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Core Python By Vikash Sarraf

Chegg Expert Q&A
India

‘Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day.Teach a man to fish and to feed him for a lifetime.’

1. Python Introduction
Introduction
Brief introduction of Python
Application areas of Python
Features of Python
Limitation of Python
Version of Python
Installing of Python
Setup path
Structure of Python Program
Working with Python
 Basics Of Programming
2. Identifiers
Introduction
Rules for defining identifiers

3. Reserve words/Keywords
Introduction
uses

4. Variable
Global Variable
Local Variable

5. Data Types:
int
float
complex
bool
str
base conversion
type casting
bytes
bytearray
list
tuple (range())
set
dict

6. Operators:
Arithmatic
Relational
Eqaulity
 Logical
Bitwise:
Assignment
Special
identity
membership

7. Input and Output:

Take input from end user (int(), float()
Printing on screen
Reading data from keyboard

8. Control Flow:
Conditional Statements:
If
If- else
Nested if-else
Iterative Statements:
For
While
Nesting
Transfer Statements:
Break
Continue
Pass

9. String Handling
Accessing Strings
indexing
slice operator
String slices
Basic Operations
Function and Methods
10. Lists
Introduction
creation of list
Accessing list
Operations
Working with lists
Function and Methods
List Comprehension
Nested List

11. Tuple
Introduction
Accessing tuples
Operations
Working
Functions and Methods

12. Dictionaries
Introduction
Accessing values in dictionaries
Working with dictionaries
Properties
Functions

13. Set
Introduction
Accessing set
Operations
Working
Functions and Methods
13. Functions
Defining a function
Calling a function
Types of functions
Function Arguments
Anonymous functions
Recursion function
Global and local variables
filter()
reduce()
map()
 Introduction (I)
Computer
Any Calculating device is called Computer.
Definition - What does Computer mean?

A computer is a machine or device that performs processes,

calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a
software or hardware program. It is designed to execute
applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining
integrated hardware and software components.

Full Form

C= Common
O= Oriented
M= Machine
P= Particularly
U= United and used under
T= Technical and
E= Educational
R= Research
 Brain Vs. Computer

Speed
Accuracy
Processing
Size and Complexity
Storage
Control Mechanism
Automation
Versatile
Diligency
Reliability

Software
Collection of programs is called Software.
Program
Collection of instructions is called pragram.

Programing
Solving the problem step by step is called is called Programming.

Algorithm
An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a procedure or
formula for solving a problem, based on conductiong a sequence
of specified actions. A computer program can be viewed as an
elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an
algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent
problem.
Flow Chart
A flowchart is a formalized graphic representation of a logic
sequence, work or manufacturing process, organization chart, or
similar formalized structure. The purpose of a flow chart is to
provide people with a common language or reference point when
dealing with a project or process.
Programming Languages
There are two types of programming language.
1. Low level language (L.L.L)
2. High level language (H.L.L)
Translators
There are three types of translators
1. Assembler
2. Interpreter
3. Compiler

Assembler

It Converts the program writen in Assembly language to Low Level

Language.

Interpreter

It converts the program written in High Level Language into Low Level
Language line by line if any error in any line then Execution process will
terminate.
Compiler

It converts the program written in High Level Language into Low Level
Language at one go. If there is any syntax error in program ,program won’t
be execute.
 Python

Father Of Python
Introduction
Python is a general purpose, high level,dynamically typed
programming language. It is developed by Guido Van Rossum in
1989 at NRI(National Research Institute) in Netherlands but
Python was available in 1991.

Comparision

C
/* print hello world */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Hello world ")
}
/* Output=Hello world */
Java
public class HelloWorld{

public static void main(String []args){

System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

Python
print('Hello world')
# Output
Hello world

Addition of two numbers

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
printf("Enter two numbers to add\n");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
c = a + b;
printf("Sum of the numbers = %d\n", c);
return 0;
}

Python

a,b=[int (x) for x in input("Enter number:").split()]

print("The sum:",a+b)
Java

import java.util.Scanner;

class AddNumbers
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x, y, z;

System.out.println("Enter two integers to calculate their

sum");
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

x = in.nextInt();
y = in.nextInt();
z = x + y;

System.out.println("Sum of the integers = " + z);

}
}

Why Guido Sir named own Language

"PYTHON"
At the time when he began implementing Python, Guido van
Rossum was also reading the published scripts from "Monty
Python's Flying Circus" (a BBC comedy series from the seventies,
in the unlikely case you didn't know). It occurred to him that he
needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious, so
he decided to call the language Python.
Python borrow various features from
different languages
Functional programming (C language)
Object Oriented programming ( C++ )
Modular (Modula 3)
Scripting (Perl & Shell)

“There are many languages but there are approx 256 programming
languages known in the world.”
https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/programming-languages-
definition/#instances

Applications Area’s of python

we can use python in various fields. Some Application areas of
python are given below
1. Desktop appication/Standalone application
2. Web appication
3. Scrapping
4. Games
5. Scientific application
6. Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)
7. Machine Learning (M.L)
8. Data Science
9. IoT (Internet of Things)
10. Database
11. Socket Programming
Note:
Google,Youtube, Quora,Yahoo, Nasa ,IBM, Mozila foundation
,Insta organizations used python

Features of Python
1. Simple
2. Easy to learn
3. Functional programming
4. Object Oriented programming ( C++ )
5. Open source
6. Free ware
7. Dynamically typed language
8. Interpreted language
9. Extensiblle
10.Plateform independent
Limitations of python:
Performance is low incomparison with C and C++

Python Version
1.X ( 1994)
2.X ( 2000)
3.X ( 2008)

Current Version of Python is 3.7.1 (20-Oct-2018)

Python 2.X Vs. Python 3.X

 Basics Of Programming

Identifiers ( II )
A name in program which, can be used for identification purpose is called an
Identifier.
It can be function name, variable name, method name, class name, module
name.

i.e. addition=20
def shoaib():
a,b=10,20
print("Learning Python is Very Easy")
# here 'addition, shoaib, a, b and print() 'are identifiers

Rules to define identifier in Python

1. Identifiers can be combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits or
an underscore (_)sign so We can’t use special any symbols like !,#,@,%,$ etc
in our Identifier.
2.An Identifier can not start with digit
3.We can't use reserve words as identifier.
4.Identifier can be of any length
5.Python is case sensitive so
var1 & Var both are two different identifier (variable)

i.e. var ------ valid

var123 ------ valid
Var121 ------ valid
var_123 ------ valid
_Var245 ------ valid
2121Var245 ------ invalid
if=20 invalid
_Var&45 ------ invalid
_Var$45 ------ invalid
 (III) Reserve words
Reserve words
Reserve words are also called keywords. It is predifne word which is used for
do specific task in program.
Python has 33 Reserve words
All keywords in python are in lower case

False class finally is return

None continue for lambda try
True def from nonlocal while
and del global not with
as elif if or yield
assertelse import pass
break except in raise

Except following 3
True, False, None

# WAP to view keyword in Python 3.X

from keyword import kwlist

print(kwlist)
# Output
 (IV) Data Types
Dynmically typed
A lot of people define static typing and dynamic typing with respect to the point
at which the variable types are checked. Using this analogy, static typed
languages are those in which type checking is done at compile-time, whereas
dynamic typed languages are those in which type checking is done at run-time.

1. int
2. float
3. complex
4. bool
5. str
6. bytes
7. bytearray
8. list
9. tuple
10 set
11. dict

range() function

int data type

It is used to represent integer value.
we can assign integral literal in four ways

1. integral value
ie. a=500
type(a)
 O/p--- <class 'int'>

2. in binary (allowed value 0 and 1)

we can specify binary literal with 0B/0b
i.e. a =0b11101 (valid)
c=0b11121 (invalid)

3. in octal (allowed values 0 to 7)

we can specify octal literal with 0o/0O
i.e. a =0o7754 (valid)
b=0O777 (valid)
c=0o74847 (invalid)

4. in hexa decimal (allowed values 0 to 9 and A to F / a to f)

we can specify hexa decimal literal with 0X/0x
i.e. a =0X77AB (valid)
b=0x777FEed (valid)
c=0x74847Rare (invalid)

float data type

It is used to represent float value.
we can assign float literal in two ways

ie. a=1.752
b=1.5326

a=1.732E2 (Scientific notation where e is exponetial)

b=2.7e3

complex data type

It is used to represent complex value

syntax
a+bj where a is real part b is imaginary part
i.e
3+5j
5+4j
2.5+6.25j

a=3+5j
a.real-------------->3
a.imag-------------->5

bool
it is used represent boolean value
Allowed value True and False
ie.
a=True (Valid)
type(a)
<class 'bool'>
a=False (Valid)
type(a)
<class 'bool'>
a=true (InValid)
a=false (InValid)

str
str is is used to represent String
String is collection of characters enclosed with either single quotes ('') or in
double quotes ("")
ie.
abc='Techavera Solutions Pvt Ltd'
type(abc)
<class 'str'>
abc="Techavera Solutions Pvt Ltd"
type(abc)
<class 'str'>

Multiline Strings
we can represent multiline string either triple single quotes (''' Techavera Python
Trainer ''') or in triple double quotes (""" Techavera Python Trainer""")

i.e
abc='''Welcome To
 techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd.'''
print(type(abc))
#<class 'str'>
print(abc)
# Welcome To
techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd.

abc="""Welcome To
techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd."""
type(abc)
#<class 'str'>
print(abc)
#Output
Welcome To
techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd.

( * imp ) Note-
1. int,float,str, bool,complex are fundamental data type.
2. All fundamental data types are immutabel
3. In Python everything is an object.

