@kuremc ka Jeakrimtjke ^ldbekckgy men Dkiputlr Tdjledl
Qkcuil <, Euihlr =, Mprjc 8686, pp. <7-1>
@kuremc Bkilpmgl0 www.`jtlds.uh.md.jn
Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr wjtb Dletrkjn-Hmsln Kutcjlr Xlikvmc akr Dcmssjajdmtjke
Mnjtym Bmrj Hmwkek
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, Ajtrm Mhnurrmbime Hmdbtjmr
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Amouctms Jciu Okiputlr, \ejvlrsjtms Hrmwj`mym
maja.supjmetkFuh.md.jn Xldljvln 82 Ekvlihlr 86=:? mddlptln 86 Alhrumry 8686
Mhstrmdt
.
Dcmssjajdmtjke js m pmrt ka nmtm ijejeg wbjdb js vlry uslauc akr imey purpksl. ^blrl mrl sk imey iltbkn tk dcmssjay, bkwlvlr m dcmssjajdmtjke prkdlss elln gkkn skurdl ka nmtm tk nlcjvlr gkkn plrakrimedl. Je tbl rlmc wkrcn, ekt mcc nmtm js gkkn. Tkil ka tbl nmtm dketmjes ekjsl men kutcjlr tbmt dme rlnudl dcmssjajdmtjke plrakrimedl. Bkwlvlr, tblrl mrl alw rlslmrdb ka dcmssjajdmtjke wjtb me kutcjlr rlikvmc prkdlss, lspldjmccy akr Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr Iltbkn. Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr js m gkkn ylt sjipcl dcmssjajdmtjke iltbkn. Bkwlvlr, Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr suaalrs plrakrimedl ckss cjol tbl ktblr dcmssjajdmtjke iltbkn. ^bl prkpksln iltbknkckgy dkesjsts ka twk stmgls. Ajrst, prlprkdlss tbl nmtm wjtb kutcjlr rlikvmc, rlikvls pkjets wbjdb mrl amr arki tbl dkrrlspkenjeg dletrkjns, tbl dletlr pkjet ka m dcmss. Tldken, dcmssjay tbl kutcjlr rlikvln nmtm kr dclmeln nmtm. ^bl lxplrjilet dkvlrs sjx nmtm slts wbjdb bmvl njaalrlet dbmrmdtlrjstjd. ^bl rlsucts jenjdmtl tbmt kutcjlr rlikvmc ms prlprkdlssjeg iltbkn prkvjnl hlttlr rlsuct hy 6.71% tk 4.=1% akr jiprkvjeg Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr plrakrimedl ke ikst nmtm slt.
Olywkrns
0 Dcmssjajdmtjke, Kutcjlr, Dletrkjn Hmsln, Vrlprkdlssjeg
=.
Jetrknudtjke
Dcmssjajdmtjke js m pmrt ka nmtm prkdlssjeg tbmt bms mttrmdtln tbl mttletjke ka mdmnlijds men jenustry. Dcmssjajdmtjke js me laakrt tk cmhlc nmtm hmsln ke nmtm tbmt bms hlle prlvjkuscy cmhlcln _=Y. Je tbl rlmc wkrcn, dcmssjajdmtjke js usln tk njstjegujsb kel kh`ldt arki mektblr. Amdtkrs tbmt jeaculedl tbl rlsucts ka prlnjdtjkes mrl tbl nmtm usln, prlprkdlssjeg, men tbl slcldtjke ka dcmssjajdmtjke iltbkns _8Y. Bkwlvlr, tblrl mrl sk imey rlmc wkrcn nmtm, hut tbly mrl ekt mcwmys gkkn. Dbkksjeg wbjdb iltbkn tk prkdlss tbksl nmtm rlqujrl lxtrm laakrt, hldmusl hmn nmtm usumccy bmrnlr tk prkdlss. Kel dcmssjajdmtjke iltbkn js tbl Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr (EDD) _4Y. EDD js m dletrkjn-hmsln dcmssjajdmtjke iltbkn _>Y. ^bl mnvmetmgl ka EDD js tbmt tbl iltbkn nkls ekt bmvl pmrmiltlrs, sk tbl rlsucts khtmjeln nk ekt nlplen ke pmrmiltlr dkeajgurmtjke, hut ke nmtm njstrjhutjke men njstmedl. Je tbl EDD iltbkn, tbl njstmedl hltwlle nmtm js usln tk nltlrijel tbl dckslst dletrkjn pkjet tk tbl tlst nmtm pkjet. ^bl mnvmetmgl ka EDD js tbl sjipcjdjty ka tbl prkdlss men nkls ekt rlqujrl pmrmiltlr tuejeg.
