Harvard Flinders Referencing
Harvard Flinders Referencing
Harvard Flinders Referencing
Author-date
(Harvard)
referencing guide
Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn.
Fourth edition
2006
This publication replaces the original compilation by Raechel Damarell, Harvard referencing guide, first published in September
2000 and revised November 2001. The 3rd edition was revised in February 2005 to coincide with the School of Nursing &
Midwifery, Flinders University adopting the author-date system as outlined in the Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style
manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Canberra. This edition is
the 4th revision.
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CONTENTS
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................5
3
3.9 Government publications ........................................................................................................................................................................16
3.9.1 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) material ...........................................................................................................16
3.9.2 Government reports .......................................................................................................................................................16
3.9.3 Government publications that are part of a series ........................................................................................................17
3.9.4 Parliamentary papers ......................................................................................................................................................17
3.9.5 Acts of Parliament ..........................................................................................................................................................17
4.3 Electronic journal articles in full text databases & journal collections .................................................................................................22
4.3.1 A journal article from Expanded Academic ASAP .....................................................................................................22
4.3.2 A journal article from the Journals@OVID collection ................................................................................................22
4.3.3 A journal article available on the CINAHL database ..................................................................................................22
4.3.4 A journal article abstract on the CINAHL database ....................................................................................................22
4.3.5 A Cochrane review in the Cochrane Library via Wiley Interscience..........................................................................22
4.3.6 An in press journal article on the Science Direct database...........................................................................................22
Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................................................................................25
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Introduction
What is referencing?
When you write an essay and include someone else’s ideas you need to immediately acknowledge this original source. This is called
referencing (or citing) and the detailed description you need to provide is called a reference (or a citation).
• Referencing is an acknowledgment of another person’s intellectual work. The act of using and not referencing another person’s
work is called plagiarism, an offence carrying heavy penalties at this University. (Please refer to the Student-related policies
and procedures manual in the Sturt Library Reference Collection for more information.)
• Referencing makes it possible for your reader to locate your sources independently, whether out of interest or the need to verify
your information.
• By referring to the work of others you are indicating that you have read widely, that you have relied on quality sources and that
you are aware of the body of knowledge that already exists on your topic.
When to reference
You need to provide a reference whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarise someone else’s opinions, theories or data. You must
also reference any graphical information you use such as tables, photographs or diagrams. Some of the sources you will need to
learn how to reference include:
• books or chapters in books
• journal or newspaper articles
• conference papers
• video or television excerpts
• personal communications such as interviews, emails or letters
• electronic sources such as web pages, journal articles from online databases, or even software.
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Section 1
General rules of referencing
1.1 Quotations
Quotations shorter than around 30 words can be integrated into the text of your essay but must be placed within single quotation
marks.
Quotations that are more than 30 words are not enclosed within quotation marks. They must be set apart in the text in the following
way:
• decrease the font size of the quote by one size
• leave a one line space above and below the quote
• indent the entire quote on the left hand side (one centimetre, as a rough guide).
Always introduce a long quotation by a colon, as in the following example:
De Raeve (1998, p. 488) is of the opinion that:
Nursing cannot require of individual nurses that they wholeheartedly sacrifice personal for professional integrity,
since this would lead to the depersonalization of the individual and to individuals becoming the tools of the group.
This, it might be said, was what happened to prison camp guards in Nazi Germany, where integrity might have
been construed purely as loyalty to the regime and obedience to authority, thereby, many would say, undermining
its very nature.
This argument may be especially pertinent where nurses are employed by the state.
If you leave out a word or words from a quote, insert three trailing dots (ellipsis) in place of the missing words. Make sure the
original meaning remains the same with the word(s) taken out.
According to Boyd (1998, p. 1003), ‘through social support a person … feels helped, valued, and in personal control …’
Here the first set of dots replace the word also. The dots at the end of the quote indicate that only part of the original sentence was
used.
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1.4 Rules about authors
Works may bear the name of one author or several authors. An author’s name can be a personal name (such as J Taylor) or the name
of an organisation, institution or corporation (e.g. Flinders University, School of Nursing & Midwifery).
