Power Quality Management in Smart Grids: Issues and Improvements
Power Quality Management in Smart Grids: Issues and Improvements
Power Quality Management in Smart Grids: Issues and Improvements
Volume: 4 | Issue: 4 | April 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470
ABSTRACT
Aim of this paper is to gives the overview of the power quality management in smart grids, and describes the different
power quality disturbance like voltage sags, voltage swells, harmonics etc. A satisfactory power quality ensures the
necessary compatibility across all the electrical devices connected to the power grid. Solutions should be provided to
reduce the power quality disturbances in the electrical system to increase the energy transmission and voltage stability.
In this paper we describe the improvement of power quality by using the dynamic voltage restore (DVR) to moderate the
voltage sags and swells in the system and obtain the simulation results by using MATLAB/Simulink.
INTRODUCTION
To increase energy efficiency, the renewable energy Harmonic distortion is the type of power quality
production increases and also increases the development disturbances with having the multiple integer of frequency
of new Smart Grid technology by the worldwide energy arises by any electrical equipment or non-linear loads.
companies. The efficiency of all industrial production Nonlinear passive loads produced the even harmonics. In the
depends on the power quality because disturbance in the power grid, we also have non-harmonic components, under-
electrical system will affect the performance of electrical harmonics or inter-harmonics produced by the
devices. For the proper functioning of all electrical devices asynchronous engines or the frequency convertors which are
it is necessary to reduce the disturbances. using the sliding phenomenon.
Fault occurs at power grid due to the power quality By connecting the non-linear loads to the power grid system
disturbance like voltage sag and swells that might cause will also leads to the unwanted effects on the power quality.
heavy losses to the industries and consumers. To The PV and wind plants which have the variable generation
minimize the power quality issues in the power system, of power will lead to produce the major distortions at the
the power quality moderator devices are used to reduce point of common coupling.
the disturbances such as voltage imbalance, voltage sag, The power quality effect on harmonic filters and PV plants
voltage swell, harmonics. Most of the power Quality connected across the power grid can be measured by the use
problems occurs due to voltage sag, voltage swell, of Total harmonic distortion indicator. THD are calculated as
harmonics. the percentage of the rated frequency.
Voltage sag happens till the faults in the system cleared
and it vary from few milliseconds to secs. Voltage swell is
not important as compared to the voltage sag because it
very less common in power grids. Voltage sag and swell
may fail or shutdown the working of the electrical
equipment’s. For the customers these effects are very
expensive like shutdown of production and damage of
equipment’s.
In this paper we describe the Dynamic voltage restorer
and discuss the voltage compensation method using Where Uh is harmonic voltage and U1 is the fundamental
simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink. voltage.
For practical cases, the total demand distortion (TDD)
Power Quality
indicator is used. The current harmonics level is expressing
Power quality is very important factor for the power grids based on the maximum circuit current that delivers the
and should not be avoided. A satisfactory power quality actual current distortion on the supply voltages.
ensures the necessary compatibility across all the TDD indicators can be expressed as:
electrical devices connected to the power grid. It is an
important issue for the healthy operation of the new or
existing smart grids.
Power quality includes the two categories of disturbances:
Events and Variations. Therefore, variations are regularly
measured and estimation, events occurs in uncertain way
and proper action should take. Variations are steady
voltage variations, harmonic distortion, voltage flicker and
Voltage unbalance. Events are faster voltage changes,
voltage dip, voltage swells and power interruptions. Where Ih is harmonic current and IL is circuit current.
i.Fourier Transform
Fourier transform applying to each phase voltage, to
measured the phase and voltage magnitude of each
frequency component. It is the advantage of this
Fig-3. Equivalent circuit of Dynamic Voltage Restorer technique as compared with the other sag/sweep
detection methods.
Fig-3 shows the equivalent circuit of the Dynamic ii.Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
Voltage restorer, when there is a voltage sag and In most of the cases Dynamic voltage restorer uses the
sweep, the DVR introduces a series injected voltage V inj PLL to measured the phase angle and frequency
using the coupling transformer so that the required changes in the supply voltage, PLL is a closed loop
load voltage magnitude VL should maintained. The control system, that produced the signal with same
series injected voltage of the Dynamic Voltage phase angle and frequency of the input supply voltage.
Restorer can be expressed as: PLL consists of an oscillator to supplies the output
Vinj = VL + Vs voltage.
Where
VL is the desired load voltage
Vs is the voltage during swells/sags
The output load current IL is expressed by,
Simulation Result
Simulation of the Dynamic voltage restores control system Another series filter is used to remove any unwanted high
was performed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK in order get frequency content of the power supplied. The non-linear
the desired results. load of 10KVA capacity with lagging power factor.
Voltage sag and swells are simulated by connecting the Simulation shows the 50% three phase sag in the supply
power grid to the non-linear loads and dynamic voltage voltage for the period of 0.3s and 25% three phase voltage
restorer is connected in series with the power grid to swells occurs for the period of 0.2s.
provides the maximum voltage of 50% of phase to ground
voltage.