Base Conversion
Base conversion is used to convert one base to another base(ie. binary to
decimal)

1. bin() function
It is used to convert any base (decimal, octal, hexa decimal)to binary
ie. bin(7) ------- 0b111
bin(0o7)------- 0b111 { please fill output in all cases }
bin(0XA)-------0b1010
2. oct() function
It is used to convert any base (decimal, binary, hexa decimal)to octal
ie. oct(7)--------
oct(0b111)----0o7 { please fill output in all cases }
oct(0xA)------
3. hex() function
It is used to convert any base (decimal, octal, hexa decimal)to hexa decimal
ie. hex(7)--------
hex(0b111)---- { please fill output in all cases }
hex(0o777)------
 (V) Type Casting
Type Casting
Python defines type conversion functions to directly convert one data type to
another which is useful in day to day and competitive programming. This article
is aimed at providing the information about certain conversion functions.

int()
It is used to convert another type to int.

ie. int(12.5) --------->12

(imp) int(3+4j) --------->Type Error
int(True) --------->1
int(False) --------->0
int('12') --------->12 but in string only int value is required otherwise we
will get value error.
float()
It is used to convert another type to float.

ie. float(12) --------->12.0

(imp) float(3+4j) --------->Type Error
float(True) --------->1.0
float(False) --------->0.0
float('12') --------->12.0 but in string only int/float value is required
otherwise we will get value error.

bool()
It is used to
convert another type to bool.

for int argument

non-zero ------------------->True
zero ----------------------->False

for float argument

non-zero ------------------->True
zero ----------------------->False

for complex

if any one is non-zero ------------------->True

otherwise ------------------->False
for non-empty string

for empty str ------------------->False

non-empty ----------------------->False

complex()
It is used to convert another type to complex.

syntax

complex(x) complex(2) ------->2+0j

complex(x,y)
complex(3,4)--------->3+4j

str()
It is used to convert another type to str.

ie. str(12.5) ---------> '12.5'

str(3+4j) ---------> '3+4j'
str(True) ---------> 'True'
str(False) --------->'False'
str('12') ---------> '12'

range()
It is used to generate some sequence of value.
It is applicable only for integer.

range(end)
|
end=end-1

range(9)--------> output------>0,1,2...........,9

range(begin,end)
| |
0 end-1
ie range(1,10)
1,2,3..........9
ie range(10,20)
10,20,30,..........19

Complete Form Of range()

range(begin,end,step)
ie. range(1,10,2)
 (VI) Operators
Operators are symbols used to perform certain operations
There are variouos operators in Python

1. Arithmatic Operators
2. Relational Operators/Comparison Operators
3. Equality Operator
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Assignment Operators
7. Special operators

1. Arithmatic Operators

+ -----------> for addition

- -------------> for subtraction
* -----------> for multiplication
/ -----------> for division
% ----------------> for remainder (modulo)
// -------> floor division
** ----------> power operator

floor Division (//)

If both operands are int then result is int

ie. 85//2 -------> 42

 89//3 -------> 29

If both operands are float then result is float but in nearest to the int

ie. 82.5//5.3 --------->please fill output

824.5//5.43 --------->please fill output

If both operands are different then result is float

ie. 82//32.5
30.5//2

power operator(**)

It is used to evaluate power of any number

ie. 10^2 ----------> 10**2 --------->100

10^3 ----------> 10**3 --------->1000

string concatenation (+)

"+" take all operand in string otherwise we will get error

ie. 'Python' + 'Programming' ---------> Python Programming

'Python' + 123 ----------Error
'python' + '3'

String repetition (*)

If 1 operand is string & another is int then it work as String repetition operator
order is not important

2. Relation operator (< ,<=,>,>=)

10<20 ----->True
10<=20 ----->True
10>20 ----->False
10>=20 ----->False
nesting is also applicable (if all conditions true then result is true)
10<20<30<40 ------------> True
10<20>30<40 -------------> False
3. Eqaulity operator (==,!=)

It is used for content comparision

ie. a=20 c=500

b=50 d=14664
a==b c==d ------------>False
a!=b c!=d ------------->True

4. Special operators
identity operator (is , is not)
membership operator (in, not in)

Identity operator
It is used for address comparision

ie. a=50
b='Koirala'

id(a) -------->154415454
id(b) -------->603564235

a is b ------False
a is not b ---------->True

a=20
b=50
print(a!=b)
print(a is b)
print(id(a))
print(id(b))

a=257
b=257
print(a==b)
print(a is b)
print(id(a))
print(id(b))

( * imp )
Q- Difference between (is) operator and (==) operator ?

Ans- 'is' operator is used for address comparision while '==' is used for content
comparasion

Note-
Reusability of is operator

1. In the case of int range is 0 to 256

2. In the case of bool always
3. In the case of str always
4. In the case of float (always create new object)
5. In the case of complex (always create new object)

a=10
b=10
print(a==b)
print(a is b)
print(id(a))
print(id(b))

# Output
True
True
93962259520320
93962259520320

a=1.57
b=1.57
print(a==b)
print(a is b)
print(id(a))
print(id(b))

# Output
True
False
139977416780032
139977416780176

a=True
b=True
print(a==b)
print(a is b)
print(id(a))
print(id(b))

# Output
True
True
93962259520320
93962259520320

a='Python'
b='Python'
print(a==b)
print(a is b)
print(id(a))
print(id(b))

# Output
True
True
93962259520320
93962259520320

membership operator ( in, not in )

s='Manisha Yadav Diksha Sharma'

ie. 'Yadav' in s ---------->True

'Yadav' not in s ---------->False
Pytagline='We can develop any type of applicatio by usig Python'
print('Python' in Pytagline)
print( 'Python' not in Pytagline)

# Output
True
False

5. Logical (and, or, not)

and
if all conditions are True then result is True

10>20 and 10<30

ie. True and False------------> False

True and True------------> True

or

if atleast one conditions are True then result is True

ie. True and False------------> True

True and True------------> True

not
if conditions is True then result is False

ie. not True ------------> False

not False------------> True
6. Bitwise Operators (& ,| , ~ , <<, >> )
Only applicable for int and binary

& --------------> if both bits are True then result is True

| --------------> if atleast one bit is True then result is True

^ --------------> if both bits are differ then result is True

~ --------------> if bit is True then result is False

ie. 1 & 0 ---------->0

1 & 1 ----------->1

1 | 0 ---------->1
1 | 1 ----------->1
0 | 0 ------------>0

1 ^ 0 ----------> 1
1 & 1 -----------> 0

4.5 & 5 ---------->(valid)

imp--------------------
~4 --------------> -5

(imp) Note-
-----------------
+ve number directly stored in memory but -ve number is stored in 2's
compliment form

shift operator(<< >>)

10<<2 assume 32 bit-- 00000000000000000000---001010 right hand
vacant bit filled by zero

10>>2 assume 32 bit-- 00000000000000000000---001010 left hand

vacant bit filled by sign bit
7. Assignment Operator ( =)
ie. a=50
b=True

a,b,c,d=10,20,30,True

compound Assignment
ie. a+=10 ----------- a=a+10
a*=5 ------------a=a*5
a/=6 ------------- a=a/6

Operator precedence
()
**
~,
*, /, %, //
+, -
<<, >>,
&
^
|
<, >= <, <=, == ,!=
=,+=,
is , is not,
in , not ins
not
and
or
 (VII) Input/Output

Reading input from the keyboard

In python 2 the following 2 functions are available
1. raw_input
2 input
but in python 3 we have only input ()

Python2
raw-input()

This function always reads the data from the keyboard in the form of
String Format. We have to convert that string type to our required type by
using the corresponding type casting methods.

input()

input() function can be used to read data directly in our required format.We
are not required to perform type casting.

Python3

input()
It will take input in str form so we have to require type casting.

int()
# wap to input two no print their sum

number1=input("Enter first number:")

number2=input("Enter 2nd number:")
a=int(number1)
b=int(number2)
print('The sum:',a+b)

# Output
Enter first number:10
Enter 2nd number:20
The sum: 30

float()
number1=float(input("Enter first number:"))
number2=float(input("Enter 2nd number:"))
print('The sum:',number1+number2)

# Output
Enter first number:10
Enter 2nd number:58.65
The sum: 68.65

eval()

eval() can evaluate the Input to list, tuple, set, etc based the provided Input.

number1=eval(input("Enter first number:"))

number2=eval(input("Enter 2nd number:"))
print('The sum:',number1+number2)

# Output
Enter first number:10
Enter 2nd number:3+45j
The sum: (13+45j)
Q. Write a program to read Employee data from the keyboard and
print that data.

(imp) How to read multiple values from the keyboard in a

single line
a,b=[int (x) for x in input("Enter number:").split()]
print(a+b)

(VIII) Command Line Arguments

The argument which are passes at the time of execution are called command
line arguments
* argv hold command line arguments in python
* argv is list type
* argv present in sys module

ie c:\Er.sandy\Python_class python cmd.py 100,200, 300

| | | |
command line arguments

Check type of argv

from sys import argv
print(type(argv))

# Wap to display cmd line arguments

 Output Statements

print()
We can use print() function to display output.

print(str)

print('Maneesha Yadav')

print('Hello Python World')

print() with var-arg

print('Maneesha Yadav',10,True,10.25)

number1=eval(input("Enter first number:"))

number2=eval(input("Enter 2nd number:"))
sum=number1+number2
print('The sum:of given numbers', number1, number2, 'is',sum, 3+3j)

print() without argument line seprator

print() with end attribute

print('Maneesha Yadav',10,True,10.25, end=' ')
print("Diksha")

print() with any object

a,b=50,60
l=[1,2,5,True,'Abha']
s='Python'
print(a)
print(b)
print(l)
print(s)

print() with repacement

name1='Diksha'
name2='Manisha'
name3='Abha'
print('{0} {1} {2} are studying at Techavera'.format(name1,name2,name3))

print() formatted string

%i ------------------ int
%d ------------------ int
%f ------------------ float
%s ----------------------------str

ie
a,b,c=1,2,3
print('a value is %i'%a)
print('b vales is %d'%b)
print('c vales is %d'%c)

# Output
a value is 1
b vales is 2
c vales is 3
 (IX) Control Flow
It describe the order of program.
It describe in which order statements are executed at runtime
Conditional Statement

if
syntax

if condition:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement

if condition is true then if block statements will execute.

ie.