<2
@J^lDT Qkcuil <, Euihlr =, Mprjc 8686, pp <7-1>
p-JTTE0 8<>6-:>44? l-JTTE0 8<>6-:28>
EDD bms hlle usln je imey ajlcn akr dcmssjajdmtjke purpksl. Tlvlrmc stunjls usjeg EDD iltbkns mrl _<Y, wbjdb plrakri almturl slcldtjke ms prlprkdlssjeg, _1Y usln EDD akr NEM dcmssjajdmtjke, _7Y js mhkut vlbjdcl rkutjeg prkhclis, _2Y usl m dletrkjn- hmsln dcmssjajlr akr tlxt dcmssjajdmtjke, _:Y usl m dletrkjn-hmsln dcmssjajlr akr jetrusjke nltldtjke, men _>Y mrl usln akr iusjd glerl dcmssjajdmtjke. Je rlcmtln stunjls _>Y_<Y_1Y _7Y_2Y_:Y, tblrl mrl ek nmtm dclmejeg prkdlss ms m prlprkdlssjeg akr tbl EDD iltbkn. ^bkugb jt dkucn hl tbmt tbl nmtm bms ijssjeg vmculs men kutcjlrs. Je mnnjtjke, tbl iltbkn nkls ekt plrakri wlcc je dlrtmje nmtm slts, lspldjmccy nmtm slts wjtb kutcjlr _=6Y. Kutcjlr js me khslrvmtjke rlsuct tbmt js njaalrlet je emturl wjtb m im`krjty ka ktblr khslrvmtjkes _==Y. Mikeg dkipmrmtjvl stunjls, jt js stmtln tbmt tbl lxjstledl ka kutcjlrs dme rlnudl tbl mddurmdy ka prlnjdtjke ka me mcgkrjtbi _=8Y_=4Y. Akr dletrkjn-hmsln iltbkn, kutcjlr dme jeaculedl bkw dletrkjn mrl akriln _=>Y, tbus eke-jnlmc dletrkjn wjcc hl akriln men jeaculedl tbl dcmssjajdmtjke prkdlss. ^bjs stuny trjls tk jipclilet EDD wjtb prlprkdlssjeg stlp. ^bl prlprkdlssjeg stlp dkenudtln je tbjs stuny js rlikvjeg kutcjlr ajrst. ^bl kutcjlr rlikvmc iltbkn usln je tbjs stuny js dletrkjn hmsln kutcjlr rlikvmc. ^bl dclmeln nmtm js usln akr tbl dcmssjajdmtjke matlr tbl kutcjlr khslrvmtjke rlikvln. Dletrkjn-hmsln kutcjlr rlikvmc js kel ka tbl sujtmhcl kutcjlr rlikvmcs akr dcmssjajdmtjke _=<Y. Aurtblr, tbl lxplrjilet usls tbl Kutcjlr Nltldtjke Nmtm slts (KNNT) _=1Y. ^bl prkhcli js, Kutcjlr Nltldtjke Nmtm slts (KNNT) bmvl m cjst tbmt je \DJ nmtm slts tblrl mrl mt clmst 6.64% tk 4<% kutcjlrs. Wbjcl tbl \DJ nmtm slt jtslca js m stmenmrn nmtm slt dkiikecy usln je dcmssjajdmtjke. ^bjs dme hl ka pmrtjducmr dkedlre rlgmrnjeg tbl rlikvmc ka kutcjlrs ms prlprkdlssjeg. ^bl akdus ka tbjs rlslmrdb js tk jiprkvl tbl rlsucts ka tbl EDD dcmssjajdmtjke hy dkenudtjeg kutcjlr rlikvmc ms prlprkdlssjeg. ^bl rlsucts ka tbjs stuny mrl lxpldtln tk hl usln ms m rlalrledl akr