Analysis On The Flexural Strength of Muslin Cloth Reinforced Gypsum
Analysis On The Flexural Strength of Muslin Cloth Reinforced Gypsum
Analysis On The Flexural Strength of Muslin Cloth Reinforced Gypsum
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Civil Engineering Department
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
By
Joshua M. Bernal
Jamar A. Camar
Pauline Dela Cruz
Jerome M. Palicte
Nicole Denise G. Salandanan
April 2019
i
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Table of Contents ii
List of Tables iii
List of Figures iii
1 The Problem and its Settings 1
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 2
Conceptual Framework 4
Objective of the Study 4
Scope and Limitations of the Study 5
Significance of the Study 5
Definition of Terms 6
2 Review of Literature and Studies 8
Plastic Waste Management 8
Thermal Properties of PET Bottles 12
Utilization of PET Bottles 13
Thermal Stability 16
Cost Analysis on Thermal Insulation 17
Synthesis 20
3 Methodology 29
Research Design 29
Flowchart of Research Design 32
Description of Research Instrument Used 33
Material Requirements 33
Mix Design 34
Specimen Details 34
Laboratory Experiment 34
References 36
Appendices 41
Biographical Statement 41
ii
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
LIST OF TABLES
1 Mix Design 34
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Research Paradigm 4
2 Flowchart 32
iii
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 1
Introduction
Thermal insulators is one way to cut costs from your house as it benefits the
household in the long run. Insulating the house keeps it from the elements of the frigid
winds of winter and the searing sun of summer. Fiberglass batts are typically the
inches which is great for attics or other areas with few obstructions. Even though a
loose corner or tear can diminish its insulation quality but with proper maintenance, it
Being a tropical country, Philippines is exposed to the searing heat of the sun half of
the year therefore its residents our prone to heat stroke even at home. Proper
insulation can reduce the transmission of heat that enters the household and keeps the
cool air within the household. However, even the cheapest type of insulator can cost
With its growing populace, about 35,580 tons of garbage is generated every day and,
on the average, each person produces 0.5kg and 0.3kg of waste every day in urban
and rural area respectively. In early 2001, Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000 (Republic Act 9003) was approved and came into effect. This law refers to the
solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the
resource recovery activities. But over the years, only 40% to 80% of waste are
recovered implying that 15% to 60% of waste are improperly disposed, and majority of
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles are considered as high residual value plastic
and most likely to be picked up by waste pickers as it generates more profit than low
residual value plastic considering the time spent in garnering them. In fact, according
to a study by a global firm called McKinsey Center for Business and Environment,
Philippines recovery rates for PET bottles has reached 90%. Henceforth, the
researchers came up with the idea to utilize PET bottles as thermal insulators while
maximizing its own ability as a good heat insulator. With this proposal, we can reduce
plastic waste while offering another helpful benefit as it reduces the temperature in
Theoretical Framework
produced yearly and about half of it comes from five countries, Philippines being one of
them. Among these plastic wastes is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles. Based
bottles will increase as it is being used in packaging of clean drinking water thus
making the amount of plastic wastes to grow more. Fortunately, these PET bottles can
be recycled and could be utilized to various products that will help reduce
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 3
wastes.Materials that do not absorb water, like PET bottles, are preferred to use as
thermal insulation as it transfers heat slower than wetted materials. Thermal insulation
is the process of preventing the heat transfer between adjacent surfaces and is
measured by thermal conductivity. According to Fourier’s Law, the time rate of heat
transfer through a material is proportional to the area, the gradient in the temperature,
and the thermal conductivity of the material. Low thermal-conductive materials are
used for thermal insulation. Thermal insulation materials, also known as insulators, are
project is more beneficial or costly, or more feasible than the other project.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 4
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 describes the conceptual framework of the study wherein the input
consists the objectives of the study, the process starts with reviewing the related
literature and studies to determine if the study is feasible or not; the process also
includes the preparation of materials and standard testing for the prototype, and for the
output the researchers would know if PET bottles can be utilized as roof-ceiling thermal
insulator.
