Language - Together with the creation of Extended, (4) Organizational Communication,

human life is the creation of a wonderful and and (5) Intercultural Communication.
dynamic human capacity.
(1) Intrapersonal Communication – intra
Animals: are able to communicate with means within/inside. Talking to oneself; self or
each other. Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue.
bark, and bird chirp. Psychologists call it as self-verbalization/self-
statement.
Linguists – agree that a language can only be
called a language if it has a system of rules (2) Interpersonal Communication – inter
(grammar), a sound system (phonology) and means between, among and together. To
vocabulary (lexicon). establish or deepen one’s relationship with
others. Occur in “dyads/small groups” aka group
Speech Community – Share the same set of
communication.
rules in the language system.
(3) Extended Communication – Use of
Language Acquisition – people acquire the
electronic media, ex: tele, audio, phone
languages used by those in the community.
conferencing, video-conferencing, Skype calls,
Mother tongue/first languages – languages etc.
acquired while growing up.
(4) Organizational Communication –
Second languages – other languages are needed Individuals who work for the company. Types of
for various reasons. Org. Structure: (1) Formal and (2) Informal.

Language Learning – languages learned by Formal Structure – Allows communication to

studying formally in school or informally on take place via designated channels of message
their own. flow between positions in the organization.

Language Contact – result of contact may be a Four Approaches to Formal: (1) Downward
new form of language (ex. English trying to communication, (2) Upward communication, (3)
understand Chinese). Horizontal communication, and (4) Crosswise
communication.
Language Change – the result of the language
contact. 1. Downward Communication – flows
from upper to lower positions (ex:
Communication – as a term takes on different President to manager/supervisor)
context resulting in people having different 2. Upward Communications – Bottom-up
views on communication types. An exchange of in which subordinates send
thoughts, ideas, concepts and views between or communication to their superiors/bosses
among two or more people. bearing their views/feedback.
Context – is the circumstance or environment in 3. Horizontal Communication – Same
which communication takes place. level but coming from different
departments/units.
Communication classified: (1) Communication 4. Crosswise Communication – Different
Mode, (2) Context, and (3) Purpose & Style. units/departments working at various
levels to communicate with each other.
According to Mode: message is conveyed via
verbal – nonverbal & visual. Informal Communication – Unofficial
channels of message flow, aka Grapevine
Verbal – Non-Verbal Communication – One
messages coming from the different levels of the
cannot be separated from the other. Greetings,
organization are transmitted.
facial expressions, handshakes, etc.
(5) Intercultural Communication –
Visual Communication – uses visuals to
Communication between or among people
convey information and/or messages. (e.g.:
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
social and professional backgrounds.
diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or
illustrations, etc.) Communication according to Purpose & Style –
Formal communication employs formal
Types of Communications according to
language delivered orally or in written. Informal
Context: (1) Intrapersonal, (2) Interpersonal, (3)
communication involves personal and ordinary
 conversations with friends, family members, or 2) Know your audience.
acquaintance about anything under the sun. 3) Know your topic.
4) Adjust your speech or writing to the
Communication Models – Flow of
context of the situation.
communication that you will be able to make the
5) Work on the feedback given you.
communication process effective. It is often
abstract. Four Communication Models: Principles of Effective Oral Communication:
(1) Aristotle’s Communication Model – 1) Be clear with your purpose.
emphasized that there are three variables in the 2) Be complete with the message you
process: Speaker, Speech and Audience. deliver.
3) Be concise.
Speaker Speech Audience 4) Be natural with your delivery.
5) Be specific and timely with your
feedback.
(2) Laswell’s Communication Model – 1948
Harold Dwight Laswell focused on the five Principles of Effective Written Comm. 7Cs:
Ws: Who says What in Which channel to Whom
1) Clear. Be guided by your purpose.
and with What effect.
2) Concise. Be brief by focusing.
3) Concrete. Support your claims with
Who: Says What: which channel: To whom:
Communicator Message Medium Receiver facts.
Effect
4) Correct. Observe grammar.
5) Coherent. Ideas should be connected.
6) Complete. Necessary & relevant info.
(3) Shannon-Weaver’s Communication 7) Courteous. Tone must be friendly.
Model – Claude Elwood Shannon & Warren
Weaver (1949). Components noise, reception, Ethics of Communication – Emphasizes that
destination and feedback are identified; morals influence the behavior of an individual,
information source: sender, transmitter group or organization thereby affecting their
(encoder), decoder (reception) and receiver communication.
(destination) were introduced. Guides:
Sender Encoder Channel Decoder 1) Establish an effective value system that
Receiver will pave the way for development of
your integrity as a person.
noise
2) Provide complete and accurate
information.
Feedback 3) Disclose vital information adequately
(4) Berlo’s Communication Model – (1960) and appropriately.
David Berlo’s Model was initially called SMCR
Code of ethics is essential as it determines the
for Sender of the Message, sent through a
kind of behavior that is proper and desirable
Channel or medium to a Receiver.
over one that is displeasing and offensive. – Sets
ENCODES DECODES
standards to be observed by a person or a
Source: Message: Channel: Receiver:
company that will create a good reputation or a
Communication Content Hearing Communication positive image not only for an individual but
Skills Elements Seeing Skills also for the organization.
Attitudes Treatment Touching Attitudes
Knowledge Structure Smelling Knowledge
Social System Code Tasting Social System
Communication Modes – refers to the channel
Culture Culture through which one expresses their
communicative intent.
Author/Writer’s Purpose: Forms of Communication:
1) To Inform  Face-to-face Interaction – Informal or
2) To Persuade casual conversation between two or
3) To Entertain more people.
General Principles of Effective Communication:  Video – Web cameras are used so that
two or more people who cannot interact
1) Know your purpose in communicating. face-to-face can communicate.
 Audio – Transmitted sound, only the
voice of the speaker is heard.
 Text-based Communication – Emails,
text messaging, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
“Globalization” and “global” are terms Lexicon: vocabulary words peculiar only to
associated with realities outside the territories of some English varieties in SEA.
nation-states. All are engaged in globalization.
Language Registers/Registers of English:
Globalization is the process by which people and Genre, Register, & Style
goods move easily across borders. Can be found:
Field: social setting.
 Economic Interdependence Tenor: role/s by writers and readers.
 Political Mode: knowledge of other texts of
 Social speakers/listeners.

