Octaves: Midi File
Octaves: Midi File
Octaves: Midi File
Chapter One
Page 2
Octaves
The distance between two notes with the same letter name is an octave. The word octave comes from the word oct,
meaing eight. Note that there are eight white keys in an octave. The following gif has arrows which denote the note
A in two octaves.
The second scale should sound much more pleasant to your ear. The difference is that the B note is flat. In other
words the B note has been lowered in pitch. On a piano B flat is played on the the black key preceding the B. B flat
on the guitar can be found on the third fret of the third string. Remember, a flat is the next lower key note. The
lower note may be a black or white key.
A sharp raises a pitch to the next higher pitch. On the piano you would play the next key to the right whether it is
white or black.
A natural is used when a flat or sharp sign no longer applies to a line or space on the staff.
The following staffs show sharps, flats and naturals. Note that the key signature (designation of sharps and flats) is
listed at the beginning of the scores. The sharps and flats pertain to all notes of the score, unless a natural sign
appears next to a note, which causes that note and all notes of the same letter to be natural within that measure. But
remember, accidentals within a measure only apply to notes in that measure. All measures without an accidental
conform to the key signature at the beginning of the staff.
MIDI FILE
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Chapter One
Page 3
Rhythm
You have learned that notes are used to determine pitch. Notes are also used to specify duration.
The duration of a note is largely dependent on the beat. A whole note is equal to two half notes. A whole note is
also equal to four quarter notes. Does this mean that all whole notes represent the same duration in every piece of
music that has ever been written? Absolutely not. The notes represent a fixed relationship with the other notes in a
specific piece of music. The actual duration or indication of speed is based on the phrases provided at the beginning
of a piece of music, or upon the tempo desired by the musicians or conductor.
There is also notation used to specify silence, or rests. The rests are also based on a fixed relationship with other
rests in a piece of music. Thus, four quarter rests equal a whole rest. The below list should be printed and kept
readily available until it is completely memorized. The only note that you may not be familiar with is the dotted
note. A dotted note means that the duration is 1.5 times the length of a non dotted note. Thus, a dotted quarter note
is equal to 1.5 quarter notes, which is the same as a quarter note and and eigth note.
Tempo indications are almost always in Italian and are typically located above the first staff. Tempo indications
convey the speed of the music as recommended by the composer or arranger.
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Chapter One
Page 4
Beats and Meter
Meter is the organization of beats into patterns of strong and weak beats. Organizing beats in strong and weak
patterns is very natural. Whether it is a old wrist watch's tick tock, a train's clink-ity clink as it rolls down the
tracks, or a musician tapping his foot to "get the beat", organizing beats into regular pulsations of a sound is as
natural as breathing.
A time signature indicates the meter of a piece of music. The time signature consists of two numbers. One
number is written above the other. The time signature appears just after the clef sign and key signature. The
top number indicates the number of notes per measure. The bottom number indicates what kind of notes (half
notes, quarter notes, etc.) The following gif shows a piece of music with a time signature of "three quarter
time". Thus, there are three quarter notes per measure. Coincidentally, three quarter time is often referred to as
waltz time.
MIDI FILE
The number of beats per measure will have a profound impact on how the music sounds. Too many beats per
measure may make the music sound slow and laboured. Too few beats may make the music sound choppy and
lacking in precision.
The top number of a key signature usually indicates the number of beats per measure. However, this is not
always the case. For example, if the top number is evenly divisible by three, then the meter is called
compound duple. An example is six eight time. Note that the measures in the below piece should be divided
into two beats.
MIDI FILE
Understanding time signatures and recognizing the number of beats per measure is largely a result of
experience. The above measures were dividied into two beats. However, six eight time can also have six beats
per measure. Students should listen to the midi files on Sheet Music USA and try to hear the beats per
measure. Practice will produce its rewards.
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Chord Progression - Discover how melodies and chord progress.
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