Using The Python Interpreter

2.
Using the Python Interpreter

2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
The Python interpreter is usually installed as /usr/local/bin/python3.8 on those
machines where it is available; putting /usr/local/bin in your Unix shell’s search
path makes it possible to start it by typing the command:
python3.8
to the shell. [1] Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter lives is an
installation option, other places are possible; check with your local Python guru or
system administrator. (E.g., /usr/local/python is a popular alternative location.)
On Windows machines where you have installed Python from the Microsoft Store,
the python3.8 command will be available. If you have the py.exe launcher installed,
you can use the py command. See Excursus: Setting environment variables for
other ways to launch Python.
Typing an end-of-file character (Control-D on Unix, Control-Z on Windows) at the

primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit status. If that doesn’t
work, you can exit the interpreter by typing the following command: quit() .
The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, history substitution

and code completion on systems that support the GNU Readline library. Perhaps
the quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported is typing
Control-P to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, you have command line
editing; see Appendix Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution for an
introduction to the keys. If nothing appears to happen, or if ^P is echoed, command
line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to use backspace to remove characters
from the current line.
The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called with standard
input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes commands interactively; when
called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and
executes a script from that file.
A second way of starting the interpreter is python -c command [arg] ... , which
executes the statement(s) in command, analogous to the shell’s -c option. Since
Python statements often contain spaces or other characters that are special to the
shell, it is usually advised to quote command in its entirety with single quotes.
Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. These can be invoked using
python -m module [arg] ... , which executes the source file for module as if you
had spelled out its full name on the command line.
When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run the script and
enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done by passing -i before the script.
All command line options are described in Command line and environment.
2.1.1. Argument Passing

When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional arguments thereafter
are turned into a list of strings and assigned to the argv variable in the sys module.
You can access this list by executing import sys . The length of the list is at least
one; when no script and no arguments are given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string.
When the script name is given as '-' (meaning standard input), sys.argv[0] is set
to '-' . When -c command is used, sys.argv[0] is set to '-c' . When -m module
is used, sys.argv[0] is set to the full name of the located module. Options found
after -c command or -m module are not consumed by the Python interpreter’s
option processing but left in sys.argv for the command or module to handle.
2.1.2. Interactive Mode

When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in interactive
mode. In this mode it prompts for the next command with the primary prompt,
usually three greater-than signs ( >>> ); for continuation lines it prompts with the
secondary prompt, by default three dots ( ... ). The interpreter prints a welcome
message stating its version number and a copyright notice before printing the first
prompt:
$ python3.8
Python 3.8 (default, Sep 16 2015, 09:25:04)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
 
Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As an example,

take a look at this if statement:
>>> the_world_is_flat = True >>>

>>> if the_world_is_flat:
... print("Be careful not to fall off!")
...
Be careful not to fall off!
For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode.
2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment

2.2.1. Source Code Encoding
By default, Python source files are treated as encoded in UTF-8. In that encoding,
characters of most languages in the world can be used simultaneously in string
literals, identifiers and comments — although the standard library only uses ASCII
characters for identifiers, a convention that any portable code should follow. To
display all these characters properly, your editor must recognize that the file is UTF-
8, and it must use a font that supports all the characters in the file.
To declare an encoding other than the default one, a special comment line should
be added as the first line of the file. The syntax is as follows:
# -*- coding: encoding -*-
where encoding is one of the valid codecs supported by Python.
For example, to declare that Windows-1252 encoding is to be used, the first line of
your source code file should be:
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
One exception to the first line rule is when the source code starts with a UNIX
“shebang” line. In this case, the encoding declaration should be added as the
second line of the file. For example:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
Footnotes
[1] On Unix, the Python 3.x interpreter is by default not installed with the executable
named python , so that it does not conflict with a simultaneously installed
Python 2.x executable.

Using The Python Interpreter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Using The Python Interpreter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Using The Python Interpreter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2.

Using the Python Interpreter

Typing an end-of-file character (Control-D on Unix, Control-Z on Windows) at the

The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, history substitution

2.1.1. Argument Passing

2.1.2. Interactive Mode

Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As an example,

>>> the_world_is_flat = True >>>

2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment

# -- coding: encoding --

where encoding is one of the valid codecs supported by Python.

# -- coding: cp1252 --

You might also like