a. Material
b. Production
Terephthalate (PET) bottles and its ability to sustain its job as thermal insulators for
roof ceiling. The study will compare the expenses between the conventional thermal
insulators and this prototype in terms of material cost, labor, production cost to
since other standard testing is not available in the Philippines. To have a homogenous
specimen, a 300 ml Coke Mismo type 1 plastic bottle will only be used. Other standard
testing that is done on common thermal insulators available locally on market that is
used by Manufacturers on National Capital Region (NCR) based only, will also be
applied on the prototype. The specimen’s area and its thickness will be based on the
required size for testing and on the available common thermal insulators in the market.
material for thermal insulation in roof ceiling. Also, this study makes possible for the
following to be benefited.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 6
Academe
ceilings. It also helps the academe in providing a reference for future related
studies.
Community
thermal insulation.
Environment
Definition of terms
kind.
modified ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid. This is commonly used for
subunits. Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers
Residual Value. It is the predicted value of the waste after its consumption.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 7
Thermal Insulator. It prevents heat from moving from one place to another.
value.
at a high temperature.
Chapter 2
“Wasting and Recycling in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines” that criticizes all types of
incineration-based on treating plastic waste since it is against the Clean Air Act of
that the remaining waste should have proper landfill to be put to. Common recycling,
strategies could help in managing Municipal wastes. Alternative approach like 3R’s
disposed on landfills.
Plastic Recycling” stated that plastic is an outstanding material but still have
undesirable effect on human and environment. The study tackled different ways on
recycling of plastic wastes and assessed their economic and ecological impact.
Different natural and chemical treatment of plastic wastes were also discussed. One
way to greatly reduce number of plastic wastes is by reusing it, but the problem is most
plastic materials aren’t made to be reuse and only plastic bottles are easy to reuse.
objects (e.g. plastic bottles) in the Earth’s Environment that adversely affects wildlife,
their habitat, and humans. Greenpeace published an article on 2005 about the “The
interview with household members using open-ended questions. Interviews were also
conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that the
into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents
perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by
Republic of Philippines” discussed about the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003) that provides extensive measures on minimizing waste, as well as
reusing, recycling and composting. It aims to minimize solid waste including plastics by
nonbiodegradable and takes time to degrade themselves, most people are just putting
it into fire and isn’t appropriate since it can affect the environment and health hazard of
people. The purpose of this law is to ensure human health and environment.
and Opportunities”, plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which
can readily be molded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of
over the last 60 years. However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate
several environmental problems. Here, researchers briefly set recycling into context
energy recovery as fuel. While plastics have been recycled since the 1970s, the
quantities that are recycled vary geographically, according to plastic type and
application. Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the last
opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and
governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to
In the study of Seebaluck (2009) entitled “Prospects for Recycling of Waste PET
Bottles in Mauritius”, the paper analyses the status and prospects of waste PET bottles
recycling in Mauritius., It is shown that with high demand of consumers, from glass
bottles and cans, industries created fully recyclable pet bottles. The characteristics of
pet bottles as clear, durable, and cheap made it also a good material for packaging of
food and other products. However, with high demand, large amount of pet bottle
Recycling Is Bad for the Environment” (2009), Recycling is generally far better than
sending waste to landfills and relying on new raw materials to drive the consumer
economy. It takes two-thirds less energy to make products from recycled plastic than
from virgin plastic. By the last official measure in 2005, Americans recycle an estimated
32 percent of their total waste, which averages nearly a ton per person per year,
around a third of which is plastic. In the U.S., only 6.8 percent of the total plastic is
actually can be recycled and the higher rates belong to bottles. The chief problem lies
in plastic complexity because it can be categorized into two common types such as
PET and HDPE and also the additives in different plastics must be considered so they
As it says in Lisa Zyga’s article of “How Much Energy Goes into Making a Bottle
of Water?” (2009), she discussed that in producing and transporting plastic bottles it
takes greatly energy input and mostly single-use plastic water bottles are polyethylene
terephthalate (PET). The researchers calculated that the manufacturing cost of PET is
about 4 million joules of energy per typical 1-liter PET bottle weighing 38 grams, and
the cap weighing 2 grams. Even though using recycled materials could lead to some
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 12
energy savings, almost all plastic bottles for water are currently made from virgin PET
bottles.