Sometimes a work will bear the name of a sponsoring organisation in addition to the names of individual authors. In this case, treat
the organisation as the author of the work, structuring your reference according to the rule in section 3.5.5.
You can use a well-known shortened form of an organisation’s name (e.g. RDNS or WHO) in both the textual reference (for the
sake of space) and the reference list provided you include an alphabetical list of all abbreviated names used. Place this before the
reference list. Remember that the name you use in the textual reference must match the name you use in the reference list.
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Section 2
The textual reference
However, if incorporating the two or three authors’ names into your sentence, replace the ampersand sign (&) with the word and.
Hardy and Taylor (1999, p. 24) state that ‘some health authorities have denied or withdrawn funding for such treatments’.
2.4 No author
If you can’t determine the author(s) of a work, include the work’s title (in italics) within the parentheses with the date.
One patient education leaflet states that the disease occurs more frequently in men (Coronary heart disease facts 1998).
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2.6 Two authors with the same surname
Include an author’s initials in a textual reference to distinguish between works written in the same year by authors with the same
surname. Place the initials after the surname within the parentheses. However, if incorporating the authors’ names into the sentence,
put the initials before the surname.
One study (Smith, JB 1998) suggests there is an effect; however, AC Smith (1998) refutes this finding.
According to a personal source, discussions about raising the Medicare levy are already taking place (GJ Trembath, 1999,
pers. comm., 5 March).
In an email communication on 4 February 2005, A Jones outlined …
S Smith confirmed this by facsimile on 20 January 2005.
Give as much descriptive information about the communication as you can in the text of your essay and omit the textual reference
altogether:
In a lecture for Foundations of Nursing (NURS 1404), presented on 19 April 2004 at Flinders University, Dr C Power
suggested …
Note: as personal communications are untraceable, they are not included in the reference list.
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2.10 Information found in more than one source
If you find a piece of information in more than one source, you may want to include all sources in your references to strengthen the
legitimacy of your argument. In this case, cite all sources in the same parentheses, placing them in order of publication date (earliest
first). Separate one reference from the next using a semi-colon (;).
Several clinical trials (Bean 1985; Alt 1994; Smith 1997) indicate …
OR
Bean (1985), Alt (1994), and Smith (1997) have shown …
2.11 Two or more publications with the same author and date
If you are referencing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, distinguish between the different
publications by adding a lowercase letter to the date of each, beginning with a, then b then c and so on.
In his initial study Jones (1985a) found this to be true. However, subsequent studies (Jones 1985b; Harris 1987) have failed to
arrive at the same conclusion.
For how to then set out these references in the concluding reference list, see the Grbich example in section 3.16.
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Section 3
The reference list
Always include a reference list at the end of your assignment detailing each work already referred to in your essay. Do not include
any additional sources in this list, unless your lecturer has specifically asked for a bibliography. A bibliography is a list of every item
you read while preparing your essay, whether referred to in the text of the essay or not.
3.3 Punctuation
In the author-date system of referencing, all the elements of the reference after the date are separated from each other by commas. A
full stop concludes the citation.
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3.5 Book references
Include the following elements in the order given:
• author(s)
• year of publication
• title of the book, italicised and as it appears on the title page, not the book cover
• title of series (if applicable)
• volume number, or number of volumes (if applicable)
• edition (if not the first) written as 2nd edn, 5th edn etc.
• editor, reviser, compiler or translator, if other than the author
• publisher (or publishers when item is co-published)
• place of publication. Give the name of the suburb or city and of the state or country if the city is not well known. If more than
one place is listed, give only the first-named place.
See section 3.4 for the rules on title capitalisation.
3.5.1 One author
Adams, T 1999, Recent developments in dementia care, NT Books, London.
Note: the abbreviation n.d. in this example indicates the work did not display a publication date.
3.5.5 A book sponsored by an organisation or institution
If a book is clearly sponsored by an organisation and the title page bears no individual author name, list the book under the name of
the organisation (see section 1.4).
