Drill Bits PDF

Drilling Bits
Dr Masood Mostofi
Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

CRICOS Provider Code 00301J
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulation 1969
WARNING
This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on
behalf of Curtin University of Technology pursuant to Part VB of
the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act)
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under

the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you
may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act.
Do not remove this notice

2
Lecture Note

3
Outlines
• Why different type of bit?
• Roller Cone Bits
• Natural Diamond (Surface Set) Bits
• PDC Bits
• Impregnated Diamond Bits
• Factor Affecting Drilling Performance
• Drilling Optimisation – Cost Calculation

4
Drilling Bits for Different Rocks
• Different variety of
rocks (strength, shale,
unconsolidated,
naturally fractured,
abrasive,…)
• Different types of bits
with different price, life
and rate of penetration. Mostofi (2014) and Leine et.al (2002)
A bit for drilling deepest hole in the world!

5
Drilling Bits Also called
surface set
diamond bit
Drilling Bits http://www.geoproduct-bg.com/
Natural
Roller Cone Bits
Diamond Bits
Drag Bits PDC Bits
Impregnated
Hybrid Bits
Diamond Bits

6
Rotary Bits
Mostofi (2014)

7
Outlines
• PDC Bits

8
Roller Cone Bits:
• Composed of number of cones.
• Drilling action: a combination of
indentation and dragging.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7rrCFZ
xIL0
http://www.ericsiegmund.com/ Franca (2010)

9
Roller Cone Bits:
Roller Cone Properties:
• Number of cones
• Cone geometry
• Teeth type
• Bearing types http://www.varelintl.com/

10
Roller Cone Bits: Number of Cones
http://www.alibaba.com/
http://www.drillersupply.net/
http://www-odp.tamu.edu/
11
Roller Cone Bits: Cones
• Cone offset to improve rate of
penetration by adding more
dragging action to the existing
crushing/indentation action.
• But for harder rocks, cone offset
tends to be closer to zero. Bourgoyne et al. (1991)
• More teeth wear occurs as the
offset increases.
12
Roller Cone Bits: Teeth
Mitchell and Miska (2011)

http://www.bitbrokers.com/ 13
Roller Cone Bits: Teeth
• Bottom or Insert Bit: Tungsten
carbide cutters are placed inside
the cones. (medium to hard rock
drilling)
• Milled Teeth bit: The teeth are
made of steel but covered by
tungsten carbide coating improving Diamond Enhanced!
bit life (soft rock drilling).
• There are some new versions
using PDC coated bottoms.
http://www.varelintl.com/

14
Roller Cone Bits: Bearing
• Bit life, performance (range of WOB and RPM) and price of roller cone bits
constrained by the teeth and bearing properties.
• Important parameters related to bearing properties: type of bearing (journal
or ordinary) and the seal mechanism.
• Three Types of Bearing:
• Non-sealed Roller Bearing
• Sealed Roller Bearing
• Sealed Journal Bearing

15
Roller Cone Bits: Bearing - Sealing
• Sealed bearing: Lubrication
provided by drilling fluid.
• Solid content of the drilling fluid
damages the bit.
• Higher bit life achieved by

http://www.dthrotarydrilling.com/
having sealed bearing.
• A hydraulic reservoir is used to
seal the bearing.

16
• Bearing:
• Non-sealed Roller Bearing All have ball bearings

Medium keeping cone in place
load and and support dragging
medium to • Sealed Roller Bearing
action of the roller
high rpm cone.
Responsible for
indentation and
crushing action of
the bit.
Roller bearing
Ball bearing

CRICOS Provider Code 00301J http://www.dthrotarydrilling.com/
17
• Bearing:
• Non-sealed Roller Bearing
• Sealed Roller Bearing
• Bearing life is prolonged using

journal bearing.
• As journal/roller bearing wears
out ball bearing would be
exposed to stress due to WOB.
• The damage of ball bearing can
lead to cone lost!
http://www.bitbrokers.com/ 18
Roller Cone Bits: Wear Mechanisms
Roller Cone Bit Wear
Teeth Wear
http://petroleumsupport.com/
Portwood (2001)
Bearing Wear
http://www.bitbrokers.com/

19
Outlines
• PDC Bits

20
Drag Bits: Natural Diamond Bit (Surface Set
Bit)
• Almost are extinct in oil and gas, but still
being used in some mining operations.
• A layer of natural diamond is placed
inside a tungsten carbide structure.
• Most of the times being used for coring.

http://www.geoproduct-bg.com/
• Application for hard and abrasive rocks.
• Once diamonds are fractured or polished,
the bit is dull (as opposed to ID bit).