Park et al. (2009) on a study entitled “Reduce, Reuse, and Replace: A Study on
Solutions to Plastic Wastes” stated that most plastics aren’t biodegradable and
requires time and process in breaking down before throwing it in a landfill. It takes a lot
happening consecutively. This means it’s difficult to lessen plastic waste and when
pet bottles that undergo severe heating conditions. Test samples were with possible
migrant into foods, namely oligomers and volatile substances. Migrate into different
liquids and tested with different time and hour. It is concluded that pet bottles even
under melting point, have good temperature stability. It can be said that it is well suited
Also, plastics can create opportunities in recycling as Jane Blunt (2002) says in
her study “Health and Safety in Welding and Allied Processes”, the plastic and
synthetic resins are now commonly used in coating materials for protection of metal
surfaces and as insulating layers between metals. Burning and welding such coated
metals invariably gives rise to organic decomposition products, many of which are
sources of noxious fumes, particularly where the nature of the coating is not known (as
Nienhuys et al. (2004) stated in the study “Plastic Waste Insulation Re-Use of
PET for High Altitude Houses” that many people that lives in mountainous areas is
consumption, more trees are cut down that greatly affect the forest. The concept of
material on different forms on houses such as bedsheets, uses on roofs and many
more.
Kamal et. Al (2009) reported in their study “Recycling of Waste PET Bottles as a
Voluminous Alternative Material for Making Composite Panels” that pet bottles
opportunity to recycle and use waste pet bottles as an alternative filler material in
manufacturing composite panels. Since foam core is costly, replacing it with pet bottles
is an economical solution. The pet bottle isn’t compatible with cement so thin steel
wires is used and tied it over the pet bottles. Improvement in terms of panel’s strength
Muller (2004) conducted a study to know the use recycled plastic bottles as a
recycled plastic bottles”, potential use and effectiveness of recycled plastic bottles were
plastic bottles were compiled. To identify the factors that mostly affect the energy
absorption, test matrix and analysis of variance was used. This study concludes that
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 14
the plastic bottles collected are capable of absorbing significant amount of crush
Andrew (2005) conducted a study entitled “Recycling of Plastic bottles for Use
used for lightweight geotechnical material. Common geotechnical fills are used for
building roadway embankments, filling in retaining walls, and as backfill above buried
material for lightweight geotechnical fill, it’s physical and mechanical properties were
investigated. A block with 59.5% is made up of recycled pet bottles shows results of
compression tests is also conducted, with strengths of 60KN/m^2 (1,250 lb/ft^2). The
tests made shows that this material may be useful as a lightweight geotechnical fill.
2009), HD-Green is from PET bottles and used as a thermal insulation wherein it was
designed to meet the specialized needs of the technical sleeping bag in the market and
according to them, it is exceptionally warm and soft with the highest thermal efficiency
And this news that turns PET bottles into insulation board or foam,
Thermal Stability
On August 1999, according to Freire and et. al in his research article “Thermal
under severe heating conditions and oligomers and volatile substances were analyzed
as potential migrants into foods. The samples were tested for migration into water, 3%
acetic acid and 15% ethanol solution for 1 hour at 95°C. Overall migration and the
specific migration of terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol were all
very low. The plastics were heated at 150°C, 260°C and 270°C, for 5 minutes 30
showed that the concentration of the second series alicyclic oligomers increased up to
15‐fold on heating whereas the major oligomer fraction, the cyclic trimer, tetramer,
pentamer and hexamer showed only minor concentration changes with heating.