Springhouse Corporation 1997, Fluids & electrolytes made incredibly easy, Springhouse
Corporation, Springhouse, Pennsylvania.
If there is an author’s name on the title page, include this name in the following way:
Australian Consumers’ Association 1983, In sickness & in health, report prepared by S Fogg,
Australian Consumers’ Association and ACOSS, Marrickville, NSW.
Note: title page said: Sponsored by the Australian Consumers’ Association ... report prepared by Sarah Fogg.
3.5.6 A chapter in an edited work
As stated in section 2.7, when using information from an edited book, reference the chapter the information came from, rather than
the entire work. Your reference begins with the name of the person who wrote the chapter, not the name of the editor. It must also
include the following elements, in the order shown here:
• the chapter title in single quotation marks
• the word in before the title of the book
• the book title in italics
• editor’s name (with initials before surname) preceded by the abbreviation ed. If there is more than one editor, give the
abbreviation eds before listing all names.
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See section 3.4 for the rules on title capitalisation.
Willis, E, Biggins, A & Donovan, J 1999, ‘Population-focused practice’, in Community health
nursing: caring in action, eds J Hitchcock, P Schubert & S Thomas, Delmar Publishers, New York.
OR
Koch, T, Sando, PF & Hudson, S 1999, ‘The nursing care of older people with diarrhoea and
constipation’, in R Ratnaike (ed.), Diarrhoea and constipation in geriatric practice, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK.
If the work has been compiled rather than edited, set out the reference in the same way but use the abbreviation comp. (singular) or
comps (plural) in place of ed. or eds.
3.5.7 An edited work
While you would usually include an edited work in your references listed under the name of the author whose chapter you actually
cited in text, there may be instances where you want to reference the entire work (e.g. in a bibliography or if referencing an editor’s
foreword). In this case list the work under the name(s) of the editor(s) and insert the abbreviation ed. or eds in parentheses before the
date.
Grbich, C (ed.) 1999, Health in Australia: sociological concepts and issues, 2nd edn, Longman,
Sydney.
If a compiler has compiled the work, give the abbreviation comp. instead of ed. (or comps if there are several compilers).
3.5.8 One volume of a multi-volume work
When referencing information that comes from one volume of a multi-volume work, follow the title of the complete work with the
relevant volume number (written as vol. 1). If the individual volume has its own title, include this title after the volume number. Both
titles are italicized.
Gold, H 1999, The life and times of Florence Nightingale, vol. 4, The Crimean War years: 1854-56,
th
5 edn, Pegasus Press, Washington, DC.
Note: here Duncan and Googe have written a chapter in volume 9 of a multi-volume work called Adult nursing ...
The complete work is in its second edition and has three editors. The relevant volume (vol. 9) also has its own title: Nursing
management of adults with ...
3.5.9 A translated work
If referencing a work originally published in another language, include the name of the translator preceded by the abbreviation trans.
as in the following example:
Izedinova, SV 1977, A few months with the Boers: the war reminiscences of a Russian nursing
sister, trans. C Moody, Perskor, Johannesburg.
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3.6 Journal articles
Include the following elements in the order given:
• author(s)
• year of publication
• title of the article, in single quotation marks
• title of the journal, in italics
• volume number, written as vol.
• issue number (written as no.) or some other identifier, usually a month
• page number(s).
See section 3.4 for rules on capitalisation of article and journal titles.
Please note that you do not give publication details (publisher name and place of publication) for journal articles and, unlike book
references, you always include page and volume information.
If a journal lacks volume or issue information give either the season, the day and month of publication or a month range instead, (e.g.
January-February, winter, or 12-19 September).
Give the volume and issue numbers in arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2) even if roman numerals are used on the original publication (i.e.
write vol. 9 not vol. IX)
Always drop the definite article (the, an, a) from the name of any journal (e.g. write Journal of Advanced Nursing and not The
Journal of Advanced Nursing).
3.6.1 No author
‘Patient latex allergy and its implications for surgery’ 1992, Journal of Perianaesthesia Nursing,
vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 34-36.