Not really!
• Sensitive to impact (diamond fracturing).
21
Outlines
• PDC Bits

22
Drag Bits: PDC or PCD Bit
• Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits.
PDC layer
Tungsten
carbide
substrate
Important properties:
Abrasion and impact resistance.
http://www.pdcrecycling.com/

23
Drag Bits: Steel Body vs Tungsten Carbide
Body
http://www.rock-drill-bit.com/
Tungsten Carbide
Body: Cutters are Steel Body: PDC cutters
welded to the body. pressed into a steel body.
(very rare)
Detournay and Defourny (1993) 24

Drag Bits: PDC Bit
• Each cutter create a groove.
• For each cutter a normal and
tangential force is applied,
which are representative to
weight on bit and torque on bit
respectively.

25
Drag Bits: Properties
• Profile
• Back rake and side rake angles
• Shape and size of PDC cutters
• Abrasion resistance of PDC cutters
• Number of cutters and blades
Spiral Profile
Straight Profile
Different profile for steerability of the bit
http://www.drillingcontractor.org/
http://www.alibaba.com/ 26
Drag Bits: Back-rake
Very high back-
Cutting direction rake angle
A PDC cutter
Back-rake angle:
The angle between normal
to cutting direction and
cutter.
Cutting mechanism is dominantly controlled by the back-rake angle. It is
typically between 12 to 15 degrees.

27
Drag Bits: Back-rake
Example of Impact of Back-
Rake angle on the drilling
response:
Sinor et al. (1998)

28
Drag Bits: Side Rake Angle Top View of Bit
Zero side-rake
angle
• Few degrees of side
rake angle help to
direct the cuttings to
the annulus,
improving the
cleaning in the front of Side-rake angle
the bit.

29
PDC Cutter: Size, Shape and Angle
• Typically 12, 13 and 19 mm
• Available in other sizes.
• Mostly circular, but other types
used for research. http://vk.com/
• Have Chamfer angle and length.
http://www.pdccutters.com/

30
Abrasion Resistance
• Abrasion resistance: The
resistance of the cutter for
development of wear flat area.
• PDC bit life has been prolonged
by improving the abrasion
resistance of the PDC cutters.
https://www.slb.com/

31
Outlines
• PDC Bits

32
Impregnated Diamond Bits: Structure and
Applications
• Impregnated Diamond (ID) bit structure
• Diamond size (37 − 1000 𝜇𝑚)
• Bonding matrix (soft, medium, hard)
• Diamond concentration (7.5 − 25%)
• Diamond quality!
• Application:
• Hard sedimentary rock
• Hard and abrasive metamorphic and igneous rock
• Can be used with Downhole motors

33
Impregnated Diamond Bits: Sharpening
Exposing sharp diamonds at the bit face.
𝑘𝑁
At 𝑊𝑂𝐵 = 0.77
𝑐𝑚

34
Hybrid Bits
http://www.ericsiegmund.com/

35
Hybrid Bits
http://www.ericsiegmund.com/
http://www.drillingcontractor.org/

36
Outlines
• PDC Bits

37
Bit/Rock Interaction
Two new variables are

defined, depth of cut and
tangential velocity.

38
Depth of cut and Tangential Velocity
𝑊𝑂𝐵
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑇𝑂𝐵
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑏 =
𝑅𝑃𝑀
Thickness of rock removed

over one revolution.
39
Depth of cut and Tangential Velocity
Travelling velocity of a cutter
𝑊𝑂𝐵
𝑣 = 2𝜋 × 𝑎 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀
Normal force
𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝐹
(related to
WOB) 𝐹𝑛
𝐹𝑠
Tangential 𝑑𝑑
force (related
to TOB)
𝑇𝑂𝐵
𝑑: depth of cut (bit, cutter)
𝑅𝑂𝑃 𝑣: tangential velocity
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 ≈ 100 𝜇𝑚 to 1,000 𝜇𝑚
𝑅𝑃𝑀
Thickness of rock removed
by one PDC cutter.