Volatiles evolved by the samples were trapped on a Tenax trap and identified by
GC/MS (gas chromatography‐MS). They were few in number and low in concentration
and none merited migration tests. It is concluded that even when tested up to melting
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 17
point, PET plastics of this type have good temperature stability and are well suited for
On February 2008, according to Richman and et. al in his paper entitled “Life-
Cycle Analysis of Roofing Insulation Levels for Cold Storage Buildings” that to reduce
operating costs, cold storage buildings are being designed with increasing levels of
thermal roof insulation. This examines the current state of the art in order to estimate
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 18
average roof insulation requirements in modern cold storage buildings and also
impact of the building’s cooling load. The cost of purchasing and installing additional
roof insulation is also compared to the annual energy savings associated with the
increase to establish the most economic insulating level given today’s cost of energy.
In the article of This Old House about “Insulation Cost Analysis” (June 2008). A
Materials
Plant and animal-based insulants such as sheep’s wool
and cellulose fibre These have thermal conductivity in the
range of 0.037–0.040W/m2K. The specification issues are
similar to those for mineral fibre.
Mineral fiber, stone or glass wool These have a thermal conductivity of about 0.033–
0.040W/m2K. When using these materials, it is important to maintain a dry
environment during construction to protect them from rain and minimize risk of
condensation. Thermal performance is reduced if moisture comes in contact with this
type of insulation. Air movement can be limited by specifying mineral fiber insulation
with a facing. Mineral fiber used for flooring or flat roofs should have adequate
compressive resistance for the expected traffic and loads to avoid compression.
Plastic bottle waste is a very serious problem in our environment. Since plastic
bottles are cheap and very convenient, many people are using it and the problem is our
proper disposal since it is non-biodegradable that can contribute in the pollution of our
environment.
about solid waste management strategy of Metro Manila that criticizes all types of
incineration-based on treating plastic waste since it is against the Clean Air Act of
1999. Common recycling, waste reduction, and applying new technologies and
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle is an environmental way that reduces plastic wastes to
be disposed on landfills.
Plastic Recycling” reported different natural and chemical treatment of plastic wastes.
One way to greatly reduce number of plastic wastes is by reusing it, but the problem is
most plastic materials aren’t made to be reuse and only plastic bottles are easy to
reuse.
Greenpeace, In Manila Bay, most of the plastics come from land-based sources and
that plastics are intended for disposal after only one use are defined as single-use
Not only in the ocean but also in the land. As it discussed in the study of Bernard
Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 22
day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen
wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles,
of Philippines” (2008) stated that most plastics are non-biodegradable and takes time
to degrade themselves, and most people put it into fire that causes pollution and health
Challenges and Opportunities”, there are many ways to reduce the plastic wastes like
strategies that down gauging and reusing the product. Reprocessing of recyclable
plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling and it may be possible to divert the
majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades.
Seebaluck (2009) on a study entitled “Prospects for Recycling of Waste PET Bottles in
Mauritius” found that many pet bottles were produced since because it is high in
another problem.
But according to Rachel Cernansky in its article “When Recycling is Bad for the
melted down and recycled together as it has different additives and properties.
Not only that, but also Lisa Zyga says in her article “How Much Energy Goes
into Making a Bottle of Water?” that it takes great energy input in producing and
transporting plastic bottles and most of that are PET bottles Even though using
recycled materials could lead to some energy savings, almost all plastic bottles for
Park et al. (2009) on a study entitled “Reduce, Reuse, and Replace: A Study on
Solutions to Plastic Wastes” stated that plastics are non-biodegradable and takes time
to degrade on landfills. Since more plastics are produced every day, it’s difficult to
Plastic bottle waste is a very serious problem in our environment. Since plastic
bottles are cheap and very convenient, many people are using it and the problem is our
proper disposal since it is non-biodegradable that can contribute in the pollution of our
environment.
about solid waste management strategy of Metro Manila that criticizes all types of
incineration-based on treating plastic waste since it is against the Clean Air Act of
1999. Common recycling, waste reduction, and applying new technologies and
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle is an environmental way that reduces plastic wastes to
be disposed on landfills.