When referencing a newspaper article without an author, give full bibliographical details in the textual reference only and nothing
in the reference list. Do not include the title of an anonymous newspaper article in either reference, rather give the name of the
newspaper as the title.
According to a recent report, the Government is considering ways to attract more nurses to rural areas (Advertiser
27 May 1999, p. B2).
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3.7 Published conference papers
Include the following elements (where possible) in the order given:
• author(s)
• year of publication (not year of presentation)
• title of the paper, in single quotation marks
• full title of the conference (as set out on the title page) in italics;
• editor(s) of the proceedings (if applicable)
• publisher
• place of publication
• page number(s) of the paper.
See section 3.4 for the rules on title capitalisation.
3.7.1 Unedited conference proceedings
Barkway, P, de Crespigny, C & Flanagan, A 1999, ‘Preparing tomorrow’s registered nurses to
respond to the mental health issues of their clients’, Looking forward, looking back: international
conference on mental health nursing: proceedings, Australian and New Zealand College of Mental
Health Nurses, Canberra, pp. 61-64.
Note: in this example the proceedings were published a year after the event took place.
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3.8.3 Lecture notes or study guides
When referencing lecture notes distributed by the lecturer, school etc., include the author’s name, the year of presentation, the lecture
title, the unit being presented (capitalised), the name of the teaching organisation, the location and the date. Do not use italics.
Rudge, T 2000, ‘Health and illness’, lecture notes distributed in the topic NURS1404 Foundations
of Nursing, Flinders University, Bedford Park on 17 April.
Note: notes you take in the course of a lecture are treated as a personal communication. See section 2.8.
For ABS material, always include the ABS catalogue number in the reference. This is usually found on the title page.
3.9.2 Government reports
Government reports include commission of inquiry reports, annual reports, reports by committees of review or independent review
bodies, or reports by an individual to a specific government body. Always include the following elements when referencing a
government report:
• name(s) of the author(s) or the group responsible for the report
• year of publication
• title of the report, in italics
• the status of the report indicates not only that the item is a report but also the report type, e.g. final report, interim report, main
report, executive summary, report to a specific agency
• the name(s) of any commissioner(s) or chairperson(s), in parentheses and in initial-surname order
• publisher
• place of publication.
Task Force on Co-ordination in Welfare and Health 1977, Proposals for change in the
administration and delivery of programs and services, first report (PH Bailey, chairman), Australian
Government Printing Service, Canberra.
When a report has a well-known title that is different to its formal title (e.g. the Stolen Generations Report), include an entry for this
common title in your list of references with a see reference to lead the reader to the more formal reference. This is called cross-
referencing.
National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their
Families 1997, Bringing them home, (R Wilson, president), Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, Sydney.
Stolen generations report. See National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Children from their Families.
When a report is prepared by an individual and presented to a government body, set out the reference as follows:
Neill, J 1992, Leaving hospital: elderly people and their discharge to community care, report to the
Department of Health, HMSO, London.
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3.9.3 Government publications that are part of a series
When a government publication belongs to a series, include the series name after the publication’s title (see section 3.5.10).
Hupalo, P & Herden, K 1999, Health policy and inequality, Department of Health and Aged Care
occasional papers series no. 5, Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra.
If referencing a government report, give the name of the series after the report status.
Ove Arup and Partners 1999, Essential services costs in remote indigenous communities,
consultancy report for the Housing, Infrastructure, Health and Heritage Branch, Indigenous
housing and living environment series, Aboriginal and Torres Islander Commission, Canberra.
3.10 Standards
Include the standard number (in parentheses) after the title when referencing standards.
Committee HT/30, Cleaning and sterilization of medical and surgical equipment 1994, Code of
practice for cleaning, disinfecting and sterilizing reusable medical and surgical instruments and
equipment, and maintenance of associated environments in health care facilities, (AS 4187-1994),
Standards Australia, Homebush, NSW.
