Drill Bits PDF
Drill Bits PDF
Drill Bits PDF
Dr Masood Mostofi
WARNING
This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on
behalf of Curtin University of Technology pursuant to Part VB of
the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act)
2
Lecture Note
3
Outlines
• PDC Bits
4
Drilling Bits for Different Rocks
• Different variety of
unconsolidated,
naturally fractured,
abrasive,…)
5
Drilling Bits Also called
surface set
diamond bit
Natural
Roller Cone Bits
Diamond Bits
Impregnated
Hybrid Bits
Diamond Bits
6
Rotary Bits
Mostofi (2014)
7
Outlines
• PDC Bits
8
Roller Cone Bits:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7rrCFZ
xIL0
9
Roller Cone Bits:
• Number of cones
• Cone geometry
• Teeth type
10
Roller Cone Bits: Number of Cones
http://www.alibaba.com/
http://www.drillersupply.net/
http://www-odp.tamu.edu/
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11
Roller Cone Bits: Cones
crushing/indentation action.
offset increases.
Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology
CRICOS Provider Code 00301J
12
Roller Cone Bits: Teeth
http://www.bitbrokers.com/ 13
Roller Cone Bits: Teeth
• Bottom or Insert Bit: Tungsten
carbide cutters are placed inside
the cones. (medium to hard rock
drilling)
• Milled Teeth bit: The teeth are
made of steel but covered by
tungsten carbide coating improving Diamond Enhanced!
bit life (soft rock drilling).
• There are some new versions
using PDC coated bottoms.
http://www.varelintl.com/
14
Roller Cone Bits: Bearing
• Bit life, performance (range of WOB and RPM) and price of roller cone bits
15
Roller Cone Bits: Bearing - Sealing
16
Roller Cone Bits: Bearing
• Bearing:
Responsible for
indentation and
crushing action of
the bit.
Roller bearing
Ball bearing
• Bearing:
http://www.bitbrokers.com/ 18
Roller Cone Bits: Wear Mechanisms
Roller Cone Bit Wear
Teeth Wear
http://petroleumsupport.com/
Portwood (2001)
Bearing Wear
http://www.bitbrokers.com/
19
Outlines
• PDC Bits
20
Drag Bits: Natural Diamond Bit (Surface Set
Bit)
• Almost are extinct in oil and gas, but still
21
Outlines
• PDC Bits
22
Drag Bits: PDC or PCD Bit
PDC layer
Tungsten
carbide
substrate
Important properties:
Abrasion and impact resistance.
http://www.pdcrecycling.com/
23
Drag Bits: Steel Body vs Tungsten Carbide
Body
http://www.rock-drill-bit.com/
Tungsten Carbide
Body: Cutters are Steel Body: PDC cutters
welded to the body. pressed into a steel body.
(very rare)
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respectively.
25
Drag Bits: Properties
• Profile
• Back rake and side rake angles
• Shape and size of PDC cutters
• Abrasion resistance of PDC cutters
• Number of cutters and blades
Spiral Profile
Straight Profile
Different profile for steerability of the bit
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CRICOS Provider Code 00301J
http://www.drillingcontractor.org/
http://www.alibaba.com/ 26
Drag Bits: Back-rake
Very high back-
Cutting direction rake angle
A PDC cutter
Back-rake angle:
The angle between normal
to cutting direction and
cutter.
Cutting mechanism is dominantly controlled by the back-rake angle. It is
typically between 12 to 15 degrees.
27
Drag Bits: Back-rake
Example of Impact of Back-
response:
28
Drag Bits: Side Rake Angle Top View of Bit
Zero side-rake
angle
• Few degrees of side
the annulus,
improving the
the bit.
29
PDC Cutter: Size, Shape and Angle
http://www.pdccutters.com/
30
Abrasion Resistance
https://www.slb.com/
31
Outlines
• PDC Bits
32
Impregnated Diamond Bits: Structure and
Applications
• Impregnated Diamond (ID) bit structure
• Diamond size (37 − 1000 𝜇𝑚)
• Bonding matrix (soft, medium, hard)
• Diamond concentration (7.5 − 25%)
• Diamond quality!