Plastic Recycling” reported different natural and chemical treatment of plastic wastes.
One way to greatly reduce number of plastic wastes is by reusing it, but the problem is
most plastic materials aren’t made to be reuse and only plastic bottles are easy to
reuse.
Greenpeace, In Manila Bay, most of the plastics come from land-based sources and
that plastics are intended for disposal after only one use are defined as single-use
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 24
Not only in the ocean but also in the land. As it discussed in the study of Bernard
Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per
day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen
wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles,
of Philippines” (2008) stated that most plastics are non-biodegradable and takes time
to degrade themselves, and most people put it into fire that causes pollution and health
Challenges and Opportunities”, there are many ways to reduce the plastic wastes like
strategies that down gauging and reusing the product. Reprocessing of recyclable
plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling and it may be possible to divert the
majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades.
Seebaluck (2009) on a study entitled “Prospects for Recycling of Waste PET Bottles in
Mauritius” found that many pet bottles were produced since because it is high in
another problem.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 25
But according to Rachel Cernansky in its article “When Recycling is Bad for the
melted down and recycled together as it has different additives and properties.
Not only that, but also Lisa Zyga says in her article “How Much Energy Goes
into Making a Bottle of Water?” that it takes great energy input in producing and
transporting plastic bottles and most of that are PET bottles Even though using
recycled materials could lead to some energy savings, almost all plastic bottles for
Park et al. (2009) on a study entitled “Reduce, Reuse, and Replace: A Study on
Solutions to Plastic Wastes” stated that plastics are non-biodegradable and takes time
to degrade on landfills. Since more plastics are produced every day, it’s difficult to
Many researchers are conducting research and studies that will reduce plastic
pet bottles under severe heating conditions and migrate into different liquid, tested in
different time and concluded that pet bottles even under melting point, have good
According to Blunt (2002) in her study “Health and Safety in Welding and Allied
Processes”, plastic and synthetic resins are now commonly used in coating materials
PET for High Altitude Houses” stated the principles of using PET bottles as insulating
material in different forms for high altitude houses because people were highly
Kamal et. Al (2009) reported in their study “Recycling of Waste PET Bottles as a
Voluminous Alternative Material for Making Composite Panels” that PET bottles tied
with thin steels results in good compatibility with cement and good strength on
composite panels.
bottles”, assessed potential energy absorption capability of recycled PET bottles and
concludes that PET bottles are capable of absorbing significant amount of crush
Operation in Nigeria” (2005) and it shows that across Nigeria’s cities and villages, PET
bottles end up at dumpsites and landfills. That is why Coca-Cola initiated a buyback
and recycling scheme for used PET bottles, regardless of source or brand. The
synthetic fiber produced from PET bottles are valuable raw material that supports
various local industries in producing textiles, mattresses, pillows, sofas, roofing sheets
Andrew (2005) conducted a study entitled “Recycling of Plastic Bottles for Use
properties were investigated. The tests made shows that this material may be useful as
packaging” (2006) that says PET Bottle’s recycling advantages, though, are becoming
In (2009), Baum Publications Ltd produces HD-Green, that is from PET bottles
and used as a thermal insulation wherein it was designed to meet the specialized
needs of the technical sleeping bag in the market and according to them, it is
exceptionally warm and soft with the highest thermal efficiency possible in the eco
category.
There was also news and articles about converting PET bottles into insulation
materials. In 1990, two chemists come up with an answer that to reduce the number of
PET bottles in the world is to make them as an insulation foam as it has a melting point
of more than a hundred degree Celsius and a lower degree of flammability (Dermot
O’Sullivan, 1990).