The Mosby’s medical, nursing & allied health dictionary (2002) defines it as…
(No entry is required in the reference list if you have the name and date of the encyclopedia or dictionary in the in-text reference).
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author
Cole, JO & Cole, KG 1963, ‘Psychopharmacology’, Encyclopedia of mental health, vol. 5, pp.
1654-1663.
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3.12 Films and videos
For motion picture and commercial video recordings include, in this order:
• title of program or film (in italics and with minimal capitalisation. See section 3.4.1)
• date of production or recording
• format of the recording, (e.g. video recording, or motion picture)
• publisher or name of production company (e.g. Pinewood Studios)
• place of production
• any special credits such as producer or sponsor, if applicable.
Hospital realities 1972, motion picture, BBC, London.
If a video or film is part of a series, give the title of the individual program in italics, followed by date and format. Next give the title
of the series, without italics, preceding the production details.
The emotive image of nursing: the media portrayal of the nurse 1997, video recording, Australian
nurses: the video series, Waterbyrd Filmz, Australia.
If the program is part of a series, give the name of the series episode first, in italics. The title of the series (also in italics) follows the
date. Both titles are capitalised (see 3.4).
Prohibition or reform 1989, television program, Lateline, ABC Television, Sydney, 7 April.
Reporter/producer M Corcoran.
Hearing loss in children 2000, radio program, Health report, ABC Radio National, Canberra, 10
July. Announcer N Swan.
Note that the thesis title is not italicised in this example. This is in accordance with the title rule in section 3.4.3.
A book on microfilm
Johnson, A 1947, Another’s harvest, microfilm, Bookman, Calcutta.
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3.16 A sample reference list
Note the punctuation of each reference.
References
Adams, T 1999, Recent developments in dementia care, NT Books, London.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1994, Australia’s food and nutrition, no. 8904.0, ABS, Canberra.
The emotive image of nursing: the media portrayal of the nurse 1997, video recording, Australian nurses: the video series,
Waterbyrd Filmz, Australia.
Grbich, C 1995, ‘Male primary caregivers and domestic labour: involvement or avoidance? ’,Journal of Family Studies, vol. 1, no. 2,
pp. 114-129.
Grbich, C (ed.) 1999a, Health in Australia: sociological concepts and issues, 2nd edn, Longman, Sydney.
Grbich, C 1999b, Qualitative research in health: an introduction, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, NSW.
Jarvis, TJ, Tebbutt, J & Mattick, RP 1995, Treatment approaches for alcohol and drug dependence: an introductory guide, John
Wiley, Chichester, UK.
King, M & Wilson, K 1999, ‘The teaching and learning principles of metropolitan Aborigines with diabetes’, Contemporary Nurse,
vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 152-158.
Lawnham, P 2000, ‘Program aims to attract nurses to aged care’, Australian, 21 June, p. 47.
Nicholson, SM 1999, ‘Angels with attitude: changes in South Australian hospital nursing culture, 1945-1990’, PhD thesis, Flinders
University.
‘Patient latex allergy and its implications for surgery’ 1992, Journal of Perianaesthesia Nursing, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 34-36.
Rudge, T 2000, ‘Health and illness’, lecture notes distributed in the topic NURS 1404 Foundations of Nursing, Flinders University,
Bedford Park on 17 April.
‘Vitamin C deficiency’ 1982, New encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 10, p. 469.
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Section 4
Electronic sources
Electronic sources include:
• electronic books
• electronic journal articles
• CD-ROMs
• World Wide Web site or page/s
• Document on World Wide Web
• electronic databases, either on CD-ROM or accessed through the Internet
• software
• email
• bulletin boards, discussion groups, listservers.
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4.1.6 Publication dates on web pages
More often than not you will find a publication date on a print source. Websites can be more complicated as you may be given a
copyright date, a statement telling you when the page was last updated, or there may be no date at all. Always give a last update date,
if one is available, in preference to a copyright date as this tells your reader which version of the page you were looking at. If no date
is given, use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date).