# wap to input a number & check number is 'negative or not

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))
if a<0:
print(a,'Number is negative')

# Output
Enter a number: -10
-10 Number is negative
if-else

syntax

if condtion:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement
else:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement

# wap to input a number & check number is even or odd

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))
if a%2==0:
print(a,'is Even')
else:
print(a,'is Odd')

# Output
Enter a number: 10
10 is Even
Rerun
Enter a number: 15
15 is Odd
# wap to input two no & print greater

number1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

number2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
if (number1 > number2):
print(number1, " is greater than ", number2)
else:
print(number2, " is greater than ", number1)

# Output
Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 20
20 is greater than 10

if-elif-else (nested if)

syntax

if condition:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement
elif condtion:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement
else:
statement
statement
 statement
statement
.
.
statement

# wap to input two no & print lesser

number1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

number2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
if number1==number2:
print(number1, " and ", number2,'are equals')
elif (number1 < number2):
print(number1, " is lesser than ", number2)
else:
print(number2, " is lessar than ", number1)

# Output
Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 10
10 and 10 are equals
Rerun
Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 20
10 is lesser than 20

# wap to input two no & print greater

number1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

number2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
if (number1 == number2):
print(number1, " is equal to ", number2)
elif (number1 > number2):
print(number1, " is larger than ", number2)
else:
print(number2, " is larger than ", number1)

# Output
Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 10
10 is equal to 10
Rerun
Enter first number: 50
Enter second number: 60
60 is larger than 50

# wap to input three no & print greater

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))

b=int(input('Enter a number: '))
c=int(input('Enter a number: '))
if (a>b and a>c):
print(a, 'is greater number')
elif b>c:
print(b,'is greater number')
else:
print(c,'is greater number')

# Output
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 20
Enter a number: 30
30 is greater number

# wap to input three no & print greater

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))

b=int(input('Enter a number: '))
c=int(input('Enter a number: '))
if a==b==c:
print('All are equals')
elif (a>b and a>c):
print(a, 'is greater number')
elif b>c:
print(b,'is greater number')
else:
print(c,'is greater number')

# Output
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 10
All are equals

# wap to input three no & print greater (complete logic)

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))

b=int(input('Enter a number: '))
c=int(input('Enter a number: '))
if a==b==c:
print('All are equals')
elif (a>b and a>c):
print(a, 'is greater number')
elif b==c:
print(b,'and',c, 'are equal')
elif b>c:
print(b,'is greater number')
else:
print(c,'is greater number')

# Output
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 10
All are equals
Rerun
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 20
Enter a number: 20
20 and 20 are equal
Rerun
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 20
Enter a number: 5
20 is greater number
Ternary Operator in Python
Variable1= var2 if condition else var3

# wap to input two no & print greater by using ternary operator

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))
b=int(input('Enter a number: '))
c=a if a>b else b
print('Greater number is',c)

# Output
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 20
Greater number is 20

# wap to input two no & print greater by using ternary operator

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))

b=int(input('Enter a number: '))
c=int(input('Enter a number: '))
if a==b==c:
print('All are equals')
d=a if (a>b and a>c) else b if b<c else c
if a==d:
pass
else:
print('Greater number is',c)

# wap to input three no & print smaller no by using ternary operator

a=int(input('Enter a number: '))

b=int(input('Enter a number: '))
c=int(input('Enter a number: '))
minno = a if (a<b and a<c) else b if b<c else c
print('smaller no is ', minno)

# Output
Enter a number: 10
Enter a number: 20
Enter a number: 5
smaller no is 5

# wap to input Year & check year is leap or not

year=int(input('Enter any Year:'))

if (year%4==0 and year%100!=0) or (year%400==0):
print(year,'Year is leap')
else:
print(year,'Year is not leap')

# Output
Enter any Year:2016
2016 Year is leap
Rerun
Enter any Year:100
100 Year is not leap
Rerun
Enter any Year:2000
2000 Year is leap

if-elif

syntax

if condition:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement
elif condition:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
 .
statement

# wap to input two no & print greater

number1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

number2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
if (number1> number2):
print(number1, " is larger than ", number2)
elif (number1 <number2):
print(number2, " is larger than ", number1)

# Output
Enter first number: 50
Enter second number: 60
60 is larger than 50

# W.A.P. to input 5 subject marks and print grade

sub1=int(input("Enter marks of the first subject: "))

sub2=int(input("Enter marks of the second subject: "))
sub3=int(input("Enter marks of the third subject: "))
sub4=int(input("Enter marks of the fourth subject: "))
sub5=int(input("Enter marks of the fifth subject: "))
avg=(sub1+sub2+sub3+sub4+sub4)/5
if(avg>=90):
print("Grade: A")
elif(avg>=80 and avg<90):
print("Grade: B")
elif(avg>=70 and avg<80):
print("Grade: C")
elif(avg>=60 and avg<70):
print("Grade: D")
else:
print("Grade: F")

# Output
Enter marks of the first subject: 80
Enter marks of the second subject: 85
Enter marks of the third subject: 90
Enter marks of the fourth subject: 91
Enter marks of the fifth subject: 92
Grade: B

Note-

Both elif and else are optional

Multiple elif blocks are allowed.
 Itrative/looping
If we want to execute a group of statements multiple times then we should go
for iterative statements.
Python have two type of iterative statements

for loop
while loop

for (most enhanced loop)

If we want to execute some action for every elements present in some sequence
then we should use for loop.

syntax

for var in sequence:

statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement
i
e.
for a in range(20):
print(a,end=' ')

# Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

# wap to print 20 to 1
for a in range(20,0,-1):
print(a,end=' ')

# Output
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
# W.A.P to input a number and print their table

print("Please enter a number to print the table of : ")

number=input()
n = int(number)
for i in range(1,11):
print(number," X ",i," = ",i*n)

# Output
Please enter a number to print the table of :
5
5 X 1 = 5
5 X 2 = 10
5 X 3 = 15
5 X 4 = 20
5 X 5 = 25
5 X 6 = 30
5 X 7 = 35
5 X 8 = 40
5 X 9 = 45
5 X 10 = 50

# print characters present in the sequence.

s='Shreya Khirwal'
for x in s:
print(x)

# output
S
h
r
e
y
a

K
h
i
r
w
a
l

s='Shreya Khirwal'
for x in s:
print(x,end='')

# Output
Shreya Khirwal

while loop
if we want to execute a group of statements iteratively until some condition
false,then we should use while loop

syntax

while condition:
statement
statement
statement
statement
.
.
statement
ie.

# W.A.P. to print 100 to 1 by using while loop.

i=1
while i<=100:
print(i,end=' ')
i+=1
# Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
94 95 96 97 98 99 100

# Wap to input a number & print their digits sum.

n=int(input("Enter a number:"))
tot=0
while(n>0): #187>0 18>0 1>0 0>0
dig=n%10 #7
tot=tot+dig # 0+7+8+1
n=n//10 #187//10 18//10 1//10
print("The total sum of digits are:",tot)

# Output
Enter a number:187
The total sum of digits are: 16

# Wap to input a number & print their digits product.

n=int(input("Enter a number:"))
tot=1
while(n>0): #187>0 18>0 1>0 0>0
dig=n%10 #7
tot=tot*dig # 0+7+8+1
n=n//10 #187//10 18//10 1//10
print("The total Product of digits are:",tot)

# Output
Enter a number:187
The total Product of digits are: 56

# Wap to input a number & print their digits sum at each stage.

n=int(input('Enter number '))

t=0
while n>0:
rem=n%10
t+=rem
n=n//10
print('The sum of given number at each stage',t)
print('The sum of given number is',t)

# Output
Enter number 187
The sum of given number at each stage 7
The sum of given number at each stage 15
The sum of given number at each stage 16
The sum of given number is 16

# WAP to input a number & print number in Reverse order

n=int(input("Enter number: "))

rev=0
while(n>0):
dig=n%10
rev=rev*10+dig
n=n//10
print('Reverse Number of given Number is',rev)

# Output
Enter number: 154
Reverse Number of given Number is 451

# WAP to input a number & print number in Reverse order

n=int(input("Enter a number:")) #125

rev=0
while(n>0): #125>0 12>0 1>0 0>0 (False)
dig=n%10 #125%10-->5 12%10 1%10
rev=rev*10+dig # 0+5 5*10+2 52*10+1
n=n//10 # 125//10 12//10 1//10
print("Reverse number is:",rev)
#Output
Enter a number:143
Reverse number is: 341

# wap to input a number and check a number is palindrome or not.

n=int(input("Enter number: "))

n1=n
rev=0
while(n>0):
dig=n%10
rev=rev*10+dig
n=n//10
if n1==rev:
print(n1,'is Palindrome' )
else:
print(n1,'is not Palindrome')

# Output
Enter number: 121
121 is Palindrome
Rerun
Enter number: 143
143 is not Palindrome

# Wap to input a number & check number is Armstrong or not

n=int(input("Enter number: "))

t=0
n1=n
while(n>0):
rem=n%10
t=rem**3+t
n=n//10
if rem==n1:
print(n1,'is Armstrong Number')
else:
 print(n1,'is Armstrong Number')

# Output
Enter number: 153
153 is Armstrong Number
Rerun
Enter number: 143
143 is Armstrong Number

# wap to input a number & number is prime or not

a=int(input("Enter number: "))

k=0
for i in range(2,a//2+1):
if(a%i==0):
k=k+1
if(k<=0):
print(a,"Number is prime")
else:
print(a,"Number isn't prime")

# Output
Enter number: 23
23 Number is prime
Rerun
Enter number: 20
20 Number isn't prime

infinite loop

i=0
while True:
i+=1
print("Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions Pvt. Ltd")

# Output
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
Hello I am Your Python Trainer at Techavera Solutions
Pvt. Ltd
.
.
.
.
Nested Loop
Loop inside loop is called nested loop.

# Wap to print following pattern

1 2 3 4

$ 1 1 1
$$ 12 22 23
$$$ 123 333 456
$$$$ 1234 4444 7 8 9 10
$$$$$ 1 2 3 4 5 55555 11 12 13

#1

row=int(input("enter number of rows:"))

for i in range(1,row+1):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print('$',end=' ')
print()

#Output
enter number of rows:7
$
$ $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $

#2

row=int(input("enter number of rows:"))

for i in range(1,row+1):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print(j,end=' ')
print()
#Output
enter number of rows:7
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

#3

row=int(input("enter number of rows:"))

for i in range(1,row+1):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print(i,end=' ')
print()

#Output
enter number of rows:7
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7

#4
row=int(input("enter number of rows:"))
a=1
for i in range(1,row+1):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print(a,end=' ')
a+=1
print()

#Output
enter number of rows:7
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

# 5 print following pattern

$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $
$ $
$

row=int(input("enter number of rows:"))

for x in range(row,0,-1):
for y in range(0,x):
print('$',end=' ')
print()

#Output
enter number of rows:7
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $
$ $
$

# 6 print following pattern

$
$ $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $

# Function to demonstrate printing pattern

def pypart2(n):

# number of spaces
k = 2*n - 2
# outer loop to handle number of rows
for i in range(0, n):
# inner loop to handle number spaces
# values changing acc. to requirement
for j in range(0, k):
print(end=" ")

# decrementing k after each loop

k=k-2

# inner loop to handle number of columns

# values changing acc. to outer loop
for j in range(0, i+1):

# printing stars
print('$ ', end="")

# ending line after each row

print("\r")

# Driver Code
n=5
pypart2(n)

#Output
$
$ $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
# print following pattern

$
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$

n=int(input('enter rows:'))
for i in range(0,n):
for j in range(0,n-i-1):
print(end=' ')
for j in range(0,i+1):
print('$',end=' ')
print()

#Output
enter rows:7
$
$ $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $

$
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$

n=int(input('enter rows:'))
for i in range(0,n):
for j in range(0,n-i-1):
print(end=' ')
for j in range(0,i+1):
print('$',end='')
print()
#Output
enter rows:7
$
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$
$$$$$$
$$$$$$$

Transfer statements
break
It used to break statement inside loops to break loop execution based on some
condition.

i.e.

for r in range(10):
if r==7:
break
print(r)
print('outside of loop')

#Output
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
outside of loop

continue
It is used to skip current iteration and continue next iteration.

