Chemistry Cheat Sheet (2010RR)
Chemistry Cheat Sheet (2010RR)
Chemistry Cheat Sheet (2010RR)
2010 Re‐release (seriously, I’ve forgotten everything in this document) || J. Teoh RI4K’10
Graham’s Law
1
rate of diffusion of gas ∝
M r of gas
rate of diffusion of gas A M r of gas B
=
rate of diffusion of gas B M r of gas A
pH
pH = − log[H + ]
pH = − log( percentage dissociation × molarity )
Salt Preparation
Anion (‐) Cation (+)
Method Product Byproduct
Contributor Contributor
acid + alkali Æ soluble salt + water
Titration
(aq) (aq) (aq) H2O (l)
acid + base Æ soluble salt + excess base
Excess Base
(aq) (s) (aq) (s)
solution + solution Æ insoluble salt + solution
Precipitation
(aq) (aq) (s) (aq)
sodium soluble insoluble sodium salt
+ Æ +
Soluble salt carbonate compound carbonate solution
from soluble Na2CO3 (aq) XY (aq) XCO3 (s) NaY (aq)
compound
[Na2CO3, insoluble carbon dioxide
acid + Æ soluble salt +
Acid] carbonate + water
HZ (aq) XCO3 (s) XZ (aq) CO2 (g), H2O (l)
soluble acid reaction
nitric acid + base Æ +
nitrate byproduct
Insoluble salt CO2 (g), H2O (l)
HNO3 (aq) XY (s) XNO3 (aq)
from base or H2 (g)
[HNO3,
Precipitate] sodium salt soluble
+ Æ insoluble salt + sodium nitrate
solution nitrate
NaZ (aq) XNO3 (aq) XZ (aq) NaNO3 (aq)
Qualitative Analysis
Test for Anions in Solution (except for CO32‐)
• For all tests, acidify the sample by adding HNO3 first in order to remove any CO32‐,
UNLESS the anion to be tested for is NO3‐ (adding HNO3 invalidates the test by
introducing NO3‐ anions).
Anion Reagents to add for Test Result
2‐
CO3 HNO3 Effervescence of CO2
‐
Cl AgNO3 White ppt AgCl
‐
I Pb(NO3)2 Yellow ppt PbI2
‐
NO3 NaOH (aq), Al (s), heat Gas evolved: NH3
2‐
SO4 Ba(NO3)2 White ppt BaSO4
Test for Cations in Solution
• To distinguish between Al3+ and Pb2+, KI should be added. Al3+ cations form AlI3
which dissolves; yielding no ppt. Pb2+ ions form yellow ppt PbI2.
• Ppts marked with (soluble) dissolve when corresponding excess base is added.
• Solutions are colourless save for Cu2+ + NH3 (aq) (a dark blue solution).
Cation NaOH (aq) NH3 (aq)
+
NH4 Gas evolved: NH3
2+
Cu Light blue ppt (insoluble) Light blue ppt (soluble, dark blue)
2+
Fe Dirty green ppt (insoluble)
Fe3+ Reddish brown ppt (insoluble)
Zn2+ White ppt (soluble)
Ca2+ White ppt (insoluble) No ppt
2+
Pb White ppt (soluble) White ppt (insoluble)
3+
Al White ppt (soluble) White ppt (insoluble)
Test for Gases
Gas Test and Results
NH3 Turns damp red litmus paper blue
CO2 Forms white ppt when bubbled into limewater
Cl2 Bleaches damp litmus paper
H 2 Pops with lighted splint
O2 Relights glowing split
SO2 Turns K2Cr2O7 (aq) green
Titration
Acid‐Alkali Range of Sharp Rise (pH) Indicator and pH of colour change
Strong‐Strong 4‐11 Methyl Orange (5) / Phenolphthalein (9)
Weak‐Strong 6‐11 Phenolphthalein (9)
Strong‐Weak 4‐8 Methyl Orange (5)
Solubility Rules
Soluble Insoluble
Chlorides Carbonates
Sulphates Hydroxides
Nitrates Oxides
Group I salts PbCl2 PbSO4
Ammonium salts AgCl CaSO4
BaSO4
Flame Test
Cation Colour of flame
K+ lilac
Na+ yellow‐orange
Ba2+ apple green
Cu2+ green
Sr2+ or Li+ crimson
Ca2+ brick red
Pb2+ blue
Salt Hydrolysis
Salt Cation Anion Hydrolysed Ion pH
SB‐SA SB SA ‐ Neutral
SB‐WA SB WA Anion Alkaline
WB‐SA WB SA Cation Acidic
WB‐WA WB WA Anion & Cation Varies
Acid and Base Reactions
Reactants Products
Acid + Base Salt + H2O (l)
Acid + Carbonate Salt + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Acid + Reactive Metal Salt + H2 (g)
Acid + Sulfite salt Salt + H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
Base + Ammonium salt Salt + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
Alkali + Aqueous Salt (some) Salt + Hydroxide ppt (s)
Reactivity Series
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au
Å Increasing Reactivity Å