4.3 Electronic journal articles in full text databases and journal collections
When referencing an electronic journal article include:
• author(s)
• year of publication
• article title, in single quotation marks
• journal title, in italics
• volume and issue number
• page numbers (for Acrobat articles only)
• the date viewed—viewed 1 February 2005
• URL
See section 3.4 for the rules on title capitalisation.
Please note that you do not give a URL (or web address) for electronic journals that you access through a commercial database or
electronic journals collection. The name of the supplier and database or collection is sufficient.
Some of the more common electronic journal collections and full text databases accessible through the Flinders University Library
are set out here with the name of their supplier (in brackets).
• CINAHL (EBSCOhost)
• Expanded Academic ASAP (Gale Group)
• Journals@OVID (OVID)
• ProQuest (Bell & Howell)
• AustHealth (Informit)
• Cochrane Library [Wiley Interscience]
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4.3.1 A journal article from Expanded Academic ASAP
Hines, SC, Moss, AH & Badzek, L 1997, ‘Being involved or just being informed: communication
preferences of seriously ill, older adults’, Communication Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 3, viewed 4
February 2005, (online Gale Group/Expanded Academic ASAP).
• If you accessed a database through the web (via the library homepage) use online as the medium.
• Include the date you viewed the item.
• If you access it through a CD-ROM workstation use CD-ROM.
• Use electronic as the medium if you are uncertain as to how you accessed the database.
4.3.4 A journal article abstract on the CINAHL database
Ray, MA 1994, ‘Transcultural nursing ethics: a framework and model for transcultural ethical
analysis’, Journal of Holistic Nursing, abstract, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 251-64, viewed 21 December
2004, (electronic OVID/CINAHL).
Note: page numbers are included in this example as the article was in PDF format (see section 4.1.3).
4.3.5 A Cochrane Review in the Cochrane Library via Wiley Interscience
Hodnett, ED 2005, ‘Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk’ (Cochrane Review),
(online Wiley Interscience/Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews).
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4.5 A World Wide Web page
Include in your reference:
• author—the person or organisation responsible for the site
• site date—either a ‘last update’, copyright date or n.d. if no date available
• name and place of the sponsor of the website
• date of viewing the site
• URL—found in the address bar of your browser.
4.5.1 A web page with an author
Florence Nightingale Museum Trust 2003, Florence Nightingale Museum website, London, viewed
10 July 2004, <http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/>.
Web addresses can be given directly in the text, enclosed in angle brackets <>
4.7 Email
In-text references to emails are treated in the same way as personal communications (see 2.8). Generally there is no need to include
details in the reference list except where it may be useful to the reader. It is essential that permission of the owner of the email
address be obtained before citing it in the reference list.
Jones, A 2004, email, 20 January 2005, [email protected].
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4.8 CD-ROMs
Informational CD-ROMs are referenced in the same way as books except for the insertion of the CD-ROM statement after the date.
Bodyworks: discover the world beneath your skin 1995, CD-ROM, Softkey International,
Wimbledon Common, London.
Note: this is similar to referencing one volume in a multi-volume work (see section 3.5.8).
Follow the same rules for theses as detailed under 3.8.1.Unpublished works.
Armstrong, KJ 2004 Effectiveness of a pram walking intervention for women experiencing post
natal depression, PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology, viewed 6 December 2005,
Australian Digital Theses Program, <http://adt.library.qut.edu.au/adt-qut/public/adt-
QUT20040716.150516/>.
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Bibliography
This bibliography lists the sources consulted in the preparation of this guide.
Central Queensland University, Division of Distance and Continuing Education 2004, Referencing, viewed 9 February 2005,
<http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing/ref_style/harvard.pdf>.
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons
Australia, Canberra.
O’Connor, M 2001, Citing or referencing electronic sources of information, viewed 3 January 2002,
<http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/internet/intguide/cite.htm>.
Peters, P 1995, The Cambridge Australian English style guide, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
University of South Australia, Learning Connection 2004, Referencing using the Harvard author-date system, viewed 20 January
2005, <http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/students/Lguides/harvard-referencing.pdf>.
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