aurtblr rlslmrdb. ^bl krgmejzmtjke ka tbjs pmplr js ms akcckws. Ajrst, hmdogrkuen stuny mhkut kutcjlr, kutcjlr laaldts akr dcmssjajdmtjke, bkw tk bmencl kutcjlr, men dcmssjajdmtjke. Elxt, prkpksln iltbkns mrl strudturln jetk prlprkdlssjeg wjtb kutcjlr rlikvmc men dcmssjajdmtjke usjeg EDD. Matlr tbmt, wl dkipmrl tbl rlsuct hltwlle prkpksln iltbkn men stmenmrn EDD. ^bl purpksl ka tbjs stuny js ajenjeg tbl njaalrledl hltwlle tbl rlsuct ka stmenmrn iltbkn men prkpksln iltbkn wbjdb js usjeg kutcjlr rlikvmc ms prlprkdlssjeg iltbkn.
8.
Dletrkjn-Hmsln Kutcjlr Xlikvmc
Dletrkjn-hmsln kutcjlr nltldtjke iltbkn nlajels tbl kutcjlr ms m pkjet amr arki mey dcustlr kr nmtm pkjet grkup. Kel ka tbl lxplrjilet bmvl hlle nkel hy _=<Y. Dletrkjn hmsln kutcjlr nltldtjke iltbkn dmcducmtls njstmedl hltwlle pkjets men dletrkjn ka dkrrlspkenjeg dcmss cmhlc, tble dkipmrl tbl njstmedl ka lmdb dletrkjn. ^bl pslunkdknl ka tbl Dletrkjn Njstmedl Kutcjlr Xlikvmc js ms akcckws0
Dletrkjn Njstmedl Kutcjlr Xlikvmc
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Mnjtym Bmrj lt mc.,
Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr…
<:
p-JTTE0 8<>6-:>44? l-JTTE0 8<>6-:28>
^bl njaalrledl hltwlle tbl prkpksln iltbkn wjtb _=<Y js tbl durrlet stuny nk ekt usl mey pmrmiltlr sudb ms
o
-dletrkjn hldmusl tbl nmtm cmhlc mcrlmny oekwe je mnvmedl. ^bus, usjeg pmrmiltlr
o
-dletrkjn
js ekt eldlssmry.
4.
EDD wjtb Dletrkjn-Hmsln Kutcjlr Xlikvmc
Je glelrmc tbl stlps tmole je tbjs stuny dme hl slle je Ajgurl =.
Vrlprkdlssjeg stlp
TtmrtNmtmVrlprkdlss;Kutcjlr XlikvmcNmtm wjtb Xlikvln Kutcjlr EDDLenEDDA-Ilmsurl ka KX+EDDA-Ilmsurl ka EDDDkipmrjske
Ajgurl =.
EDD wjtb Kutcjlr Xlikvmc
^bl stuny hlgjes hy spldjayjeg nmtm slt tbmt mrl gkjeg tk hl usln. Elxt, wl spcjt tbl prkdlss jetk twk wmys. ^bl ajrst js dcmssjay tbl nmtm wjtbkut prlprkdlssjeg, strmjgbt mwmy wjtb EDD. Ilmewbjcl, tbl ktblr js prlprkdlssjeg tbl nmtm wjtb kutcjlr rlikvmc ajrst, tble dcmssjay wjtb EDD. Matlr dcmssjajdmtjke prkdlss, lvmcumtjke pbmsl wjtb A-Ilmsurl js dkenudtln. Cmstcy, tbl rlsucts mrl dkipmrln wjtb dcmssjajdmtjke wjtbkut rlikvjeg tbl kutcjlrs tk sll wbjdb iltbkns plrakri hlttlr.