• Application:
33
Impregnated Diamond Bits: Sharpening
𝑘𝑁
At 𝑊𝑂𝐵 = 0.77
𝑐𝑚
34
Hybrid Bits
http://www.ericsiegmund.com/
35
Hybrid Bits
http://www.ericsiegmund.com/
http://www.drillingcontractor.org/
36
Outlines
• PDC Bits
37
Bit/Rock Interaction
38
Depth of cut and Tangential Velocity
𝑊𝑂𝐵
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑇𝑂𝐵
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑏 =
𝑅𝑃𝑀
39
Depth of cut and Tangential Velocity
Travelling velocity of a cutter
𝑊𝑂𝐵
𝑣 = 2𝜋 × 𝑎 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀
Normal force
𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝐹
(related to
WOB) 𝐹𝑛
𝐹𝑠
Tangential 𝑑𝑑
force (related
to TOB)
𝑇𝑂𝐵
𝑑: depth of cut (bit, cutter)
𝑅𝑂𝑃 𝑣: tangential velocity
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 ≈ 100 𝜇𝑚 to 1,000 𝜇𝑚
𝑅𝑃𝑀
Thickness of rock removed
by one PDC cutter.
40
Depth of cut and Travelling Velocity
Travelling velocity
𝑊𝑂𝐵 of a segment Travelling velocity
𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑣 = 2𝜋 × 𝑎 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀 of a diamond
𝑣 = 2𝜋 × 𝑎 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑑
ℎ
𝑑: depth of cut (bit, segment, diamond)
𝑇𝑂𝐵 𝑣: tangential velocity
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑𝑏 = 𝑑𝑑 ≈ 0.5 to 10 𝜇𝑚
𝑅𝑃𝑀
41
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Confining
Pressure
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑=
𝑁
Traditional Perception of
Drilling Response
42
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Confining
Pressure
Optimum operating
𝑅𝑂𝑃 condition
𝑑= Zone
𝑁 dominated
by bit Cleaning
sharpness dominate
zone
43
Variation of Drilling Response at Different
Depth of Cut
Regime III
Regime II
Regime I
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑=
𝑁
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑑=
𝑁
Scaled Weight on bit
𝑊𝑂𝐵
Bit Diameter
𝑊𝑂𝐵
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44
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Confining
Pressure
𝜎1
• As confining stress 200
increases, rock
(MPa)
150
exhibits a higher
1= 4.63 3+42.67
strength. 1
Axial stress,
100
• Triaxial testing can
be used to 50
UCS = 42.6 MPa, C = 9.90 MPa, 40.28o
determine the
0 𝜎3
strength of the rock 0 5 10 15 20 25
at different Confining pressure, 3 (MPa)
confining stresses.
45
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Confining
Pressure Differential pressure:
The difference between
drilling fluid and pore
𝜎3 pressures
𝜎1 𝜎1
𝜎3
200
• Higher the drilling fluid
density, higher the
(MPa)
150
differential pressure and
1= 4.63 3+42.67
1
100
46
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Confining
Pressure
47
Factors Affecting Drilling Process – Mud
Properties
Exercise Book:
To justify these trends.
