The Future of Refrigerants - 2 24 2020 PDF
The Future of Refrigerants - 2 24 2020 PDF
The Future of Refrigerants - 2 24 2020 PDF
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4
6
General CE hours
By ASHRAE
0
LEED-specific hours
Alternative Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Refrigerants are widely sought
as sustainable solutions for Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
(HVAC&R) applications. At the end of this course; participants will be able to
Understand the transition landscape along with associated policies and treaties.
Describe the proposed refrigerants and how they can be used in different HVAC&R
applications.
Understand the challenges and opportunities associated with the different types of
refrigerants, including hydrofluoroolefins and natural refrigerants.
Become familiar with the different related standards and codes.
Get hands-on experience with free software, such as ORNL heat pump design
model.
Background Information
Proposed Alternatives for Different Applications—Theoretical and
Empirical Analyses
Related Standards and Codes of Systems and Substances
Challenges and Opportunities
Systems Perspective—Energy Efficiency with New Refrigerants
Introduction to Risk Assessment
Hands-on Experience with Free Software, Such as Heat Pump Design
Model
Summary
Source:
http://www.newtimes.co.rw/
section/read/216439/
This course will be divided into 5 main lectures and a opportunity for
hands-on experience on publicly available software tools. It will include
Lectures
Question and Answer Sessions
Opportunities for participants to learn how to use the web-based ORNL
LCCP tool and the ORNL Heat Pump Design model.
Background Information
REFRIGERANTS AND REFRIGERATION
MOTIVATION ON REFRIGERANTS
TRANSITION
Annex A
Group I: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (11, 12, 113, 114 and 115)
Group II: Halons (1211, 1301 and 2402)
Annex B
Group I: Other fully halogenated CFCs (13, 111, 112, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217)
Group II: Carbon tetrachloride
Group III: 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
Annex C
Group I: Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) (consumption/production)
Group II: HBFCs
Group III: Bromochloromethane
Annex E -Group I: Methyl bromide
Annex F: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Montreal Protocol
Meeting of the
Parties
* Allowing for servicing an annual average of 2.5% during 2030-40 Source: UNEP
Source: UNEP
11/documents/newberg_kigaliamend_122016.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
Phase-down, not a phase-out, of
HFCs
Avoids over 80 billion metric tons
of carbon dioxide equivalent
cumulatively through 2050
According to UNEP:
HFC phase-down is expected to
avoid up to 0.5 degree Celsius of
global temperature rise by 2100
Continue to protect the ozone
layer
Source:
ThisfileislicensedtoMuhammmedTauqir.ASHRAETrainingContent.DownloadDate:2/29/2020.TrainingDate:03/01/2020. © 2020 ASHRAE Learning Institute
Kigali’s HFC Phase-Down Schedule 25
https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?
src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-2-
f&chapter=27&clang=_en
HFC-32, HFC-134a,
13% 28%
HFC-125,
43%
HFC-143a,
9% HFC-143a,
20%
2017
How to manage HFCs while phasing HCFCs? Leapfrog opportunities?
2020
2024 HFCs
2025 Plans Overlapped commitments with challenges and
opportunities
Timeline
2028
2030
Low to no interaction between HCFCs and HFCs
2040
2047
History of Refrigerants
DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTHETIC
REFRIGERANTS
Thomas Midgley
CFCs and HCFCs (R-11, R-12, R-22) were used from 1930 until about
1974—a span of 44 years—these were generally perceived to be nearly
perfect refrigerants.
Safe
High efficiency
Nonflammable
They are still legal to use and are being used in the USA, but not legal to
manufacture. They are manufactured in a few “Article 5” (Developing
Economy) countries.
