Methods of Aeroservoelastic

Formulation: Industrial Practices

John Kim
Boeing Commercial Aircraft
Seattle, WA

1
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

2
Objective

3
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

4
Aeroservoelastic EQM in Mixed Time/Frequency
Domain

5
Calculation of Generalized Aerodynamic Forces

aerodynamic response
to wing motion at
0,1,2,3,4 etc, Hz

Method: one mode shape is fed into aerodynamic

6
… continued

7
Aeroservoelastic EQM in Time Domain

8
Industrial Practice

9
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

10
11
 Total no. of wing elements in x dir. = M
Total no. of wing elements in y dir. = L
Total no. of wing + wake elements in x dir. = N

M1=M x L N1 = N x L

12
13
z r0 2 (x , y , z )
2 2 2
(x1, y1, z1) 1
r2
r1
y (x, y, z)

Vortex Segment r0
x

14
M+1

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

23
Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
of Unsteady Aerodynamics

24
… continued

25
Least-Square Approximation Using Roger’s RFA

26
GAF fitted by Roger’s RFA
27
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

28
RFA Aeroelastic Model (Open-Loop)

29
… continued

30
RFA Aeroservoelastic Model (Closed-Loop)

31
Size of Aerodynamic Lag Matrix

32
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

33
Frequency Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method

34
Graphic Interpretation of Optimal Modes

35
FDKL Snapshot Method

36
Convergence Criterion

37
Choice of Response Samples for FDKL Method

38
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

39
Reduced-Order AE Model (Open-Loop)

40
Reduced-Order ASE Model (Closed-Loop)

41
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

42
A Representative Commercial Airplane

43
44
Open-loop Aeroelastic roots of a commercial aircraft

45
Open-loop pitch rate FRF due to gust

46
Open-loop wing bending moment FRF due to gust

47
Open-loop pitch rate FRF due to elevator command

48
Open-loop wing bending moment due to (1- cos) gust

49
Open-loop Wing bending moment due to
ramp elevator command
50
Closed-loop aeroelastic roots of a commercial aircraft

51
Pitch rate acceleration FRF due to gust
(closed-loop vs. open-loop)
52
Closed-loop wing bending moment FRF due to gust
53
Closed-loop pitch rate of short period mode due to
(1– cos) gust
54
Comparison of open-loop computational cost

55
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

56
Concluding Remarks on the RFA and FDKL Models

• FDKL method can be used for model reduction of any large-scaled

57
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

58
Review of the p-k Method

59
… continued

60
… continued

61
V-g Plot based on the p-k Flutter Analysis

62
The p-Transformation

63
… continued

64
… continued

65
Three Issues with the p-TF Model

66
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

67
A Rectangular Plate Wing

68
Vortex lattice grids for rectangular semi-span

69
Open-loop aeroelastic roots of a rectangular wing

70
Open-loop tip displacement FRF due to 1st actuator

71
Open-loop tip angle FRF due to 1st actuator

72
Open-loop root bending FRF due to gust

73
Open-loop generalized coord. response due to I.C.

74
Open-loop generalized coord. response due to I.C.

75
Open-loop generalized coord. response due to I.C.

76
Closed-loop aeroelastic roots of a rectangular wing

77
Closed-loop tip displacement FRF due to 1st actuator

78
Closed-loop tip angle FRF due to 1st actuator

79
Closed-loop generalized coord. response due to I.C.

80
Closed-loop generalized coord. response due to I.C.

81
Closed-loop generalized coord. response due to I.C.

82
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

83
Concluding Remarks on the p-TF Method

84
 Table of Contents
1. Objective
2. General Form of Aeroservoelastic EQM
3. Exercise: Aeroservoelastic Modeling Based on Vortex Lattice
4. Rational Function Approximation (RFA)
5. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA
6. Frequency-Domain Karhunen-Loeve (FDKL) Method
7. Aeroservoelastic EQM Based on RFA/FDKL Method
8. Example: A Representative Commercial Airplane
9. Conclusions on the RFA and FDKL Methods
10. p-Transformation
11. Example: 3D Rectangular Plate Wing
12. Conclusions on the p-TF Method
13. Recommendation and References

85
Future Work and Recommendation

86