#W.A.P to print odd numbers from 1 to 10 by using continue statement

for r in range(10):
if r%2==0:
continue
print(r)
print('outside of loop')

#Output
1
3
5
7
9
outside of loop

for r in range(100,0,-1):
if r%2==0:
continue
print(r,end=' ')
print()
print('outside of loop')

99 97 95 93 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65
63 61 59 57 55 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29
27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1
outside of loop
pass
it is empty statement in python

i.e.

def m1():
pass
print('Sign out')

#Output
Sign out

def sanjay():
print('Hello')
pass
class Sumit:
def ajay(self):
print('HI')
s=Sumit()
s.ajay()
sanjay()

Q. Difference between None and del Keyword in python

x=[1,2,3]
print(x)
x=None
print(x)
del x
print(x)

#Output
[1, 2, 3]
None
-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------
NameError Traceback
(most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-6d068b616fba> in <module>()
4 print(x)
 5 del x
----> 6 print(x)
7
8 #Output

NameError: name 'x' is not defined

# Program to find how many times a digit occured in number

#**************having
values**************************************************
number=int(input("Please enter number of minimum 2 digits : "))
while number<10:
number=int(input("Invalid number ! Please enter number again : "))
print("Please enter digit : ",end='')
digit=int(input())
#***************************************************************
**************

copy_number=number
count=0
#*************************Caluculations***************************
************
while number>0:
if number%10==digit:
count+=1
number//=10
#***************************************************************
**************
if count!=0:
 print(digit," is present in ",copy_number," | ",count," times.")
else:
print(digit," is not present in ",copy_number)
# Output
Please enter number of minimum 2 digits : 456
Please enter digit : 5
5 is present in 456 | 1 times.

# Odd even number in given range

print("Please enter starting point of series : ")
num1=input()
print("Please enter ending point of series : ")
num2=input()
start=int(num1)
end=int(num2)
if start > end :
temp = start
start= end
end = temp
print("*************ALL EVEN NUMBERS ARE************************")
for i in range(start,end) :
if i%2 == 0 :
print(i,end=' ')
print()
print("*************ALL ODD NUMBERS ARE*************************")
for i in range(start,end) :
if i%2 != 0 :
print(i,end=' ')
# Output
Please enter starting point of series :
5
Please enter ending point of series :
50
*************ALL EVEN NUMBERS
ARE************************
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
42 44 46 48
*************ALL ODD NUMBERS
ARE*************************
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
43 45 47 49

# FINDER OF LARGEST AND SMALLEST NUMBER GIVEN BY THE

USER
print("**************FINDER OF LARGEST AND SMALLEST NUMBER
GIVEN BY THE USER ********************")
print("Please enter 1st number : ",end='')
num1=input()
print("Please enter 2nd number : ",end='')
num2=input()
print("Please enter 3rd number : ",end='')
num3=input()
print("Please enter 4th number : ",end='')
num4=input()

# finding the largest number.

if num1>num2 and num1>num3 and num1>num4 :

largest=num1
if num2>num1 and num2>num3 and num2>num4 :
largest=num2
if num3>num1 and num3>num2 and num3>num4 :
largest=num3
if num4>num1 and num4>num2 and num4>num3 :
largest=num4

# finding the smallest number.

if num1<num2 and num1<num3 and num1<num4 :
smallest=num1
if num2<num1 and num2<num3 and num2<num4 :
smallest=num2
if num3<num1 and num3<num2 and num3<num4 :
smallest=num3
if num4<num1 and num4<num2 and num4<num3 :
smallest=num4

print()
print("Largest number from ",num1,",",num2,",",num3,",",num4," is : ",largest)

print()
print("Smallest number from ",num1,",",num2,",",num3,",",num4," is :
",smallest)

# Output

**************FINDER OF LARGEST AND SMALLEST NUMBER

GIVEN BY THE USER ********************
Please enter 1st number : 50
Please enter 2nd number : 60
Please enter 3rd number : 41
Please enter 4th number : 50

Largest number from 50 , 60 , 41 , 50 is : 60

Smallest number from 50 , 60 , 41 , 50 is : 41

# Small Program on Student management System

print('******************************************************************')
print("--------------STUDENT ACADEMIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM------------------")
print('******************************************************************')
print("Please enter enrollment number of student : ")
student_enrollment=input()
print("Please enter name of the student : ")
student_name=input()
print("Please enter the marks of HINDI : ")
hindi=input()
print("Please enter the marks of ENGLISH : ")
english=input()
print("Please enter the markts of MATH : ")
math=input()
print("Please enter the marks of SCIENCE : ")
science=input()
print("Please enter the marks of HISTORY : ")
history=input()
print('******************************************************************')
print("------------------RESULT OF ",student_name.upper(),"--------------")
print('******************************************************************')

total = int(hindi) + int(english) + int(math) + int(science) + int(history)

#int(total,3)

percentages=(total*100)/500
#float(percentages)
print("Total marks are : ",total)
print("Percentages : ",percentages)
if percentages > 33 :
print(student_name.upper()," is Passed ")
else :
print(student_name.upper()," is Failed ")
#Output
*********************************************************
*********
--------------STUDENT ACADEMIC MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM------------------
*********************************************************
*********
Please enter enrollment number of student :
101
Please enter name of the student :
Tushar
Please enter the marks of HINDI :
95
Please enter the marks of ENGLISH :
90
Please enter the markts of MATH :
98
Please enter the marks of SCIENCE :
98
Please enter the marks of HISTORY :
80
*********************************************************
*********
------------------RESULT OF TUSHAR --------------
*********************************************************
*********
Total marks are : 461
Percentages : 92.2
TUSHAR is Passed

# Small Program on SIMPLE INTEREST CALCULATION SYSTEM

print("**********SIMPLE INTEREST CALCULATION SYSTEM********")
si=0
found=False
print("PLEASE ENTER THE LOAN AMOUNT : ",end='')
amount=int(input())
print("PLEASE ENTRE THE ANNUAL RATE : ",end='')
rate=float(input())
print("PLEASE ENTER THE TIME PERIOD IN YEARS : ",end='')
time=int(input())
print()
print("**************CALCULATION METHOD****************")
print("HOW DO YOU WANT TO CALCULATE THE SI ?")
print("""\n\t 1.YEARLY\n
2.HALF YEARLY\n
3.QUATERLY\n
4.MONTHLY\n""")
print("YOUR CHOICE : ",end='')
choice=int(input())
if choice != 1 and choice != 2 and choice !=3 and choice != 4 :
print("WRONG INPUT !")
else:
found=True
if choice == 1:
si=(amount*rate*time)/100
if choice == 2:
si=((amount)*(rate/2)*(time/2))/100
if choice == 3:
si=((amount)*(rate/4)*(time/4))/100
if choice == 4:
si=((amount)*(rate/12)*(time/12))/100
if found == True:
print("**************************************************")
print()
print("SIMPLE INTEREST IS : ",si)

# Output
**********SIMPLE INTEREST CALCULATION SYSTEM********
PLEASE ENTER THE LOAN AMOUNT : 65000
PLEASE ENTRE THE ANNUAL RATE : 13
PLEASE ENTER THE TIME PERIOD IN YEARS : 1
**************CALCULATION METHOD****************
HOW DO YOU WANT TO CALCULATE THE SI ?

1.YEARLY

2.HALF YEARLY

3.QUATERLY

4.MONTHLY

YOUR CHOICE : 1
**************************************************

SIMPLE INTEREST IS : 8450.0

# Inventory System
def choice(menu_choice):
while menu_choice==0 or menu_choice>2:
menu_choice=int(input("INVALID CHOICE! PLEASE CHOOSE
VALID ONE : "))
return menu_choice

#*********************************MAIN FUNCTION DEFINITION

AND DECLARATION****************************
def main():
#---------------------------------ADD
PRODUCT--------------------------------------------
if menu_choice==1:
added+=1
sale_product()

#--------------------------------SALE
PRODUCT---------------------------------------------
elif menu_choice==2 and added!=0:
customer_name=input("CUSTOMER NAME \t\t:\t ")
product=int(input("ENTER PRODUCT ID \t\t:\t "))
sale_product(customer_name,product)
 else:
print("PLEASE ADD ITEM FIRST")

#*********************************ADD PRODUCT FUNCTION

DEFINITION AND DECLARATION****************************
def add_product(add):

print("*********************************************************")
print("\t\tADD PRODUCT TO INVENTORY")

print("*********************************************************\n
")
to_be_added=int(input("HOW MANY PRODUCTS YOU WANT TO
ADD : "))
items=dict()
for x in range(1,to_be_added+1,+1):
product_id=int(input("PRODUCT ID\t\t:\t"))
product_name=input("PRODUCT NAME\t\t:\t")
product_brand=input("PRODUCT BRAND\t\t:\t")
product_model=product_brand+"-"+input("PRODUCT
MODEL\t\t:\t")
in_stock=int(input("ENTER QUANTITY\t\t:\t"))
print("Product have been added successfully...!")
item={'PRODUCT_ID ':product_id,'PRODUCT_NAME
':product_name,'PRODUCT_BRAND ':product_brand,'PRODUCT_MODEL ':
product_model,'AVAILABLE ':in_stock}
items.update({x:item})
add+=1
print(items)
return add
#*********************************SALE PRODUCT FUNCTION
DEFINITION AND DECLARATION****************************
def sale_product():
print("Executed")
#^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -- MAIN --
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
def main_menu():
added=0;

print("*********************************************************")
print("\t\tINVENTORY SYSTEM")
print("*********************************************************")
print("1. ADD PRODUCT")
print("2. SALE PRODUCT\n")
menu_choice=int(input("PLEASE ENTER YOUR CHOICE : "))
menu_choice=choice(menu_choice)
if menu_choice==1:
added=add_product(added)
main_menu()
elif menu_choice==2 and added!=0:
print("EXECUTED")
else:
print("NOT PRODUCT AVAILABLE PLEASE ADD FIRST")
main_menu()
main_menu()