OZONE DEPLETION
R-50; A3
0 ODP
28 GWP
Ethane, 0 ODP
R-290; A3
R-22; A1 0 ODP
R-123; B1 R-134a; A1 3.3 GWP
0.06 ODP
0.01 ODP 0 ODP
1760 GWP
79 GWP 1300 GWP
10000
1000
100
10
Environmental performance
Compressor Compressor
(~0 ODP and reduced GWP) Flammability and Cycle Discharge
Refrigerant
Cost
Design Temperature
Safety for consumers (flammability
and toxicity)
Lubricant HAT
Toxicity Glide
Selection performance
Energy efficiency (reduced
indirect CO2 emissions, especially
at high ambient operations) Operating Material Thermophysi-
Efficiency
Pressure Compatibility cal Properties
Intellectual property
considerations
Transition costs (industry and Stability ODP, GWP Heat Transfer Capacity
consumers)
Product sustainability
R-134a R-134a
3.5
0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature, °C
Centrifugal
Screw
Scroll
Reciprocating
3.5 35 350 3,500 35,000 350,000
Cooling Capacity, kW
Flammability
Nonflammable: GWP 400-600
Flammable: GWP <150
Good efficiency
Near design compatible
alternatives available
Varying glide
R-134a
Refrigerators: HCs and R-1234yf
MAC: R-1234yf
Chillers/Refrigeration: R-513A, R-1234ze(E), R-1234yf
R-404A/R407C
Transport: R-452A and CO2
Stationary: R-448A, R-449A/B, Transcritical CO2, cascaded cycles
R-410A
Small charge: HCs and R-32
Splits: R-32 and R-452B
A2L* B2L* Class 2L: Feeble, slow flame, slow low-pressure rise
Class 2: Burns faster, low heat of combustion
No Flame Propagation A1 B1 Class 3:
combustion
Burns at explosive speed, high heat of
* A2L & B2L are new Toxicity depends on the Occupational Exposure Limit
designations for lower Lower Higher (OEL)
flammability refrigerants Toxicity Toxicity
with a maximum burning Class A: > 400 ppm
velocity of 10 cm/sec
Increasing Toxicity Class B: < 400 ppm
Source: Kujak, S., “Flammability and New Refrigerant Options”, ASHRAE journal May 2017
Source: J. Kohler
Source: J. Kohler
Model Codes
(ICC/IAPMO)
ASHRAE 15
- 2019
SNAP
Approval
ASHRAE
34 - 2016
Europe—F-gas regulations :
MAC Directive of 2006—Limits direct GWP of refrigerants in auto AC (MAC)
F-gas 2—Schedule of reduction of direct GWP values by end-use application;
posted in 2015, beginning in 2020
U.S.— EPA SNAP delisting of high-GWP refrigerants for which lower-GWP
replacement options exist; begins in 2017
Court ruling set back – California taking the lead
Japan—Requiring use of low-GWP refrigerants as quickly as feasible; driven
by METI, NEDO, and JRAIA
China—2014 agreement with U.S. to begin phase-down of HFCs where
feasible alternatives exist
All of the above are now being updated per the Kigali Amendments
Building codes and safety standards are other legal guidelines that exist
to protect us. They are on the critical path toward ultimate widespread
adoption of flammable low-GWP refrigerants.
Building code rules are enforced at the local level by municipal, county,
and state authorities.
The local authorities have the final word over what refrigerants we may
use.
The model building codes are updated only once every three years, by
a formal process.
Each major code is on a different rotation. One is always being
reviewed for update.
States, cities, and other governmental entities (such as fire marshals)
can and do select and adapt these model codes for their specific
interests.
For example, the City of New York, the City of Los Angeles, and Cook
County (Chicago) have their own codes, often enforced by the
municipal fire marshal.
HFO-1234yf will burn: requires high ignition energy and will have
extremely slow flame propagation velocity (flame speed )
Mild flammability is a new (2007) category for ASHRAE and the HVAC&R
industry. What does it mean?
Flammability properties are significantly less consequential than 152a
(MIE, burning velocity, etc.) but at the bottom of Class 2
Defined new A2L classification versus A2 for HFC-152a
How significant is this new property of low flammability?
16
10
14
12 8
10
6
8
6 4
4
2
2
0 0
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 1990 est 2013 BAU 2050 2DS 2050
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/nppdf/stud/16/ETP2016.pdf
ThisfileislicensedtoMuhammmedTauqir.ASHRAETrainingContent.DownloadDate:2/29/2020.TrainingDate:03/01/2020. © 2020 ASHRAE Learning Institute
Challenges and Opportunities 141
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/assessment_for_decision-makers.pdf
ThisfileislicensedtoMuhammmedTauqir.ASHRAETrainingContent.DownloadDate:2/29/2020.TrainingDate:03/01/2020.