Intercultural Communication - Legalese/Legal Language: archaic expressions,

communication between parties from different technical jargon…
cultures. Textese/Language of Texts: SMS Language.

High-Context vs Low-Context: Sources of Misunderstanding: Kaur (2016)

High-context cultures leave much of the 1) AMBIGUITY – lack of explicitness on the
message unspecified, to be understood through part of the speaker in the form of problematic
context, nonverbal cues and between-the-lines reference and ambiguous semantics in which an
interpretation of what is actually said. utterance is open to different interpretations.
Low-context cultures expect messages to be 2) PERFORMANCE – slips of the tongue,
explicit and specific. misunderstandings or mishearing.
3) LANGUAGE – ungrammaticality of
Sequential vs Synchronic: sentences.
Sequential cultures; business people give full 4) GAPS – content not language.
attention to one agenda item after another. 5) LOCAL CONTEXT – turns & turns with
Synchronic cultures; flow of time is viewed as sequences.
a sort of circle with past, present and future all
interrelated.
Affective vs Neutral:
Affective cultures; people show their feelings
plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, etc.
Neutral cultures; do not telegraph their
feelings, but keep them carefully controlled and
subdued.
Varieties of English:
Braj Kachru’s “Three Concentric Circles of
Asian Englishes.”
3 circles:
1) Inner Circle: ENL (English Native
Language) (e.g.; USA, UK, Canada, etc.)
2) Outer Circle: ESL (English Second
Language) (e.g.; Philippines, Kenya, etc.)
3) Expanding Circle: EFL (English Foreign
Language) (e.g.; China, Egypt, Taiwan, etc.)
Bautista & Gonzalez (2006) structural
characteristics: Basilect, Mesolect, & Acrolectal.
1) Acrolect: comes closest to the standard.
2) Basilect: digresses thoroughly from it and
comes close to the Pidgin.
3) Mesolect (middle variety): midway between
the Acrolect & Basilect.
Edulects: resulting to certain types of education
ascertained by social class but are
conveyed/transferred…