1.1 Historical Background: A. Steel
1.1 Historical Background: A. Steel
1.1 Historical Background: A. Steel
The history of concrete dates back as far as the beginning of human civilization. It was in
about 1824 when Joseph Aspdin invented Portland cement by burning finely ground chalk and
clay until the carbon dioxide was removed. Aspdin named the cement after the stones quarried in
the isle of Portland, England. Jean – Louis Lambot was the first person to use reinforced concrete
by using iron bars and wire mesh to reinforced concrete boats. A French gardener named Joseph
Monier first invented reinforced concrete in the year 1849. If not of this reinforced concrete most of
the modern buildings would not have been standing today. In 1854 William B. Wilkinson used
iron bars and wire ropes to reinforce the concrete floors of a two – story cottage he constructed.
Francois Coignet was a 19th century French industrialist who use iron reinforced concrete in
construction on a widespread scale. In 1889 Gyozo Mihailich designed the first arch bridge using
reinforced concrete, in Solt, Hungary. In 1891 George Bartholomew in United States placed the
first concrete street in Bellefontaine, Ohio. In 1905 Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Unity Temple
to use four massive, identical concrete walls so that the expansive formwork could be repeated
multiple times. In 1827 Eugene Freysiinet developed the pre – stressed concrete, a method of
concrete construction using cables called pre – stressed tendon. With this methodology larger and
more resilient structures that could not be accomplished by traditional method are possible to be
constructed.
Until now reinforced concrete is widely used in the construction of structures combined
with modern technology and methodology.
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel or crushed rock, and other aggregates held
together in a rock – like mass with a paste of cement and water. Reinforced concrete is a
structural material composed of concrete reinforced with steel bars. The economy, efficiency,
durability, moldability, and rigidity make it an attractive material for a wide range of structural
applications. A unique property of reinforced concrete is that the very low tensile strength of plain
concrete is supplied by the reinforcing steel bars and the high cost of steel is offset by using
concrete for those portion that are in compression or are relatively unstressed, thus reducing the
quantity of steel required.
In the discussion of the course we must know some of the important mechanical
properties of the concrete and steel materials. Among them are the following:
A. Steel
1. Weight. The steel weighs 77.01 kN/m3
2. Strength. The strength of steel is expressed in terms of the yield strength, fy. In English
yield strength is expressed in ksi( kilopound per square inch ) and in MPa ( megapascal )
in SI. We note that MPa is equivalent to N/mm2 and 1 ksi = 6.91 MPa.
1
Philippine Standard steel bas has the following grades with the corresponding
yield strength, fy.
10 mm 28 mm
12 mm 32 mm
16 mm 36 mm
20 mm 40 mm
25 mm 50 mm
B. Concrete
1. Weight. The concrete weighs 23.54 kN/m3
2. Strength. The strength of concrete is expressed in terms of the cylinder strength, fc’ by
testing concrete sample after 28 days of curing. In English cylinder strength is expressed
in psi( pound per square inch ) and in MPa ( megapascal ) in SI. We note that MPa is
equivalent to N/mm2 and 1 ksi = 6.91 MPa.
Cylinder strength depends on the concrete mix proportion and most common it has
the following values.
3. Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity, E for concrete is given by the formula,
2
1.3 Design Methods
In consideration of structural safety, there are two design methods which might be used.
The first of these two methods is the Working Stress Design, ( WSD ), which involves the
calculation of working or service loads stresses in comparison to the allowable stresses which are
about 50% of the ultimate stresses attainable of the materials.
The second method is the Ultimate Strength Design Method, ( USD ), in which the
working loads are multiplied by certain load factors larger than one and the resulting factored load
is used to design the structure. This method is discussed in Reinforced Concrete Design 2.
2. Investigation – given the size and reinforcement, compute the load. This is in the case
when we make design checking or revisions are needed.
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In the above types of design, the recommended design is the under – reinforced for the
reason that gradual failure of the structure is required in order to give a running time for the
occupants. Crushing of concrete is an abrupt failure and not recommended on design codes.