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/4563/2014/acp-14-4563-2014.pdf
© 2020 ASHRAE Learning Institute
Green House Gas Emissions 142
Widely available
Available Technology
Emerging / R&D Technology
Not Available
Max Incremental
Necessary
Component Remarks potential cost for RAC
components
improvement unit
Mostly
Higher efficiency rotary
compressor
Inverter,
Mostly used
-Inverter driven dedicated 20% to 30% 20%
for rotary
compressor
two stage Very limited
10% 10% – 20%
compression availability
motor efficiency
Standard same Same
controllers
250
Variable Speed Fixed Speed
200
Rotary Compressors
(Million Units)
150
100
50
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
COP/COP (R-410A)
1.04 R-32
R-C270
R-1270
1.02 R-E170 R-22
R-1261zey
0.88
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Non- Flammable
Flammable
Slightly Unknown
Flammable GWP 1 3170
Systems’ Perspective
ASHRAE Safety
Refrigerant Manufacturer GWP (AR5)
Class
R-22a - A1 1,760
N-20bb Honeywell A1 904
DR-3b Chemours A2L 146
ARM-20ab (R-457A) ‡ Arkema A2L 139
ARM-20bb‡ Arkema A2L 251
L-20a (R-444B)b‡ Honeywell A2L 295
DR-93b Chemours A1 1,153
DR-7(R-454A)b‡ Chemours A2L 238
R-290a - A3 3
a Sources: IPCC AR5, 2013
b GWP values for refrigerant blends not included in IPCC reports are calculated as a weighted average using manufacturer-supplied compositions.
‡ Alternatives used for both split and packaged AC units evaluations
ASHRAE
Refrigerant Manufacturer GWP (AR5)
Safety Class
R-410Aa - A1 1924
L41-2 (R-447A)b Honeywell A2L 572
L41-Z (R-447B)b‡ Honeywell A2L 715
DR-55b (R-452B)‡ Chemours A2L 676
ARM-71ab‡ Arkema A2L 461
HPR-2Ab Mexichem A2L 593
R-32a‡ Daikin A2L 677
a Sources: IPCC AR5, 2013
b GWP values for refrigerant blends not included in IPCC reports are calculated as a weighted average using manufacturer-supplied compositions.
‡ Alternatives used for both split and packaged AC units evaluations
95%
L-20a (R-444B) mineral oil
90% ARM-20b
N-20b
85%
DR-3 DR-93
80%
80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105%
Cooling Capacity
100% ARM-71a
HPR-2A
95% R-410A
L-41 (R-447A)
90%
80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115%
Cooling Capacity
100% ARM-71a
R-410A
95%
90%
80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115%
Cooling Capacity
5 6-ton air source, RTU R-410A R-32 soft-opt. AHRI Standard 340/360 55
6 4-ton air source, RTU R-410A R-32, DR-5A, DR-55 soft-opt. AHRI Standard 210/240 56
7 2.5-ton air source, RTU R-22, R410A R-32 soft-opt. AHRI Standard 210/240 57
R-32, ARM-71a, DR-55, HPR2A, L-
8 1.5-ton air source, mini-split R-410A 41-2 soft-opt. AHRI Standard 210/240 62
N-20b, DR-3, ARM-20b, L-20a, DR-
9 1.5-ton air source, mini-split R-22 93, R-290 soft-opt. AHRI Standard 210/240 62
10 2-ton air-to-water chiller R-410A R-32, DR-5A, L-41-1, L-41-2 drop-in Tester defined conditions 46
11 split system commercial ice machine R404A ARM-20b, N-40c drop-in AHRI Standard 810 and 29 45
Source: Karim Amrane and Xudong Wang, “Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program Phase II -
Testing Results at High-Ambient Temperature Conditions”, International Roundtable Meeting on Risk Assessment © 2020 ASHRAE Learning Institute
ThisfileislicensedtoMuhammmedTauqir.ASHRAETrainingContent.DownloadDate:2/29/2020.TrainingDate:03/01/2020.
Model for the use of low-GWP Refrigerants in High Ambient Temperature Countries, October 3-4, 2017, Kuwait
AC at Standard Rating Conditions 172
Speed to match capacity the optimum charge was selected to maximize unit
(410A and DR55 at 60Hz, efficiency at “A” condition while also matching the
6 adjustable TXV same POE DR5A at 61Hz, R32 at 55Hz) subcooling
Source: Seminar 56 - Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants and Their Applications, Part 2, 2017 Winter Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Michael Petersen,
Experimental Evaluation and Field Trial of Low GWP R404A Replacements for Commercial Refrigeration.
Source: Seminar 56 - Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants and Their Applications, Part 2, 2017 Winter Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Michael Petersen,
Experimental Evaluation and Field Trial of Low GWP R404A Replacements for Commercial Refrigeration.
