Scribd
Upload
79 views

1.1 Vector and Integral Identities

This document introduces some common vector and integral identities used in finite element formulations of electromagnetic boundary value problems. It defines operations like gradient, divergence, curl, surface gradient and curl. It also lists several vector identities and integral theorems including Green's theorems that relate volume and surface integrals.

Uploaded by

Revanth Vennu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
79 views

1.1 Vector and Integral Identities

This document introduces some common vector and integral identities used in finite element formulations of electromagnetic boundary value problems. It defines operations like gradient, divergence, curl, surface gradient and curl. It also lists several vector identities and integral theorems including Green's theorems that relate volume and surface integrals.

Uploaded by

Revanth Vennu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

4 CHAPTER 1.

PRELIMINARIES

1.1 Vector and integral identities

In this section we list some notation, vector and integral identities that are com-
monly used in the finite element formulation of the boundary-value problems in
electromagnetics.
Let u and u be a scalar and vector continuous differentiable functions defined
in an open set Ω ⊂ R3 , respectively. Denote the gradient, divergence, and curl as

 
∂u ∂u ∂u
∇u = , , ,
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
3
∂u1 ∂u2 ∂u3 X ∂ui
∇·u= + + = ,
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 i=1
∂x i
 
∂u3 ∂u2 ∂u1 ∂u3 ∂u2 ∂u1
∇×u= − , − , − .
∂x2 ∂x3 ∂x3 ∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x2

Let Γ ⊂ R3 be a surface and n be the unit normal vector on S. Define the


surface gradient and surface scalar curl on Γ as

∇Γ u = n × (∇u × n), curlΓ u = (∇ × u) · n.

We note that for a continuous differentiable function u defined in a neighborhood


of Γ we have the relation
∂u
∇u = ∇Γ u + n
∂n

∂u
between the spatial gradient and the surface gradient. Here ∂n is the normal deriva-
tive on Γ. The surface divergence and surface vector curl are defined by duality:

Z Z
divΓ u v = − u · ∇Γ v for all v ∈ C0∞ (Γ),
Z Γ Z Γ
curlΓ u · v = u curlΓ v for all v ∈ C∞0 (Γ).
Γ Γ

In the following, f and g denote scalars or scalar functions, and u, v, and w


1.1. VECTOR AND INTEGRAL IDENTITIES 5

denote vectors or vector functions.


u · (v × w) = v · (w × u) = w · (u × v)
u × (v × w) = (u · w)v − (u · v)w
∇(f g) = f ∇g + g∇f
∇ · (f u) = f ∇ · u + u · ∇f
∇ × (f u) = f ∇ × u − u × ∇f
∇(u · v) = u × (∇ × v) + v × (∇ × u) + (u · ∇)v + (v · ∇)u
∇ · (u × v) = v · (∇ × u) − u · (∇ × v)
∇ × (u × v) = u∇ · v − v∇ · u − (u · ∇)v + (v · ∇)u
∇ · (∇f ) = ∇2 f = ∆f
∇ × (∇f ) = 0
∇ · (∇ × u) = 0
Gradient theorem Z Z
∇u = un
Ω Γ
Divergence or Gauss theorem
Z Z
∇·u= u·n
Ω Γ

Curl theorem Z Z
∇×u= n×u
Ω Γ
First scalar Green’s theorem
∂v
Z Z
[u∇ · (a∇v) + a∇u · ∇v] = au
Ω Γ ∂n
Second scalar Green’s theorem
Z  
∂v ∂u
Z
[u∇ · (a∇v) − v∇ · (a∇u)] = a u −v
Ω Γ ∂n ∂n
First vector Green’s theorem
Z Z
[a(∇ × u) · (∇ × v) − u · (∇ × a∇ × v)] = a(u × ∇ × v) · n
Ω Γ

Second vector Green’s theorem


Z Z
[v · (∇ × a∇ × u) − u · (∇ × a∇ × v)] = a (u × ∇ × v − v × ∇ × u) · n
Ω Γ

You might also like