40
Depth of cut and Travelling Velocity
Travelling velocity
𝑊𝑂𝐵 of a segment Travelling velocity
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑣 = 2𝜋 × 𝑎 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀 of a diamond
𝑣 = 2𝜋 × 𝑎 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑑
ℎ
𝑑: depth of cut (bit, segment, diamond)
𝑇𝑂𝐵 𝑣: tangential velocity
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 ≈ 0.5 to 10 𝜇𝑚
𝑅𝑃𝑀

41
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Confining
Pressure
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑=
𝑁
Traditional Perception of
Drilling Response
Scaled Weight on bit

𝑊𝑂𝐵
Bit Diameter
Detournay et al. (2008)

42
Pressure
Optimum operating
𝑅𝑂𝑃 condition
𝑑= Zone
𝑁 dominated
by bit Cleaning
sharpness dominate
zone

𝑊𝑂𝐵
Bit Diameter

43
Variation of Drilling Response at Different
Depth of Cut
Regime III
Regime II
Regime I
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑=
𝑁
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑=
𝑁
𝑊𝑂𝐵
Bit Diameter
𝑊𝑂𝐵
44
Pressure
𝜎1
• As confining stress 200
increases, rock
(MPa)
150
exhibits a higher
1= 4.63 3+42.67
strength. 1
Axial stress,
100
• Triaxial testing can
be used to 50
UCS = 42.6 MPa, C = 9.90 MPa, 40.28o
determine the
0 𝜎3
strength of the rock 0 5 10 15 20 25
at different Confining pressure, 3 (MPa)
confining stresses.

45
Pressure Differential pressure:
The difference between
drilling fluid and pore
𝜎3 pressures
𝜎1 𝜎1
𝜎3
200
• Higher the drilling fluid
density, higher the
(MPa)
150
differential pressure and
1= 4.63 3+42.67
1
thus higher confining.

Axial stress,
100
• The rock strength

50
UCS = 42.6 MPa, C = 9.90 MPa, 40.28o
increases with confining,
0 thus it is more difficult to
0 5 10 15 20 25
Confining pressure, 3 (MPa) drill the rock.

46
Pressure

47
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Mud
Properties
Exercise Book:
To justify these trends.

48
Research – Petroleum Engineering
Department Linear Actuator
Segment/rock
interaction Force sensor
Chuck
Tailstock
LVDT sensor
Rock sample

49
Research – Petroleum Engineering
Department Rotary Drive
Load sensor
Linear Actuator
LVDT sensor Mechanism
Torque sensor
ID Bit
Fluid Tank Swivel and Pulley

System
Rock
Pump

50
Outlines
• PDC Bits

51
Drilling Optimisation: Cost Per Foot Analysis
An example:
Which one do you choose??
Bit Bit cost Downhole ROP (ft/hr) Bit life

Motor cost ($) (ft)
PDC 60,000 NA 20 3,000
Bit
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone

52
Drilling Optimisation: Cost Per Foot Analysis
Cost Equation, the solution:
𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 )
𝐶𝑓 =
Δ𝐷
where,
𝐶𝑓 : Cost per foot drilled, $/ft
𝐶𝑏 : Cost of bit (total), $
𝐶𝑑 : Downhole motor cost, $
𝐶𝑟 : Daily rate of drilling rig, $/day
𝑡𝑑 : bit rotating time, day
𝑡𝑐 : non-rotating time, day
𝑡𝑡 : trip time, day
Δ𝐷 : Distance drilled, ft

53
Cost Per Foot Analysis: Tripping
Start of Reaching Reaching Trip out

Trip out
drilling to first trip Trip in to target
𝑡𝑑 = 1
𝐿 𝑡𝑡 for trip New bit
𝑅𝑂𝑃 out for 𝐿1
𝑡𝑐 : for 𝐿1 length of string length of 𝑡𝑡 for trip in
for 𝐿 length
drill string
of drill string
𝐿 −𝐿
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1 𝑡𝑡 for trip
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑡𝑐 : for 𝐿2 − L1 out for 𝐿2
𝐶𝑓 = length of
Δ𝐷 length of
string drill string

54
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
The drilling rig daily rate for an offshore rig is $500,000. The tripping-in and
out time is the same and equal to 3 hours per 1,000 ft, while the connection
time is 5 minute per stand (100 ft). Conduct the bit selection for drilling a
6000 ft interval using below bits:
Bit Bit cost Downhole ROP (ft/hr) Bit life

Motor cost ($) (ft)
PDC 60,000 NA 20 3,000
Bit
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone

55
Bit Bit cost Downhole Motor ROP (ft/hr) Bit life (ft)
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
PDC Bit:
6,000 ft 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 )
𝑡𝑑 = = 300 hrs 𝐶 =
ft 𝑓
Δ𝐷
20
hr 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑐 = 6,000 𝑓𝑡 × = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
100𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 3000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 3000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 6000
3ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑡 = 3000 + 3000 + 6000 × = 36 ℎ𝑟
1,000 𝑓𝑡