# Output
 (X) String Handling
String
str is is used to represent String
String is collection of characters enclosed with either single quotes ('') or in
double quotes ("")
ie.
abc='Techavera Solutions Pvt Ltd'
type(abc)
<class 'str'>
abc="Techavera Solutions Pvt Ltd"
type(abc)
<class 'str'>

Multiline Strings
we can represent multiline string either triple single quotes (''' Techavera Python
Trainer ''') or in triple double quotes (""" Techavera Python Trainer""")

i.e
abc='''Welcome To
techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd.'''
type(abc)
#<class 'str'>
print(abc)
# Welcome To
techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd.

abc="""Welcome To
 techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd."""
type(abc)
#<class 'str'>
print(abc)
# Welcome To
techavera
Solutions
Pvt. Ltd.
Indexing
In python both +ve and -ve indexes are available

s='PYTHON'
print(s[0])
print(s[-1])
print(s[-3])
print(s[2])
#print(s[110]) error

ie <<<< .......--------3-2-1
s= 'Vikash kumar sarraf Techavera solutions Pvt Ltd Python Trainer'
0123456789.................................................>>>>
print(s[4]) #---->e
print(s[-3]) # ---->n

slicing

syntax
end=end-1
|
var[begin : end : step]
| | |

All are optional

In slicing we won't get any error
s='Learning Python is very easy'
print(s[9:15:1])
print(s[::])
print(s[0:28:1])
print(s[100:20:2])

s= 'Vikash kumar sarraf Techavera solutions Pvt Ltd Python Trainer'

0123456789.................................................>>>>

print(s[::]) ------------->Please fill output

print(s[5::]) ------------->Please fill output
print(s[5:15:]) ------------->Please fill output
print(s[5:15:2]) ------------->Please fill output

Note
* if step is +ve then we should move in forword direction (Left to Right)
* if step is -ve then we should move in backward direction (Right to Left)
* if step is +ve then we should move in forword direction (begin to end)
* if step is -ve then we should move in backward direction (begin to end)

In step is +ve
default value for begin -------->0
default value for end -------->length of string

In step is -ve
default value for begin -------->-1
default value for end -------->(length of string+1)

s='Learning Python is very easy'

print(s[::])
print(s[::1])
print(s[::-1])
print(s[-1:-29:-1])
# W.A.P to input a string & check string is palindrome or not

s=input('Enter string: ')

a=s
b=s[::-1]
print(b)
if b==a:
print(s,'is palindrome')
else:
print(s,'is not palindrome')

# Output
Enter string: NitiN
NitiN
NitiN is palindrome
Rerun
Enter string: Vikash
peednaS
Vikash is not palindrome

Access of string

1. By using indexing
s='PYTHON'
print(s[4])
print(s[-4])

# Output
O
T

2. By using slicing
s='Manisha Yadav'
s[2:7:]
# Output
'nisha'
l='Learning Python is very Easy'
print(l[9:15:1])
print(l[-1:-10:-1])

# Output
Python
ysaE yrev

3. By using loops
pytag_line='We Can Develop Any Type Of Application By using Python '
a=len(pytag_line)
i=0
while i<a:
print(pytag_line[i],end='')
i=i+1

# Output
We Can Develop Any Type Of Application By using
Python

s='Learning Python is very Easy'

for x in s:
print(x, end='')

# Output
Learning Python is very Easy

s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"

n=len(s)
i=0
print("Forward direction")
while i<n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i +=1
print()
print("Backward direction")
i=-1
while i>=-n:
 print(s[i],end=' ')
i=i-1

# Output
Forward direction
L e a r n i n g P y t h o n i s v e r y e a s
y ! ! !
Backward direction
! ! ! y s a e y r e v s i n o h t y P g n i
n r a e L

4. By using reference variable

s="Welcome To techavera \n Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Noida"

print(s)

# Output
Welcome To techavera
Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Noida

s='We can develop Any type of application by using Python'

print(s)

# Output
We can develop Any type of application by using
Python

Method of String

1. lower() no-arg return string characters into lower case

2. upper() no-arg return string characters into uper case

s= 'Vikash kumar sarraf Techavera Solution Pvt Ltd.'

print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.capitalize())
# Output
Vikash kumar sarraf TECHAVERA SOLUTION PVT LTD. Vikash
kumar sarraf techavera solution pvt ltd. Vikash kumar
sarraf techavera solution pvt ltd.

s='We can develop Any type of application by using Python'

print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.capitalize())

# Output
WE CAN DEVELOP ANY TYPE OF APPLICATION BY USING
PYTHON
we can develop any type of application by using
python
We can develop any type of application by using
python

3. replace(str,str)
s= 'Vikash kumar sarraf'
print(s.replace('sharma','verma'))

# Output
Vikash kumar verma

s= 'Learning python is very easy'

print(s.replace('easy','hard'))

# Output
Learning python is very hard

4. split( )

s= 'Sandeeep kumar Sharma Techaveera Solution Pvt Ltd.'

a=s.split()
print(a)
print(len(a))
print(type(a))
# Output
['Sandeeep', 'kumar', 'Sharma', 'Techaveera',
'Solution', 'Pvt', 'Ltd.']
7
<class 'list'>

s= 'Vikash kumar sarraf'

print(s.split('a'))

# Output
['S', 'ndeep kum', 'r sh', 'rm', '']

s='We can develop any type of application by using python'

print(s.split())

# Output
['We', 'can', 'develop', 'any', 'type', 'of',
'application', 'by', 'using', 'python']

s='We can develop any type of application by using python'

print(s.split('e'))

# Output
['W', ' can d', 'v', 'lop any typ', ' of application
by using python']

5. strip() no-arg method

without strip()

s=input("""Enter password 'Vikash':""")

a=s
if a=='Vikash':
print("Hello Vikash Welcome")
else:
print("Please enter Your Correct Pasword")

# Output
Enter password 'Sandeep': Sandeep
Please enter Your Correct Pasword
With strip()

s=input("""Enter password 'Vikash':""")

a=s.strip()
if a=='Vikash':
print("Hello Vikash Welcome")
else:
print("Please enter Your Correct Pasword")

# Output
Enter password 'Sandeep': Sandeep
Hello Sandeep Welcome

6. lstrip()
s=input("""Enter 'Sandeep':""")
a=s.lstrip()
if a=='Sandeep':
print("Hello class GM")
else:
print("Please enter Sandeep")

# Output
Enter 'Sandeep': Sandeep
Hello class GM

7. rstrip()

s=input("""Enter password 'Sandeep':""")

a=s.strip()
if a=='Sandeep':
print("Hello Sandeep Welcome")
else:
print("Please enter Your Correct Pasword")

# Output
Enter password 'Sandeep': Sandeep
Hello Sandeep Welcome
8. capitalize()
s='python programming Language'
print(s.capitalize())

# Output
Python programming language

9. index(obj)
s='python Programming language'
print(s.index('P'))

# Output
7

s='We can develop any type of application by using python'

print(s.index('e'))

# Output
1

s='We can develop any type of application by using python'

print(s.rindex('e'))

# Output
22

10.count(obj)
s='python programming language'
print(s.count('python'))

# Output
1

s='We can develop any type of application by using python'

print(s.count('develop'))

# Output
1

s='We can develop any type of application by using python'

print(s.count('e'))

# Output
4

# Python Program to Count the Number of Vowels in a String

var=input("Enter string:")
vowels=0
for x in var:
if(x=='a' or x=='e' or x=='i' or x=='o' or x=='u' or x=='A' or x=='E' or x=='I'
or x=='O' or x=='U'):
vowels=vowels+1
print("Number of vowels are:")
print(vowels)

# Output
Enter string:Vikash kumar sarraf
Number of vowels are:
7

# W.A.P. to input a string remove vowel from string

str1 = input('Enter any string to remove vowels: ')

newstr = str1;
print('Removing vowels from the given string');
vowels = ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u');
for x in str1.lower():
 if x in vowels:
newstr = newstr.replace(x,"");
print("New string after removed all the vowels:");
print(newstr);

# Output
Enter any string to remove vowels: Shyam Babu Sharma
Removing vowels from the given string
New string after removed all the vowels:
Shym Bb Shrm

# W.A. Program to reverse order of words.

s=input("Enter Some String:")

l=s.split()
print(l)
l1=[]
i=len(l)-1
while i>=0:
l1.append(l[i])
i=i-1
output=' '.join(l1)
print(output)

# Output
Enter Some String:Shyam babu Sharma
['Shyam', 'babu', 'Sharma']
Sharma babu Shyam

Program to reverse internal content of each word.

s=input("Enter Some String:")

l=s.split()
l1=[]
i=0
while i<len(l):
 l1.append(l[i][::-1])
i=i+1
output=' '.join(l1)
print(output)

# Output
Enter Some String:Vikash kumar sarraf
peednaS ramuK amrahS

Write a program to print characters at odd position and even position

for the given String?