paper by Richman and et. al in February 2008 and it tackles that to reduce operating
costs, cold storage buildings are being designed with increasing levels of thermal roof
insulation. This examines the current state of the art in order to estimate average roof
insulation requirements in modern cold storage buildings and also includes both
There is also a quality answer in This Old House, a website that holds a forum
about “Insulation Cost Analysis” (June 2008) and here they discussed insulation that
will yield best results. This is to insulate basement ceilings because that is critical. The
perimeter rim of the floor where it sits on the foundation so insulation at this area
And lastly, an article by Building entitled “What it costs: Thermal Insulation” (July
2008). Certain components and elements must achieve a minimum thermal or energy
efficiency but it is the complete building that is assessed as being compliant, based its
carbon dioxide emission rate. Thermal Insulation levels These can be lowered to
emissions and heating bills. There are many materials with different thermal
conductivities that can be used for insulation and cellular plastic are the most thermally
Thermal Stability
heating conditions and oligomers and volatile substances were analyzed as potential
migrants into foods according to an article of Freire and et. al “Thermal Stability of
(August 1999). Overall migration and the specific migration of terephthalic acid,
ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol were all very low. They were few in number and
low in concentration and none merited migration tests. It is concluded that even when
tested up to melting point, PET plastics of this type have good temperature stability and
problem, and there are many efforts for finding an applicable solution for it. This work
was carried out to convert used PET bottles into nanofibers by melt-electrospinning
friendly way to recycling the used PET bottles so it can prevent more pollution of the
environment. This shows that Poly Ethylene Terephthalate bottles have thermostability
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers will use woven cloth as an additive on the gypsum composites.
Woven cloth are to be bought on bakery shops. Woven cloth will be shaken off to
eliminate excess flour, and it will be washed and dried to be free of dirt. After complete
drying, fibers from woven cloth will be stripped and be mixed on gypsum composites.
Plaster of Paris are to be bought on hardware per kilogram. Plaster of Paris to water
mix will be adopt to prevent formation of lumps on the mixture. Tap water on the
laboratory will be used with Plaster of Paris to form a slurry mixture. Starch dissolved in
small amount of hot water will be added on the mixture to increase the adhesion
The mold where the samples will be poured are made from illustration board
with plastic cover in order for the mixture not to pass through. The mold are to be
design to cast a 12x16x½ inch, with an allowance of ¼ inch in depth, which will be the
dimensions for all the samples. Oil will be applied on the mold before pouring the
After the poured samples harden for an hour, it will transferred in a storage
chamber in a controlled temperature where it will be cured for 24 hours. All samples
will be kept dry in the laboratory and will be stacked flat, and off the ground. The
storage chamber shall be inside a building, will be on the laboratory and fully protected
from weather and direct sunlight which follows section 9 of ASTM C1264-14a or
Marking, Shipping, Handling, and Storage of Gypsum Panel Products. After curing for
about 24 hours, it will be put out on mold and will be dried on oven with 300 degree
Celsius for 3 hours. Mass of all samples will be noted after pouring, after hardening for
The researchers will use ASTM C473-19 or Standard Test Methods for Physical
Testing of Gypsum Panel Products in testing the flexural strength of all samples. Test
specimens will be supported near the ends and a transverse load will be applied
midway between the supports. The load to be applied are parallel face up and face
down and perpendicular face up and face down with respect to the sample. The load is
The average breaking load that is calculated from the tests will be graph to
determine its
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 32
Figure 2 Flowchart
Start
Mix Design
Fail
Does it pass the No
minimum standard
load?
Yes
Analysis on the flexural
strength of woven cloth
reinforced gypsum
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 33
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles, they must first determine its R-value. There
are several ways in obtaining the R-value of a specimen like ASTM C177 that uses
apparatus. ASTM C177 and ASTM C518 are the common tests in determining the
thermal resistivity of a specimen, however, the GHP apparatus and HFM apparatus are
not available in the Philippines. For the researchers to obtain the thermal resistivity of
their specimen, they used the standard ASTM E1269 in which a Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC) apparatus is being used. The DSC apparatus measures the
Material Requirements
Polyethylene Terephthalate
tape. It can be blown-molded, spun into fibers, or extruded to form film or tape.
variant of PET bottle since they come in different sizes, shapes, and sometimes
composition.