48
Research – Petroleum Engineering
Department Linear Actuator
Segment/rock
interaction Force sensor
Chuck
Tailstock
LVDT sensor
Rock sample
49
Research – Petroleum Engineering
Department Rotary Drive
Load sensor
Linear Actuator
LVDT sensor Mechanism
Torque sensor
ID Bit
Rock
Pump
50
Outlines
• PDC Bits
51
Drilling Optimisation: Cost Per Foot Analysis
An example:
52
Drilling Optimisation: Cost Per Foot Analysis
𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 )
𝐶𝑓 =
Δ𝐷
where,
𝐶𝑓 : Cost per foot drilled, $/ft
𝐶𝑏 : Cost of bit (total), $
𝐶𝑑 : Downhole motor cost, $
𝐶𝑟 : Daily rate of drilling rig, $/day
𝑡𝑑 : bit rotating time, day
𝑡𝑐 : non-rotating time, day
𝑡𝑡 : trip time, day
Δ𝐷 : Distance drilled, ft
53
Cost Per Foot Analysis: Tripping
𝑡𝑑 = 1
𝐿 𝑡𝑡 for trip New bit
𝑅𝑂𝑃 out for 𝐿1
𝑡𝑐 : for 𝐿1 length of string length of 𝑡𝑡 for trip in
for 𝐿 length
drill string
of drill string
𝐿 −𝐿
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1 𝑡𝑡 for trip
𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑡𝑐 : for 𝐿2 − L1 out for 𝐿2
𝐶𝑓 = length of
Δ𝐷 length of
string drill string
54
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
The drilling rig daily rate for an offshore rig is $500,000. The tripping-in and
out time is the same and equal to 3 hours per 1,000 ft, while the connection
time is 5 minute per stand (100 ft). Conduct the bit selection for drilling a
55
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
Bit Bit cost Downhole Motor ROP (ft/hr) Bit life (ft)
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
PDC Bit:
6,000 ft 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 )
𝑡𝑑 = = 300 hrs 𝐶 =
ft 𝑓
Δ𝐷
20
hr 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑐 = 6,000 𝑓𝑡 × = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
100𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 3000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 3000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 6000
3ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑡 = 3000 + 3000 + 6000 × = 36 ℎ𝑟
1,000 𝑓𝑡
56
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
Bit Bit cost Downhole Motor ROP (ft/hr) Bit life (ft)
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
ID Bit:
6,000 ft 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑑 + 𝐶𝑟 (𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 )
𝑡𝑑 = = 286 hrs 𝐶 =
ft 𝑓
Δ𝐷
21
hr 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑐 = 6,000 𝑓𝑡 × = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
100𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 6000
3ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑡 = 6000 × = 18 ℎ𝑟
1,000 𝑓𝑡
57
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
Bit Bit cost Downhole Motor ROP (ft/hr) Bit life (ft)
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
Roller cone:
6,000 ft
𝑡𝑑 = = 273 hrs
ft
22
hr
5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑐 = 6,000 𝑓𝑡 × = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
100𝑓𝑡
58
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
Bit Bit cost Downhole Motor ROP (ft/hr) Bit life (ft)
cost ($)
PDC Bit 60,000 NA 20 3,000
ID Bit 80,000 100,000 21 6,000
Roller 20,000 NA 22 1,000
Cone
Roller cone:
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 1,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 1,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 2,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 2,000
+ 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 3,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 3,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 4,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 4,000
+ 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 5,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛]@ 5,000 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡]@ 6,000
= 1,000 × 2 + 2000 × 2 + 3000 × 2 + 4000 × 2 + 5000 × 2 + 6000
3ℎ𝑟
× = 108 ℎ𝑟𝑠
1,000 𝑓𝑡
59
Cost Per Foot Analysis:
60
References
Bourgoyne, A. T., Millheim, K. K., Chenevert, M. E., & Young, F. (1986). Applied
drilling engineering.
JONASSON, K., & MACK, C. (2009). Web page. Petroleum exploration, production
and development activity in Western Australia in, 12.
Portwood, G., BOKTOR, B., MUNGER, R., QURAINI, K., MUTAIRI, B., & AZMI, B.
(2001). Improved-performance roller-cone bits for middle eastern
carbonates. Journal of petroleum technology, 53(12), 55-56.
Pusch, R., & Ramqvist, G. (2008). Borehole project-Final report of phase 3: Posiva
Oy, Helsinki (Finland).
Rehm, B., & McClendon, R. (1971, January 1). Measurement of Formation Pressure
from Drilling Data. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/3601-MS