1.

s=input("Enter Some String:")

print("Characters at Even Position:",s[0::2])
print("Characters at Odd Position:",s[1::2])

# Output
Enter Some String:Vikash Characters
at Even Position: Snep Characters
at Odd Position: ade

2.

s=input("Enter Some String:")

i=0
print("Characters at Even Position:")
while i< len(s):
print(s[i],end=',')
i=i+2
print()
print("Characters at Odd Position:")
i=1
while i< len(s):
print(s[i],end=',')
i=i+2

# Output
Enter Some String:Vikash
Characters at Even Position:
S,n,e,p,
Characters at Odd Position:
a,d,e,

Program to merge characters of 2 strings into a single string by

taking characters alternatively.

s1=input("Enter First String:")

s2=input("Enter Second String:")
output=''
i,j=0,0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
if i<len(s1):
output=output+s1[i]
i+=1
if j<len(s2):
output=output+s2[j]
j+=1
print(output)

# Output
Enter First String:Vikash Enter
Second String:Techavera
STaencdheaevpera
 (XI) List

List is the colletion of hetrogenious object where insertion order is preserved &
duplicates are allowed.
It is mutable & represented by [ ]

We can perform CRUD operation on List Data type

C ---------- Create
R ----------- Read
U ----------- Update
D ---------- Delete

list1=[1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2]
print(list1)
print(type(list1))

# Output
[1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2]
<class 'list'>

Creation of list

1. by using [ ]
l=eval(input('Enter List Element:'))
print(l)

#Output
Enter List Element:[10,20,21,11,11,2,3]
[10, 20, 21, 11, 11, 2, 3]

list1=[1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2]
print(list1)

#Output
[1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2]

2 by using list()
i=(10,20,True,'python')
print(type(i))
l=list(i)
print(l)
print(type(l))

#Output
‘’’<class 'tuple'>
[10, 20, True, 'python']
<class 'list'>’’’

tup=(1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2,'Barish')
print(type(tup))
print(tup)
lis=list(tup)
print(type(lis))
print(lis)

# Output
<class 'tuple'>
(1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2,
'Barish')
<class 'list'>
[1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2,
'Barish']
3. By using list comprehension

List comprehension
Write the logic to generate list Element is called List Comprehension.

l= [x*x for x in range(1,10)]

l= [x*x for x in range(1,10)]

l

l= [x**x for x in range(1,10)]

print(l)

# Output
[1, 4, 27, 256, 3125, 46656, 823543, 16777216,
387420489]

4. By using split()

s='Learning Python is Very easy'

x=s.split()
print(x)

# Output
['Learning', 'Python', 'is', 'Very', 'easy']

Accessing of list

1. By using reference vaiable

i=[10,20,True,'python']
print(i)
# Output
[10, 20, True, 'python']

2. By using indexing
i=[10,20,True,'python']
print(i[2])

# Output
True

list1=[1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2,'Barish']
print(list1[5])

# Output
3+4j

3. By using slicing
i=[10,20,True,'python']
print(i[1:3])

# Output
[20, True]

list1=[1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2,'Barish']
print(list1[2:50:2])

# Output
[True, 1.5, 1, 1, 'Barish']
[ ]:

list1=[1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2,'Barish']
print(list1[::-1])

# Output
['Barish', 2, 1, 2, 1, (3+4j), 1.5, 'Python', True,
2, 1]

4. By using loop
i=[10,20,True,'python']
for x in i:
print(x)

# Output
‘’’10
20
True
python’’’

i=[10,20,True,'python']
x=0
while(x<len(i)):
print(i[x])
x+=1

# Output
‘’’10
20
True
python’’’

#W.A.P. To print even numbers from list:

n=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
for n1 in n:
if n1%2==0:
print(n1)

# Output
0
2
4
6
8
10

#W.A.P. To print element of list index wise:

l=["A","B","C"]
x=len(l)
for i in range(x):
print(l[i],"is available at index: ",i,"and at index: ",i-x)

# Output
A is available at index: 0 and at index: -3
B is available at index: 1 and at index: -2
C is available at index: 2 and at index: -1

Built-in-function of list

max(Object)
min(obj)
len(obj)
list(obj)

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600]
print(max(i))
print(min(i))
print(len(i))

# Output
500
-600
6

j=['A','P','z']
print(max(j))

# Output
z
Method of list

1. append(obj) take exactly one argument

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600]
i.append('Hankit')
print(i)

# Output
[10, 20, 1, 50, 500, -600, 'Python']

2. insert(index,obj) take exactly two argument

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600]
i.insert(2, 'Python')
print(i)

# Output
[10, 20, 'Python', 1, 50, 500, -600]

(* Imp) What is the difference Between append() & insert()

l=[1,2,'Python','Ajgar wale gupta',True]
l.append('A')
l.append('Saurabh')
l.insert(4,'Tabish')
print(l)

# Output
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Ajgar wale gupta', 'Tabish', True,
'A', 'Saurabh']
3. remove(obj) take exactly one argument

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600,1]
i.insert(2, 'Python')
print(i)
i.remove(1)
print(i)

# Output
[10, 20, 'Python', 1, 50, 500, -600, 1]
[10, 20, 'Python', 50, 500, -600, 1]

4. pop() without argument

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600]
i.pop()
print(i)

# Output
[10, 20, 1, 50, 500]

pop(index) with argument

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600]
i.pop()
print(i)
i.pop(2)
print(i)

# Output
[10, 20, 1, 50, 500]
[10, 20, 50, 500]

(* Imp) Difference b/w remove() & pop() method

l=[1,2,'Python','Ajgar wale gupta',True]
l.append('A')
l.append('Saurabh')
l.insert(4,'Tabish')
print(l)
l.remove('A')
print(l)
print(l.pop())
print(l.pop(3))
print(l)

# Output
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Ajgar wale gupta', 'Tabish',
True, 'A', 'Saurabh']
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Ajgar wale gupta', 'Tabish',
True, 'Saurabh']
Saurabh
Ajgar wale gupta
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Tabish', True]

5. copy() no-arg method

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600,'Uttkarsh','Prachi']
uttkarsh= i
print(id(uttkarsh))
print(id(i))
prachi= i.copy() # no arg
print(id(prachi))
print(prachi)
print(i)

# Output
140362773960392
140362773960392
140362773906824
[10, 20, 1, 50, 500, -600, 'Uttkarsh', 'Prachi']
[10, 20, 1, 50, 500, -600, 'Uttkarsh', 'Prachi']
list1=[1,2,'Python','Python wale gupta',True,1,2,34]
sl1=list1
print(id(sl1))
print(id(list1))
print(sl1)
dp1=list1.copy()
list1.append('Tanmay')
print(id(dp1))
print(dp1)
print(sl1)

# Output
140362834039816
140362834039816
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Python wale gupta', True, 1, 2,
34]
140362773909064
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Python wale gupta', True, 1, 2,
34]
[1, 2, 'Python', 'Python wale gupta', True, 1, 2,
34, 'Tanmay']

6. clear () no arg method

i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600,'Uttkarsh','Prachi']
i.clear()
print(i)

# Output
[]

7. reverse() no-arg
i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600,'Uttkarsh','Prachi']
i.reverse()
print(i)

# Output
['Prachi', 'Uttkarsh', -600, 500, 50, 1, 20, 10]

8. sort() no-arg
i=[10,20,1,50,500,-600]
i.sort()
print(i)
# Output
[-600, 1, 10, 20, 50, 500]

i=['A','python']
i.sort()
print(i)

# Output
['A', 'python']

i2=['Ujjwal','Shivesh']
i2.sort()
print(i2)

# Output
['Shivesh', 'Ujjwal']

9 count(obj)
i=[10,20,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,50,500,-600]
print(i.count(1))

# Output
4

10. index(obj)

i=[10,20,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,50,500,-600]
print(i.index(500))

11. extend(obj)

x = [1, 2, 3]
x1=[4,5,6,7]
x.extend(x1)
print (x)

# Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Q. Difference between append() & extend()

Nested List

List Inside List is called nested list.

creation of nested list

l =[10,20,30,[True,'Phython']]
print(len(l))
print(l)

Accessing of list

By using reference variable

l =[10,20,30,[True,'Phython']]
print (l)

# Output
[10, 20, 30, [True, 'Phython']]

by using indexing
l =[10,20,30,[True,'Phython']]
l[3]

# Output
[True, 'Phython']

l =[10,20,30,[True ,[1,2,3]],'Phython']
print(l)
print(l[3][1][0])

# Output
[10, 20, 30, [True, [1, 2, 3]], 'Phython']
1

by using slicing
l =[10,20,30,[True,'Phython']]
print(l[3::2])

# Output
[[True, 'Phython']]

l =[[10,20,30],
[40,50,60],
[60,70,80]]
print(l)
print(l[0])
print(l[1])
print(l[2])
 Tuple
Tuple
Tuple is the colletion of hetrogenious object where insertion order is preserved
& duplicates are allowed.
It is immutable & represented by ()

tuple1=(1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2)
print(tuple1)
print(type(tuple1))

# Output
(1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2)
<class 'tuple'>

prove immutable behaviour of tuple

tuple1=(1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2)
print(tuple1)
tuple1[2]= 'program'

# Output
(1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2)
--------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
TypeError
Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-34-d45483c92703> in <module>()
1
tuple1=(1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2)
2 print(tuple1)
----> 3 tuple1[2]= 'program'
4
5 # Output

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item

assignment

Cretion of tuple

1. by using ( )

tuple1=eval(input('Enter tuple Elements:'))

print(tuple1)

# Output
Enter tuple Elements:(1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5,
(3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2)
(1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2)

tuple1=(1,2,True,"Python",1.5,3+4j,1,2,1,2)
print(tuple1)
# tuple[1]=5 immuatable behaviour

# Output
(1, 2, True, 'Python', 1.5, (3+4j), 1, 2, 1, 2)

2 . by using tuple()
i=[10,20,True,'python']
print(type(i))
l=tuple(i)
print(l)
print(type(l))

# Output
<class 'list'>
(10, 20, True, 'python')
<class 'tuple'>

Accessing of tuple

1. By using reference variable

i=(10,20,True,'python')
print(i)

# Output
(10, 20, True, 'python')

2. By using loop
i=(10,20,True,'python')
for x in i:
print(x)

# Output
10
20
True
python

While loop

i=[10,20,True,'python']
x=0
while x<len(i):
print(i[x])
x+=1

# Output
10
20
True
python

3. By using indexing
i=(10,20,True,'python')
print(i[-1])

# Output
python

4. By using slicing
i=(10,20,True,'python')
print(i[1:3])

# Output
(20, True)

Built-in-function of tuple

max(Obj)
min(obj)
len(obj)
tuple(obj)

i=(10,20,1,50,500,-600)
print(max(i))
print(min(i))
print(len(i))

# Output
500
-600
6

method of tuple

count(obj)
i=(10,20,True,'python',20,20,30,40,50,True,10,10,10)
print(i.count(10))

# Output
4

index(obj)
i=(10,20,True,'python',20,20,30,40,50,True,10,10,10)
print(i.index(True))

# Output
2

(* imp) Difference between list & tuples

Tuple Comprehension
Not supported
Tuple Packing and Unpacking:

Packing
a=10
b=20
c=30
d=40
t=a,b,c,d
print(type(t))
print(t)

# Output
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 40)

Unpacking

t=(10,20,30,40)
a,b,c,d=t

t=(10,20,30,40)
a,b,c,d=t
print(a)
print(b)

# Output
10
20
Q. Write a program to take a tuple of numbers from the
keyboard and print its sum and average?

t=eval(input("Enter Tuple of Numbers:"))

l=len(t)
sum=0
for x in t:
sum=sum+x
print("The Sum=",sum)
print("The Average=",sum/l)

# Output
Enter Tuple of Numbers:(10,20,30,40,50,60)
The Sum= 210
The Average= 35.0
 Set

set
set is the collection of hetrogenois object where insertion order is not preserved
and duplicate are not allowed.
It is mutable & represented by { }

