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    Lesson 14. Cauchy-Riemann Equations: If F (Z) U (Z) + IV (Z) Is Analytic in A Domain D, Then in D

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    Aneek M. Noor
    The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are conditions that must be satisfied for a function f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) to be analytic. Specifically: 1) It proves that for f(z) to be analytic, its partial derivatives must satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. 2) It gives examples of functions satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, such as the exponential function ez. 3) It derives the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and notes they are invariant

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    Lesson 14. Cauchy-Riemann Equations: If F (Z) U (Z) + IV (Z) Is Analytic in A Domain D, Then in D

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    Aneek M. Noor
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    The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are conditions that must be satisfied for a function f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) to be analytic. Specifically: 1) It proves that for f(z) to be analytic, its partial derivatives must satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. 2) It gives examples of functions satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, such as the exponential function ez. 3) It derives the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and notes they are invariant

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    The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are conditions that must be satisfied for a function f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) to be analytic. Specifically: 1) It proves that for f(z) to be analytic, its partial derivatives must satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. 2) It gives examples of functions satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, such as the exponential function ez. 3) It derives the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and notes they are invariant

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views5 pages

    Lesson 14. Cauchy-Riemann Equations: If F (Z) U (Z) + IV (Z) Is Analytic in A Domain D, Then in D

    Uploaded by

    Aneek M. Noor
    The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are conditions that must be satisfied for a function f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) to be analytic. Specifically: 1) It proves that for f(z) to be analytic, its partial derivatives must satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. 2) It gives examples of functions satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, such as the exponential function ez. 3) It derives the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and notes they are invariant

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Lesson 14.

    Cauchy-Riemann equations

    If f (z) = u(z) + iv(z) is analytic in a domain D, then


    ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
    = , =− in D.
    ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
    f (z + ∆z) − f (z)
    Proof. In f ′(z) = lim we write
    ∆z→0 ∆z
    z = x + iy, ∆z = ∆x + i∆y, and approach z in two
    different directions, through real and imaginary values
    (∆z = ∆x and ∆z = i∆y, respectively. We get f ′(z) =
    u(x + ∆x, y) − u(x, y) v(x + ∆x, y) − v(x, y) ∂u ∂v
    lim +i = +i ,
    ∆x→0 ∆x ∆x ∂x ∂x
    u(x, y + ∆y) − u(x, y) v(x, y + ∆y) − v(x, y) ∂u ∂v
    lim +i = −i + .
    ∆y→0 i∆y i∆y ∂y ∂y
    1
    ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
    Thus +i = −i + . The real and imaginary
    ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
    parts of this equation should be equal:
    ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
    = , =− .
    ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
    These are exactly the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

    Theorem. If u and v have continuous partial deriva-


    tives and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations in a
    domain D, then f = u + iv is analytic in D.

    Differentiating the Cauchy-Riemann equations with re-


    spect x and y, we get
    ( ) ( )
    2
    ∂ u ∂ ∂v ∂ 2v ∂ ∂v ∂ 2u
    = = = = − 2 . Thus ∇2u = 0.
    ∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
    Similarly, ∇2v = 0, i.e., u and v are harmonic.
    2
    If u is harmonic and v is chosen so that u+iv is analytic,
    then v is called a harmonic conjugate of u.

    Example. Let u = ex cos y + xy. Then ∇2u = 0.


    ∂v ∂u
    To find v, note that = = ex cos y + y.
    ∂y ∂x
    Thus v = ex sin y + 1
    2 y 2
    + h(x).
    ∂v = ex sin y + h′ (x) = − ∂u = ex sin y − x.
    Now ∂x ∂y
    Thus h′(x) = −x, h(x) = − 2
    1 x2 + C, and we get

    1
    v = ex sin y + (y 2 − x2) + C.
    2

    Example. Exponential function ez = ex(cos y + i sin y)


    is analytic. (More about it next time.)

    3
    Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates.
    x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
    ∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
    = + = cos θ + sin θ.
    ∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y

    ∂v ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂v
    = + = − r sin θ + r cos θ
    ∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y(∂θ ∂x ∂y
    )
    ∂u ∂u ∂u
    =r sin θ + cos θ = r .
    ∂y ∂x ∂r
    ∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
    So = . Similarly, =− .
    ∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ

    This implies that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are


    invariant under rotation and dilation.

    4
    Consequences of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
    1. If f is analytic and pure real (or pure imaginary)
    then f ≡ const. More generally, if arg f ≡ const then
    f ≡ const.

    2. If f is analytic and |f (z)| ≡ const then f ≡ const.


    Proof. If f (z) ≡ 0 there is nothing to prove. Suppose
    that u2 + v 2 ≡ const > 0. Then 2uux + 2vvx = 0 and
    2uuy + 2vvy =, thus uux − vuy = 0 and uuy + vux = 0.
    This implies u2ux + v 2ux =, hence ux = 0. Similarly,
    uy = 0. Thus u ≡ const, hence f ≡ const.

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