56
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
ID Bit:
6,000 ft 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 )
𝑡𝑑 = = 286 hrs 𝐶 =
ft 𝑓
Δ𝐷
21
hr 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑐 = 6,000 𝑓𝑡 × = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
100𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 6000
3ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑡 = 6000 × = 18 ℎ𝑟
1,000 𝑓𝑡

57
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
Roller cone:
6,000 ft
𝑡𝑑 = = 273 hrs
ft
22
hr
5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑐 = 6,000 𝑓𝑡 × = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
100𝑓𝑡

58
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
Roller cone:
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 1,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 1,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 2,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 2,000
+ 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 3,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 3,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 4,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 4,000
+ 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 5,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 5,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 6,000
= 1,000 × 2 + 2000 × 2 + 3000 × 2 + 4000 × 2 + 5000 × 2 + 6000
3ℎ𝑟
× = 108 ℎ𝑟𝑠
1,000 𝑓𝑡

59
Bit Downhole ROP Bit life Number 𝑡𝑑 𝑡𝑐 𝑡𝑡 Cost

Bit
cost($) Motor ($) (ft/hr) (ft) of bit (hr) (hr) (hr) ($/ft)
PDC 60,000 NA 20 3000 2 300 5 36 1204
ID 80,000 100,000 21 6000 1 286 5 18 1103
Roller
20,000 NA 22 1000 6 273 5 108 1360
Cone
PDC bit Calculation:

500,000 × 300 + 5 + 36
𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 ) 2 × 60,000 + 0 +
𝐶𝑓 = = 24
Δ𝐷 6,000 𝑓𝑡
𝐶𝑓 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟒 = 1,204 $/𝑓𝑡
Cost of bit Rig cost

60
References
Bourgoyne, A. T., Millheim, K. K., Chenevert, M. E., & Young, F. (1986). Applied
drilling engineering.
JONASSON, K., & MACK, C. (2009). Web page. Petroleum exploration, production
and development activity in Western Australia in, 12.
Mitchell, R. F., & Miska, S. Z. (2011). Fundamentals of drilling engineering.
Mostofi, M. (2015). Quality Control of Bentonite Samples of Australian Mud

Company. External report submitted to AMC.
Portwood, G., BOKTOR, B., MUNGER, R., QURAINI, K., MUTAIRI, B., & AZMI, B.
(2001). Improved-performance roller-cone bits for middle eastern
carbonates. Journal of petroleum technology, 53(12), 55-56.
Pusch, R., & Ramqvist, G. (2008). Borehole project-Final report of phase 3: Posiva
Oy, Helsinki (Finland).
Rehm, B., & McClendon, R. (1971, January 1). Measurement of Formation Pressure
from Drilling Data. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/3601-MS


Drill Bits PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drill Bits PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drill Bits PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drilling Bits

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

Copyright Regulation 1969

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under

Do not remove this notice

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

• Why different type of bit?

• Roller Cone Bits

• Natural Diamond (Surface Set) Bits

• Impregnated Diamond Bits

• Factor Affecting Drilling Performance

• Drilling Optimisation – Cost Calculation

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

rocks (strength, shale,

• Different types of bits

with different price, life

and rate of penetration. Mostofi (2014) and Leine et.al (2002)

A bit for drilling deepest hole in the world!

Drilling Bits http://www.geoproduct-bg.com/

Drag Bits PDC Bits

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

• Why different type of bit?

• Roller Cone Bits

• Natural Diamond (Surface Set) Bits

• Impregnated Diamond Bits

• Factor Affecting Drilling Performance

• Drilling Optimisation – Cost Calculation

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

• Composed of number of cones.

• Drilling action: a combination of

indentation and dragging.

http://www.ericsiegmund.com/ Franca (2010)

Roller Cone Properties:

• Bearing types http://www.varelintl.com/

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

• Cone offset to improve rate of

penetration by adding more

dragging action to the existing

• But for harder rocks, cone offset

tends to be closer to zero. Bourgoyne et al. (1991)

• More teeth wear occurs as the

Mitchell and Miska (2011)

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

constrained by the teeth and bearing properties.

• Important parameters related to bearing properties: type of bearing (journal

or ordinary) and the seal mechanism.

• Three Types of Bearing:

• Non-sealed Roller Bearing

• Sealed Roller Bearing

• Sealed Journal Bearing

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

• Sealed bearing: Lubrication

provided by drilling fluid.

• Solid content of the drilling fluid

damages the bit.

• Higher bit life achieved by