Note-
indexing & slicing concept is not applicable for set

(Q) Why indexing & slicing concept is not applicable for sets
d={100,'Python','Abhi',101,100,101,104,105,True}
print(d)
# d[5]=10 Indexing not applicable for set
print(d)

# Output
{True, 100, 101, 104, 105, 'Python', 'Abhi'}
{True, 100, 101, 104, 105, 'Python', 'Abhi'}
Creation of set

1. By using { }

d=eval(input('Enter set Elements:'))

print(d)

# Output
d=eval(input('Enter set Elements:'))
print(d)

d={100,'Python','Abhi',101,100,101,104,105,True}
print(d)

# Output
{True, 100, 101, 104, 105, 'Python', 'Abhi'}
<class 'set'>

Note-
{ & } represent dict not set.
b=set()
print(type(b))
print(b)
b.add(10)
print(b)

# Output
<class 'set'>
set()
{10}
2. By using set() function
a=set()
a.add(10)
print(type(a))
print(a)
# Output
<class 'set'>
{10}

l=[10,20,30,40]
s=set(l)
print(s)

# Output
{40, 10, 20, 30}

Accessing of set

1. By using reference variable

d={100,'Python','Abhi',101,100,101,104,105,True}
print(d)

# Output
{True, 100, 101, 104, 105, 'Python', 'Abhi'}

2. By using loops
d={100,'Python','Abhi',101,100,101,104,105,True}
for x in d:
print(x)

# Output
True
100
101
104
105
Python
Abhi

Methods of set

1. add(obj) take exactly one argument

d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
d.add('Rajkumari')
print(d)

# Output
{'Python', 100, 'Rajkumari', 'Abhi'}

2. remove(obj) take exactly one argument

d={100,'Python','Abhi',100,100}
print(d)
d.remove(100)
print(d)

# Output
{'Python', 'Abhi'}

3. discard(obj) take exactly one argument

d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
d.discard(100)
print(d)

# Output
{'Python', 100, 'Abhi'}

(* imp) Difference between discard & remove method.

Ans-
4. pop() no-arg method

Delete Random Element

d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
d.pop()
print(d)

# Output
{100, 'Python'}

(* Imp) difference between remove() & pop()

Ans-

5. difference(obj)
d={100,10,3,2,5,6}
e={100,101,104,105,1,3,4}
print(d.difference(e)) #10,5,2,6

# Output
{2, 10, 5, 6}

6. intersection(obj1,obj2,obj3............)
d={100,10,3,2,5,6,4}
e={100,101,104,105,1,3,4}
f={1,5,6,8,7,10,4}
g=d.intersection(e,f)
print(g)

# Output
{4}

7. union(obj1,obj2,obj3............)
d={100,10,3,2,5,6,4}
e={100,101,104,105,1,3,4}
f={1,5,6,8,7,10,4}
g=d.union(e,f)
print(g)
# Output
{1, 2, 3, 100, 5, 6, 4, 101, 104, 10, 105, 7, 8}

8. clear() no-arg
d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
print(d)
d.clear()
print(d)

# Output
{'Abhi', 100, 'Python'}
set()

9. copy() no-arg
d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
print(d)
e=d.copy()
print(e)

# Output
{'Abhi', 100, 'Python'}
{'Abhi', 100, 'Python'}

10 update(obj)
d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
e={1,2,3}
d.update(e)
print(d)
# Output
{'Abhi', 1, 2, 100, 3, 'Python'}

d={100,'Python','Abhi'}
e={1,2,3}
f={10,20,30}
print(d)
d.update(e,f)
print(d)

# Output
{'Abhi', 100, 'Python'}
{1, 2, 3, 100, 20, 'Python', 'Abhi', 10, 30}

Q. Wap program to remove duplicate element of list

l=eval(input("Enter list elements: "))

s=set(l)
print(list(s))

# Output
Enter list elements: [10,10,10,2,2,3,3,4,5,6.5]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6.5, 10]

l=eval(input("Enter list elements: ")

l1=[]
for x in l:
if x not in l1:
l1.append(x)
print(l1)

Q W.A.P. to print different vowels present in the given word ?

w = input('Enter A Word:')
s= set(w)
v= {'a','e','i','o','u'}
d=s.intersection(v)
print(d)

# Output
Enter A Word:Vikash
{'e', 'a'}
 Dictionary
dict
dict is the collection of key, value pairs where insertion order is not preserved
and duplicate keys are not allowed while value can be duplicate.

It is represented by {} & it is mutable.

Hetrogenous is also allowed.

Syntax

ref var={key1:value,key2:value,............keyn:value}

d={'Abhi':101,100:100,104:105,1:'Vikash',1:100}
print(d)
print(type(d))

# Output
{'Abhi': 101, 100: 100, 104: 105, 1: 100}
<class 'dict'>

some syntaxes in dict

CRUD

reference_var[key]=value

reference_var[key]

del reference_var[key]

del reference_var

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
d[106]='soni'
d[100]='Manisha'
d['Anurag']='soni'
print(d)

i.e 2

d={}
d[106]='soni'
d[100]='soni'
d['Anurag']='vinod'
print(d)
d[100]=100
print(d)

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
d[106]='Vinod'
d[100]='soni'
print(d)
d[100]='Tabish'
del d[104]
print(d)
# Output
{100: 'soni', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 105, 106: 'Vinod'}
{100: 'Tabish', 'Abhi': 101, 106: 'Vinod'}
d={'Abhi':101,100:101,104:105,3+4j:'Vikash'}
d['Satyam']='Satyam'
print(d)
print(d[100])
del d['Abhi']
print(d)
del d
print(d)

# output
{'Abhi': 101, 100: 101, 104: 105, (3
+4j): 'Vikash', 'Satyam': 'Satyam'}
101
{100: 101, 104: 105, (3+4j): 'Vikash', 'Satyam':
'Satyam'}
--------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
NameError
Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-54-b58282aad346> in <module>()
6 print(d)
7 del d
----> 8 print(d)
9
10 # Output

NameError: name 'd' is not defined

Creation of dict
By using { }

d=eval(input("Enter Dict Elements:"))

print(d)
print(type(d))

# Output
Enter Dict Elements:
{10:20,'Satyam':101,101:102,102:102}
{10: 20, 'Satyam': 101, 101: 102, 102: 102}
<class 'dict'>
d={'Abhi':101,100:101,104:105,3+4j:'Vikash'}
print(d)

# Output
{'Abhi':101,100:101,104:105,3+4j:'Vikash'}

Accessing of dict

1. By using reference variable

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,100:101,104:105}
print(d)

# Output
{'Abhi':101,100:101,104:105,3+4j:'Vikash'}

2. By using key
d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d[100])
print(d['Abhi'])

# Output
Python
101
3. By using loops
d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
for x in d:
print(x)
print(d[100])
print(d['Abhi'])

# Output
100
Abhi
104
Python
101

# Write a program to enter name and percentage marks in a

dictionary and display information on the screen ?

rec={}
n=int(input("Enter number of students: "))
i=1
while i <=n:
name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
marks=input("Enter % of Marks of Student: ")
rec[name]=marks
i=i+1
print("Name of Student","\t","% of marks")
for x in rec:
print("\t",x,"\t\t",rec[x])

# Output
Enter number of students: 2
Enter Student Name: Sandy
Enter % of Marks of Student: 80
Enter Student Name: Mandy
Enter % of Marks of Student: 85
Name of Student % of marks
Sandy 80
Mandy 85
rec={}
n=int(input("Enter number of students: "))
for a in range(1,n+1):
name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
marks=input("Enter % of Marks of Student: ")
rec[name]=marks
print("Name of Student","\t","% of marks")
for x in rec:
print("\t",x,"\t\t",rec[x])

Methods of dict

1. get(key,deafult)
i.e 1

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:'Pratiksha'}
print(d.get(104,'Please enter valid key'))
print(d)

# Output
Pratiksha
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 'Pratiksha'}

ie. 2

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.get('Anurag','Please enter valid key'))
print(d)

# Output
Please enter valid key
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 105}

2. setdefault(key,value)
d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:'Pratiksha'}
print(d.setdefault(104,'B.tech'))
print(d)

# Output
Pratiksha
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 'Pratiksha'}

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:'Pratiksha'}
print(d.setdefault('Hina','B.tech'))
print(d)

# Output
B.tech
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 'Pratiksha',
'Hina': 'B.tech'}

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.setdefault(104,'Please enter valid key'))
print(d)

# Output
105
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 105}

Q. Difference Between get() and setdefault() method

Answer-

3. items() no-arg method

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.items())

# Output
dict_items([(100, 'Python'), ('Abhi', 101), (104,
105)])

4. keys() no-arg method

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.keys())

# Output
dict_keys([100, 'Abhi', 104])

5. values() no-arg method

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.values())

# Output
dict_values(['Python', 101, 105])

6. pop(key)
d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.pop(104))
print(d)

# Output
105
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101}

Q. Comparision of pop() method from List,Set,Dict.

Answer-

7. clear() no-arg
d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
print(d.clear())
print(d)

# Output
{}

8. copy method no-arg

d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
a=d.copy()
print(d)
print(a)

# Output
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 105}
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 105}

9. update(dictobj)
d={100:'Python','Abhi':101,104:105}
a={1:2,2:3,3:4}
d.update(a)
print(d)

# Output
{100: 'Python', 'Abhi': 101, 104: 105, 1: 2, 2: 3,
3: 4}
 Functions
functions
If a group of statements is repeatedly required then it is not recommended to
write these statements everytime seperately.We have to define these statements
as a single unit and we can call that unit any number of times based on our
requirement without rewriting.
This unit is nothing but function.
The main advantage of functions is code Reusability.

function is a group of statements.

it's the smallest part of the program.
It is not automatically executed.

There are two types of function in python

1. predefine / Built-in-function
2 user define function

1. Built in Functions:

The functions which are coming along with Python software automatically,are
called built
in functions or pre defined functions

Eg:
id()
type()
input()
eval()
etc..

2. User Defined Functions:

The functions which are developed by programmer explicitly according to

business requirements ,are called user defined functions.

How to create Function in Python

Syntax

def func_Name(parameter):
'''doc-string''' # optional
function Suite
return expression

def demo():
'doc-string' # optional
print("Hello Class GM")

demo()

#Output
Hello Class GA

Parameter
Parameters are input to the functions. It is also called arguments.
There are various types of argumnets in Python

1. Required arguments / positional argument

2. keyword argument
3. default argument
4. variable length argument

Explain formal/dummy & Actual Parameter .