Concentration
higher than Lower
Flammability
Limit*
*Lower Flammability Limit (LFL), usually expressed in
volume per cent, is the lower end of the concentration range
over which a flammable gas can be ignited at a given
temperature and pressure.
Existence of
Ignition Rapid
Source leakage
An outline of the methodology and the components that are the basis for the risk
assessment model;
A model of what data can be collected;
Information on the regulatory regime and the enforcement mechanisms;
International standards play a role in the next step of risk assessment in the form
of recommendations for local standards;
Rigorous regulations as those adopted in other regions must be adapted to HAT
countries;
Stakeholders: governments and local research institutions, industry and private
sector, and UN Environment & UNIDO
Tolerable risk
Product/System Unit Population Usage stage Service stage
Tolerable risk depends on the number of units in the market of the product identified.
Tolerable risk depends on the frequency and severity of the accident.
o
Complete
Hands-On Experience
Using small charge amounts (150 gm) is one strategy to enable use of flammable
refrigerants, such charges are used in domestic refrigerators
Limited amounts of Class 2L (300 gm to 500 gm) refrigerants are being used in
small room AC units in Asia
Around the world, safety standards for the use of flammable refrigerants are still
being finalized. This is work in progress
ASHRAE Standard 15, ASHRAE Standard 15.2 for domestic AC
EN378, IEC 60335-2-NN, ISO 817, and ISO 5149 internationally
Building codes in the United States and internationally must be updated, and this is
expected to occur 2020 to 2023.
Refrigerant sellers and distributors provide safe-handling instructions for their
products.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this report is correct, neither the
author nor ASHRAE assumes, and hereby disclaim any liability to users of this information for any loss,
damage, or injury caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence,
accident, changing regulations, or any other cause.
ASHRAE values your comments about this course. Please complete the
course evaluation form and return it to the appropriate course
representative. You will then receive your Certificate of Attendance.
Background Information
Chemours. 2016. Safety of Chemours OPTEON™XL Refrigerants. Safe Use and Handling
Guidelines. https://www.chemours.com/Opteon_Stationary/en_GB/assets/downloads/Safety-of-
Opteon-XL.pdf.
Honeywell. 2014. Guidelines for Use and Handling of Solstice® yf. https://www.honeywell-
refrigerants.com/americas/?document=solstice-yf-refrigerant-use-handling-
guidelines&download=1.
Honeywell. nd. Guidelines for Use and Handling of HFO-1234yf.
http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/lgwp-fr/common/documents/FP_LGWP_FR_1234yf-Use-and-
Handling-guidelines_Literature_document.pdf.
Danfoss. 2017. Why ammonia in industrial refrigeration.
http://industrialrefrigeration.danfoss.com/refrigerants/ammonia/why-ammonia /#/.
Emerson. 2015. “CO2 as a refrigerant—Five potential hazards of R744.
https://emersonclimateconversations.com/2015/07/02/co2-as-a-refrigerant-five-potential-
hazards-of-r744/.
Abdelaziz, O.A, Shrestha, S, Munk, J., Linkous, R., Goetzler, W, Guernsey, M., Kassuga, T., 2015,
Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient-Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-410A
Alternatives for Mini-Split Air Conditioners, ORNL/TM-2015/536, available online at:
http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub59157.pdf.
Abdelaziz, O.A, Shrestha, S, Shen, B., Elatar, A., Linkous, R., Goetzler, W, Guernsey, M., Bargash, Y.,
2016, Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient-Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-
410A Alternatives for Rooftop Air Conditioners, ORNL/TM-2016/513, available online at:
http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub69980.pdf.
AHRI 2008. ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning & Air-
Source Heat Pump Equipment
AHRI 2015. ANSI/AHRI Standard 340/360 Performance Rating of Commercial and Industrial Unitary
Air-Conditioning and Heat Pump Equipment
Goetzler, W, Guernsey, M., Young, J., Fuhrman, J, Abdelaziz, O., 2016, The Future of Air
Conditioning for Buildings,
IPCC, 2013. Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F.
Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang,
2013: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K.
Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Available:
https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf.
ISO 5151:2010, Non-ducted air conditioners and heat pumps—Testing and rating for
performance,
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54063.
Mark O. McLinden, J. Steven Brown, Riccardo Brignoli, Andrei F. Kazakov & Piotr A. Domanski,
“Limited options for low-global-warming-potential refrigerants”, Nature Communications 8, Article
number: 14476 (2017),doi:10.1038/ncomms14476