Mix Design
Approximate
Sampl
Area (m2) Thickness (m) Volume (m3) Numbers of PET
e
Bottles
A sample of specimen will be prepared since the study only aims to assess the
have a trapped air-void spaces that will also reduce heat transfer. There will be no
need for a binder since PET bottles’ melts at 260 degrees Celsius, therefore enough
heat will allow the PET bottle fibers to produce a tight bond.
Specimen Details
thickness 0.025m requires approximately 157 PET bottles to be made. For the
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 35
Laboratory Experiment
Guarded Hot Plate (GHP) and Heat Flow Meter (HFM) in the Philippines, the
apparatus measures the specimen’s specific heat capacity. The testing of the
specimen will follow the ASTM standard E1269-11 which is the Standard Test Method
References
Green Peace South East Asia, (October 2000). Wasting and Recycling in Metropolitan
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Kristina Jucyte, Karolis Kevelaitis, Jian Renzhong, Andrew Hirschpold, Hector Perez
Varona, Liu Debin, (2005). Economical and Ecological Feasibility of Plastic Recycling.
Hopewell, Jefferson & Dvorak, Robert & Kosior, Edward. (2009). Plastics Recycling:
Cernansky, Rachel, (2009, July). When Recycling Is Bad for the Environment. Discover
Magazine.
Zyga, Lisa (2009, March). How Much Energy Goes into Making a Bottle of Water?
Phys.org.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 37
https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/unified-recycling-coca-cola-launches-first-
bottles-to-fiber-recycling-operation-in-nigeria
10.1196/annals.1454.016.
Seonhee Park, Ningwei Li, Dilasha Mahat. May 5, 2009. Reduce, Reuse, and Replace:
Sjoerd, Doreen [Nienhuys] November 2004. Plastic Waste Insulation Re-Use of PET
Jane Blunt, Nigel C. Balchin, (2002). Health and Safety in Welding and Allied
Awaja, Firas & Pavel, Dumitru. (2005, November). Injection stretch blow moulding
process of reactive extruded recycled PET and virgin PET blends. European Polymer
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Geotechnical Material.
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O’Sullivan, Dermot. (1990, February). PET bottles recycled into insulation foam.
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Young, H.D, & Freedman, R. A. (1949). University Physics. United States of America:
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 40
APPENDICES
Biographical Statement
and living in an ordinary house at Binangonan, Rizal and born at 27th of May 1999 at
Graduated with honors at Kapalaran Elementary School and Vicente Madrigal National
High School, his primary and secondary education respectively. An ordinary student
but skilled in using some software like Microsoft Office, Corel Graphics, Adobe
Biographical Statement
born in April 22, 1998 on Balo-ei, Lanao del Norte. He graduated in Alabang
Elementary School – Main where he took his Primary education and in Muntinlupa
Business High School – Main where he took his Secondary education. He is a member
Concrete Institute Philippines – PUP Student Chapter from 2015 up to present. His
Biographical Statement
university and doing her research regarding thermal insulators. Her current research
cause be a turning point in the current constructing capability of the country while
aiming to help the environment by recycling waste materials. She is current member of
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering (PICE) – PUP Student Chapter and just recently
applied her membership to American Concrete Institute (ACI) – PUP Student Chapter.
She applied as Civil Engineering student in PUP with the aim to be a part of the strong
Biographical Statement
Science High School from 2011-2015 where he finished his secondary education.
research that is about using PET bottles as a thermal insulator that would help lessen
wastes on the environment. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s saying, “Be the change you
want to see in the world”, and like to be a good example for his family, classmates, and
Biographical Statement
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers and American Concrete Institute PUP Student
Chapter. Her current research interest includes utilization of wastes to various products
that will help the community and the environment. Salandanan was born in Calamba,
Laguna on September 5,1998 and grew up in Lopez, Quezon where she finished her
primary and secondary education in Lopez West Elementary School Bldg.1 and Lopez
National Comprehensive High School, respectively. She strives to be the best version
of herself to help contribute in the development of the community and the nation by