Types of parameter

1. Required argument / positional argument

These are the arguments passed to function in correct positional order.

def add(a,b):
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a/b)
add(10,20)

# Output
30
-10
200
0.5
10
The number of arguments and position of arguments must be matched. If we
change the order then result may be changed.
If we change the number of arguments then we will get error.

def satyam(a,b):
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a/b)
print(a)
print(b)
x=int(input("Enter Number:"))
y=int(input("Enter Number:"))
satyam(x,y)

# Output
Enter Number:5
Enter Number:6
11
-1
30
0.8333333333333334

2. keyword argument
We can pass argument values by keyword i.e by parameter name.s
Caller identifiy the positioning of required arguments.

def add(a,b):
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a/b)
add(b=10,a=20)

# Output
30
10
200
2.0
20
def satyam(a,b):
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a/b)
print(a)
print(b)
x=int(input("Enter Number:"))
y=int(input("Enter Number:"))
satyam(b=x,a=y)

#Output
Enter Number:5
Enter Number:2
7
-3
10
0.4
2
5

Note-
required argument does not follow keyword argument
positional argument follows keyword argument

def satyam(a,b):
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a/b)
print(a)
print(b)
x=int(input("Enter Number:"))
y=int(input("Enter Number:"))
satyam(y,b=x)

3. default argument
Sometimes we can provide default values for our positional arguments.

ie. 1

def add(a=50,b=20):
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a/b)
add()

# Output
70
30
1000
2.5
Rerun
180
20
8000
1.25

Note-

If we are not passing any name then only default value will be considered.

i.e 2

def add(a=100,b=200):
print(a+b)
print("Hello Class GM")

add(10,20)

# Output
30
Hello Class GM

i.e 3
def add(a=100,b=200):
print(a+b)
print("Hello Class GM")

add(10)

# Output
210
Hello Class GM

4. variable length argument

Sometimes we can pass variable number of arguments to our function,such type
of arguments are called variable length arguments.
We can declare a variable length argument with * symbol as follows

def f1(*var):
We can call this function by passing any number of arguments including zero
number.
Internally all these values represented in the form of tuple.

i.e 2

def add(*argu):
print("Hello i am in var-arg parameter")
print("Hello Class GM")

add()
add(1,'Abhi')
add(1,'Abhi',100,1000)

# Output
Hello i am in var-arg parameter
Hello Class GM
Hello i am in var-arg parameter
Hello Class GM
Hello i am in var-arg parameter
Hello Class GM

i.e. 2

def prachi(*prachi):
print("Hello i am in var-arg parameter")
print("Hello Class GM")
print("Hello i am in var-arg parameter")
print("Hello Class GM")

prachi()
prachi(12)

ie 3

def sum(*n):
total=0
for n1 in n:
total=total+n1
print(total)
sum(10,20,30)

# Output
10
30
60

def display(**kwargs):
for k,v in kwargs.items():
print(k,"=",v)
display(n1=10,n2=20,n3=30)
display(rno=100,name="Vikash",marks=70,subject="Python")

Note-

We can call this function by passing any number of keyword arguments.

Internally these keyword arguments will be stored inside a dictionary.
Return statement
In C/C++ and Java we can return only one value but in Python we can return
Multiple values.
Whenever interpreter encounter the return statement then control come out
from function

1. return single value

def add(a,b):
return a+b

c=add(10,20)
print('The Sum:',c)

# Output
The Sum: 30

def add(a,b):
return a+b
print('Ajgar wale Gupta g')
print('Aman Wale Gupta g')
c=add(10,20)
print('The Sum:',c)

# Output
The Sum: 30

def tiwari(a,b):
c=a+b
print('Tiwari Abhishek')
return c
x=tiwari(10,50.5)
print(x)

# Output
Tiwari Abhishek
60.5
2. return multiple value
def add_sub(a,b):
return a+b,a-b
c,d=add_sub(10,20)
print('The Sum is :',c,'and Substarction is:',d)

# Output
The Sum is : 30 and Substarction is: -10

def add_sub(a,b):
return a+b,a-b,a*b,a/b

x,y,z,p=add_sub(10,20)
print("Sum:",x,"Sub:",y,'mul:',z,'Div',p)

# Output
Sum: 30 Sub: -10 mul: 200 Div 0.5

def add_sub(a,b):
e=a+b
f=a-b
g=a*b
h=a/b
return e,f,g,h

x,y,z,p=add_sub(10,20)
print("Sum:",x,"Sub:",y,'mul:',z,'Div',p)

# Output
Sum: 30 Sub: -10 mul: 200 Div 0.5

variables
Variables are named memory location used to store data.
There are two types of variables in functional Python.

Local
Global
c=10
d=50
def add(a,b):
x=eval(input('Enter First number for math operations'))
y=eval(input('Enter First number for math operations'))
print(c*d)
print(a*b)
print(a+b)
print(a/b)
print(a-b)
print(x+y)
print(x-y)
print(x/y)
print(x-y)
print("Hello Class GM")
print("Hello")
print("Python")

add(b=10,a=20)
print(c+d)
print(c,d)
print(x+y)

# Output
Enter First number for math operations50
Enter First number for math operations60
500
200
30
2.0
10
110
-10
0.8333333333333334
-10
Hello Class GM
Hello
Python
60
10 50
20
Anonymous function

A function without name is called anonymous function.

It is used for instant purpose.
We can implement anonymous function by using lambda keyword.

Syntax

lambda arguments:return one value/ expression

# WAP to input two numbers & print their sum by using lambda function.

s=lambda a,b:(a+b)
print('The Sum',s(10,20))

# Output
The Sum 30

tiwari=lambda a,b:a-b
print('The Sub',tiwari(10,20))

# Output
The Sub -10

(* imp ) Q- Difference between normal function & anonymous

function.
Normal function Anonymous Function
1 define by def keyword define by lmbda keyword
2 return multiple value return only one value/expression
3 it has some name it is nameless

# W.A.P to input a number a print its factorial

num=int(input("PLEASE ENTER A NUMBER TO FIND FACT : "))
fact=1;
for i in range(1,num+1):
fact=fact*i
print("THE FACTORIAL OF ",num," IS : ",fact)

# Output
PLEASE ENTER A NUMBER TO FIND FACT : 5
THE FACTORIAL OF 5 IS : 120

Recursion
A function call itself is called recursion .

# W.A.P to input a number a print its factorial by using recursion

def factorial(n):
if(n <= 1):
return 1
else:
result=n*factorial(n-1) #5* 4* 3 *2
return(result)
n = int(input("Enter number:"))
print("Factorial:")
print(factorial(n))
# W.A.P to input a number a print its factorial by using recursion

n=int(input('Enter number for factorial:'))

def factorial(n):
if n==0:
result=1
else:
result=n*factorial(n-1)
return result
print(factorial(n))

# Output
Enter number for factorial:5
120

filter() function

We can use filter() function to filter values from the given sequence based
on some condition.

Syntax

filter(function,sequence)
where function argument is responsible to perform conditional check
sequence can be list or tuple or string.

without lambda

def isEven(x):
if x%2==0:
return True
else:
return False
l=[0,5,10,15,20,25,30]
l1=list(filter(isEven,l))
print(l1) #[0,10,20,30]
# Output
[0, 10, 20, 30]

with lambda

l=[5,4,1,2,10,15,9,80,70,80]
l1=list(filter(lambda x:x%2==0,l))
print(l1)

#Output
[4, 2, 10, 80, 70, 80]

l=eval(input('Enter List:'))
l1=list(filter(lambda x:x%2==0,l))
print(l1)

#Output
Enter List:[10,11,12,13,14,15,16]
[10, 12, 14, 16]

l=eval(input('Enter List'))
l1=list(filter(lambda x:x**2,l))
print(l1)

map()

For every element present in the given sequence,apply some functionality

and generate new element with the required modification. For this
requirement we should go for map() function.

syntax

map(function,sequence)
The function can be applied on each element of sequence and generates new
sequence.

i.e.
l=[5,4,1,2,10,15,9,80,70,80]
l1=list(map(lambda x:3*x,l))
print(l)
print(l1)

# Output
[5, 4, 1, 2, 10, 15, 9, 80, 70, 80]
[15, 12, 3, 6, 30, 45, 27, 240, 210, 240]

l=eval(input('Enter List:'))
l1=list(map(lambda x:x**2,l))
print(l1)

#Output
Enter List:[10,12,13,14,5,45,10,80]
[10, 12, 13, 14, 5, 45, 10, 80]
[100, 144, 169, 196, 25, 2025, 100, 6400]

reduce()

reduce() function reduces sequence of elements into a single element by

applying the specified function.

syntax

reduce(function,sequnce)
reduce() function present in functools module and hence we should write import
statement.

i.e

from functools import *

l=[5,4,1,2,10,15,9,80,70,80]
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,l)
print(result)

#Output
276
from functools import *
l=eval(input('Enter List:'))
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,l)
print(result)

#Output
Enter List:[10,12,13,14,5,45,10,80]
189

i.e.

from functools import *

l=[5,4,1,2,10,15,9,80,70,80]
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x*y,l)
print(result)

# Output
24192000000

Function Aliasing:

For the existing function we can give another name, which is nothing but
function aliasing.

def wish(name):
print("Good Morning:",name)
greeting=wish
print(id(wish))
print(id(greeting))
greeting('Sandy')
wish('Vikash')

# Output
139894472885520
139894472885520
Good Morning: Sandy
Good Morning: Vikash

name=input('Enter Any Name:')

def wish(name):
print("Good Morning:",name)
greeting=wish
print(id(wish))
print(id(greeting))
greeting(name)
wish(name)

# Output
Enter Any Name:Vikash
140197875752472
140197875752472
Good Morning: Vikash
Good Morning: Vikash

Note:
In the above example only one function is available but we can call that
function by using either wish name or greeting name.
If we delete one name still we can access that function by using alias name

Nested Functions:

We can declare a function inside another function, such type of functions are
called Nested functions.

def outer():
print("outer function started")
def inner():
print("inner function execution")
print("outer function calling inner function")
inner()
outer()
#inner() Error
# Output
outer function started
outer function calling inner function
inner function execution

Note-

In the above example inner() function is local to outer() function and hence it is
not possible to call directly from outside of outer() function.

def outer():
print("outer function started")
def inner():
print("inner function execution")
print("outer function calling inner function")
return inner()
outer()

# Output
outer function started
outer function calling inner function
inner function execution

Thanks and Regards

Vikash Sarraf
Python Data Science Expert
Chegg Expert Q&A India

Contact No. :- 8804321194

Telegram Id :-@vksarraf