CL142 ES PPT 1 - Introduction
CL142 ES PPT 1 - Introduction
CL142 ES PPT 1 - Introduction
02
Practical 100 - 100
OUTLINE OF THE COURSE
2 Environmental Pollution 12 33 % 23
4 Natural Resources 03 10 % 08
TEXTBOOKS AND REFERENCES
Text Books:
Basics of Environmental Studies by B.R. Shah and
Snehal Popli
Varandani, N.S., Basics of Environmental Studies
Reference Books:
Shah Shefali & Goyal Rupali, Basics of
Environmental Studies
Agrawal, K.C., Environmental Pollution : Causes,
Effects & Control
Dameja, S. K., Environmental Engineering &
Management
DETAILED SYLLABUS
1 Introduction 05 Hours 24%
1.1 Basic definitions
1.2 Objectives and guiding principles of environmental studies
1.3 Components of environment
1.4 Structures of atmosphere
1.5 Man-Environment relationship
1.6 Impact of technology on the environment
August - Noise Pollution: Sources and Effects, Ill effects of fireworks, Global
28 - 1 Environmental Problems
September
2) Hydrosphere
3) Lithosphere
4) Biosphere
COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
ATMOSPHERE
Mixture of various gases, water vapors and
subatomic particles that entirely cover the
earth extending several thousand kilometers
Major gases Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%),
Argon (0.9-1.0%), and carbon dioxide(0.032%)
Minor Gases Neon, Helium, Methane,
Hydrogen, Carbon monoxide, ozone etc.
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere/
Ionosphere
Magnetosphere/
Exosphere
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere
Lowest portion of the
atmosphere
Thickness
8 Km (pole)
16 km(equator)
Average 10-11 km
Temperature
Air near the ground is
heated by radiation from
earth
But decreases with
altitude
decrease at a rate of 5-7 0 C/
Km (lapse rate)
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Stratosphere
Stable layer above stratosphere
Thickness
50 to 55 km above the
surface
Temperature
Up to 20 km remains
constant
Then increases with
increase in height
Known for the presence of
Ozone (around 20 Km from
ground)
Protect from harmful
ultraviolet radiations
Layer separating stratosphere
from mesosphere called
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Mesosphere
Thickness
Above stratosphere
and extends up to 80
km
Temperature
Decreases with
altitude
Importance
Sound waves and
short radio waves
coming from earth
are reflected back
from this layer
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Thermosphere
Thickness
Extends up to 500 km
Temperature
Increases with altitude
Also known as ionosphere
Ionization of elements
like oxygen and nitric
oxide take place in the
uppermost portion
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Exosphere
Thickness
Extends up to 2000 km
Temperature
Increases with altitude
Very high temperate
(>12000C)
Almost airless and empty
Probably contains Hydrogen
gas in ionized stage
HYDROSPHERE
All type of water resources, namely-
ocean, sea, rivers, lakes, ponds,
reservoirs, polar ice cap, glaciers,
ground water and water vapor are
collectively known as hydrosphere.
About 70% of earth surface is
covered with water (1.4 billion km 3)