, Indonesia”, The
Island Arc, Vol. 7, 202–222.
Wakita, K., Munasri, Sopaheluwakan, J., Zulkarnain, I., and Miyazaki, K. 1994. “Early Cretaceous
tectonic events implied in the time-lag between the age of radiolarian chert and its metamorphic
basement in the Bantimala area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia”, The Island Arc, Vol. 3, pp. 90–
102
Wakita, K., Sopaheluwakan, J., Miyazaki, K., Zulkarnain, I., and Munasri. 1996. “Tectonic evolution
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Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia, Geological Society of London Special Publication, Vol.
106, pp. 353-364.

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TABLE

Table 1. Summary of metamorphic rock types in high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central

Indonesia region.

Rock Types
Complexes and metamorphic Mafic / Ultramafic / Age (Ma)
grades Pelitic / Felsic rocks Intermediate Calc-silicate
rocks rock
Ciletuh Complex Grt-Ms-Qtz schist Serpentinite
Greenschist, serpentinite Ms phyllite ?
Ms-Qtz phyllite
Luk Ulo Complex Ep-Gln schist Eclogite Serpentinite
110-124
Eclogite, blueschist, Grt-Ms schist Grt-Gln schist (Miyazaki et al.,
amphibolite, serpentinite
Ms schist Grt amphibolite 1998; Parkinson
(Miyazaki et al. 1998;
Amphibolite et al., 1998).
Setiawan, 2013)
Jiwo Hill Phyllite Ep-Gln schist Serpentinite
Blueschist, greenschist, Calc-silicate 98 (Prasetyadi,
serpentinite schist 2007)
(Setiawan, 2013)
Meratus Complex Grt-bg-Ep-Brs Serpentinite
Blueschist-amphibolite (high- schist 110-119
P), greenschist, serpentinite Ep-Brs schist (Wakita, 1998;
(Setiawan, 2013) Ep-Gln-Qtz schist Sikumbang and
Heryanto (2009)
Ms schist
Bantimala Complex Grt-Gln-Qtz schist Eclogite Serpentinite 113-137
Eclogite, blueschist, Ep-Gln-Qtz schist Grt-Gln schist (Wakita et al.,
greenschist, serpentinite 1994, 1996;
Grt-Jd-Qtz rock Ep-Gln schist
(Miyazaki et al. 1996; Parkinson et al.,
Setiawan, 2013) 1998)
Barru Complex Grt-Bt-Ms schist Serpentinite 106 ± 5
Amphibolite, greenschist (Wakita et al.,
(Setiawan, 2013) 1994).

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Table 2. Collected Metamorphic rock samples from Ciletuh Complex, West Java and their mineral assemblages.

Metamorphic Major Mineral Minor Mineral

No Sample ID Rock types Remark
grade Grt Qtz Ph Ms Act Cpx Srp Hem Tur Spl
1 CLT/12/15/5 Serpentinite Serpentinite - - - - - - - ±
2 CLT/12/15/6 Ms schist Greenschist - - - - - - ± - weathered
Grt-Ms-Qtz
3 CLT/12/15/8
schist
Greenschist - - - - ± - -
4 CLT/1/16/D1 Ms-Qtz phyllite Greenschist - - - - - - - -
5 CLT/1/16/E Grt-Ph-Qtz schist Greenschist - - - - - ± -
6 CLT/1/16/F Serpentinite Serpentinite - - - - - - - -
8 CLT/1/16/L1 Slate Zeolite - - - - - - - -
9 CLT/1/16/L3 Ms phyllite Greenschist - - - - - - - -
11 CLT/1/16/M Qtz phyllite Greenschist - - - - - - - - weathered

Abundant (81-100%), Rich (51-80%), Moderate (11-50%), Poor – absent (≤10%), ± Occur only in some samples

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FIGURE

Figure 1. Geographical and situated map of Java, Indonesia with the distribution of high-pressure
metamorphic rocks.

a
Figure 2. Explanation on the next page

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b
Figure 2. Simplified geological map with sampling points at Ciletuh Complex. (a) Gunung Badak area
and (b) Tegal Pamedangan-Citisuk-Cikepuh area (after Suhaeli et al. 1977).

Figure 3. Outcrops and boulder of metamorphic rocks from Ciletuh Complex. (a) Serpentinite indicates
that the metamorphic environment still correlates with oceanic crust environment or mantle.
(b) Grt-Ms-Qtz schist hand specimen looks like glaucophane schist but from thin section
observation glaucophane does not appear (c) Quartzite in Gunung Badak area.

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Figure 4. The scale bar without expression indicates 0.5 mm. Photomicrographs of metamorphic rocks
from Ciletuh Complex. (a) Garnet-Muscovite-Quartz schist has main compositions of
muscovite, quartz, and garnet with minor hematite-tourmaline. (b) Ms-Qtz phyllite with
quartz and muscovite grains. (c) Serpentinite with mainly consist serpentine, clinopyroxene,
and minor spinel grains. (d) Slate has main composition of microcrystalline quartz and
muscovite in fine grain texture. (e) Phyllite with dominantly muscovite composition. (f)
Garnet-Muscovite-Quartz schist has main composition of muscovite, quartz and actinolite
with minor garnet grains.

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