P
Mmax = at midspan
P
Vmax = at support
L 2
ymax = at midspan
Mmax = at midspan
w
wL
Vmax = at support
L 2
ymax = at midspan
P Mmax = at support
Vmax = P at support
4
4. Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load
w Mmax = at support
Vmax = wL at support
L
ymax = at free end
5. Cantilever beam with triangular load w at the support to zero at the free end
w
Mmax = at support
wL
Vmax = at support
L 2
ymax = at free end
P
Mmax = at support
P
Vmax = at support
2
L
ymax = at midspan
P Pab 2 Pba 2
MA = 2
and MB =
a b L L2
Vmax = Va =
Pb
L2
ab a 2
1 if a < b
A L B
Vmax = Vb =
Pa
L2
ab b
2
1 if a > b
w Mmax = at support
wL
Vmax = at support
2
L
ymax = at free end
5
9. Fully restrained beam with uniformly distributed load extended half the span
5 wL2 11wL2
w MA = and MB =
192 192
13wL
Vmax = RB = at B
B 32
A L
w wL2 wL2
MA = and MB =
20 30
7wL
Vmax = RA =
20
A L B
P Pab a
Mmax = b at fixed support
a b L2 2
Pa 2 3L a
A L B RB =
2L3
P 3PL
Mmax = at fixed support
16
11P
Vmax = RA =
A L B 16
wL2
w Mmax = at fixed support
8
5 wL
Vmax = RA =
A L B 8
6
14. Propped beam with uniformly distributed load at half the span
L/2 9 wL2
Mmax = at fixed support
w 128
57wL
Vmax = RA =
A L B 128
15. Propped beam with triangular load from w at the fixed end to zero at the free end
w wL2
Mmax = at fixed support
15
2wL
Vmax = RA =
A L B 5
16. Propped beam with triangular load from zero at the fixed end to w at the free end
w 7 wL2
Mmax = at fixed support
120
11wL
Vmax = RB =
A L B 40
Problem 1: A simply supported beam with a span of 8 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 10
kN/m on its entire span. Compute
1. the maximum moment
2. the maximum shear
3. the maximum deflection if EI = 80 x 1012Nmm2
Solution:
wL2
1. By formula: Mmax =
8
Mmax =
10 8 2
8
Mmax = 80 kNm
wL
2. By formulas: Vmax =
2
Vmax =
10 8
2
Vmax = 40 kNm
7
5wL4
3. By formula: ymax = ; note: w = 10 kN/m = 10 N/mm
384EI
5 10 8,000 4
ymax =
384 80 x 10 12
ymax = 6.67 mm
Another Solution: Another solution to obtain the Mmax and Vmax is to draw the shear and moment
diagram.
w = 10 kN/m
A B
For reactions: By Symmetry,
L=8m
wL 10 8
RA = RB = = = 40 kN
RA = 40 kN RB = 40 kN 2 2
40 kN Vmax = 40 kN
Mmax Mmax =
1
40 4
2
Mmax = 80 kNm
M – diagram
Problem 2: A propped beam with a span of 6 m carries a triangular load which varies from zero at
the fixed end to 8 kN/m at the other end. Compute
1. the vertical maximum shear
2. the maximum negative moment
3. the maximum positive moment
Solution:
The beam is shown below. By formula, the maximum moment and maximum shear can
be computed.
w = 8 kN/m
11wL
1. Vmax = RB =
40
B
A L=6m 11 8 6
Vmax =
40
Vmax = 13.2 kN
8
7 wL2
2. Mmax =
120
7 8 6 2
Mmax =
120
Mmax = – 16.8 kNm
The FBD of the beam is shown below. The shear and moment diagram is drawn.
w = 8 kN/m
For RA:
y
1
MA Fy = 0: RA + RB = wL
MA C L=6m 2
x
RA + 13.2 =
1
8 6
RA = 10.8 kN RB = 13.2 kN 2
RA = 10.8 kN
10.8
For x:
0 C V – diagram VC = 0
x
10.8 -
1
x y = 0
2
13.2
+Mmax 8 y 4
By r & p: --- y = x
6 x 3
0 M – diagram
10.8 -
1
x 4 x = 0
2 3
– 16.8
x = 4.025 m
Solve for y: y =
4
4.025 = 5.367
3