4.=
Nmtm slt
Tjx \DJ stmenmrn nmtm slts js usln. ^bl prkplrtjls ka tbl usln nmtm slts mrl mcsk vmrjls. ^bl prkplrtjls ka tbl nmtm slt jedcunl tbl euihlr ka nmtm pkjets, tbl euihlr ka almturls, tbl euihlr ka dcmssls, men tbl plrdletmgl ka kutcjlrs. Nltmjcln dbmrmdtlrjstjds ka tbl nmtm slt wjcc hl njspcmyln je tbl ^mhcl =.
16
@J^lDT Qkcuil <, Euihlr =, Mprjc 8686, pp <7-1>
p-JTTE0 8<>6-:>44? l-JTTE0 8<>6-:28>
^mhcl =.
Nmtm slt Cjst
Nmtm slt
Nmtm Vkjet Almturl Dcmss % Kutcjlr
Hrlmst Dmedlr 17: : 8 4< Ldkcj 441 7 2 8.1 Cyipbkgrmpby =>2 =2 > >.= Qlrtlhrmc 8>6 1 4 =8.< Wjel =72 =4 4 7.7 Zlmst =41> 2 =6 >.7 Je tlris ka nmtm pkjet prkplrtjls, Zlmst nmtm slt bms tbl ikst nmtm pkjets ka =41> men Cyipbkgrmpby nmtm slt bms tbl clmst nmtm slt ka =>2. Bkwlvlr, akr almturl prkplrtjls, Cyipbkgrmpby bms tbl ikst almturl ka =2, wjtb Qlrtlhrmc nmtm slt bms tbl clmst. Hrlmst dmedlr bms tbl clmst dcmss euihlr, wbjcl Zlmst bms tbl ikst dcmssls. Bkwlvlr, Hrlmst dmedlr bms tbl ikst kutcjlr plrdletmgl. Jt dme hl slle tbmt tbl dbksle nmtm slts bmvl vmryjeg prkplrtjls.
4.8
Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr (EDD)
EDD js m dletrkjn-hmsln dcmssjajdmtjke iltbkn (Vrmvlle lt mc., 86=1). ^bl mnvmetmgl ka EDD js tbmt jt nkls ekt rlqujrl pmrmiltlrs, sk tbl rlsucts mrl ekt nltlrijeln hy pmrmiltlr dkeajgurmtjke, hut purlcy ke tbl njstmedl hltwlle nmtm. Ludcjnlme njstmedl js tbl njstmedl akriucm usln je tbjs stuny. ^bl rkcl ka njstmedl je tbl EDD iltbkn js usln tk nltlrijel tbl dletrkjn dletlr dckslst tk tbl nmtm pkjet.
Elmrlst Dletrkjn Dcmssjajlr
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\etjc mcc tlstjeg nmtm js dmcducmtln.
LEN
Bkwlvlr, kecy m alw EDD stunjls bmvl mttliptln tk jiprkvl tbl plrakrimedl ka tbjs iltbkn. Kel ka tbli js almturl slcldtjke _<Y wbjdb js prkvle tk jiprkvl EDD plrakrimedl. ^bjs stuny usls prlprkdlssjeg kutcjlr rlikvmc wjtb tbl mji ka jiprkvjeg EDD plrakrimedl.
4.4
Lvmcumtjke iltrjd
^brll lvmcumtjke iltbkn js usln tk uenlrstmen tbl rlsuct ka tbl prkpksln iltbkn tbmt js Vrldjsjke, Xldmcc, men A-Ilmsurl. Vrldjsjke js syihkcjzln ms tbl rmtjk ka prlnjdtjkes tmole tbmt js rlclvmet tk tbl slmrdb.