MC 451 Lecture 7-2020 PDF
MC 451 Lecture 7-2020 PDF
MC 451 Lecture 7-2020 PDF
MC 451
Prepared by: H. Mupeta
Copperbelt University,
School of Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department.
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HYDRAULIC FLUIDS & HYDRAULIC
TRANSMISSION LINES
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OBJECTIVES
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HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
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BASIC PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC OILS
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
BASIC PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC OILS: VISCOSITY
𝐿−𝑈
𝑉𝐼 = ×100
𝐿−𝐻
BASIC PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC OILS: VISCOSITY INDEX
Mathematically
∆𝑃
𝛽=−
∆𝑉⁄𝑉
§ 𝛽 = Bulk modulus
§ ∆𝑃 = change in pressure
§ ∆𝑉 = change in volume
§ 𝑉 = original volume
§ The negative sign accounts for the fact that as pressure increases, the
volume decreases
§ Moreover, the fluid leaks out from the hydraulic system and
encounters other system parts,
BASIC PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC OILS: CHEMICAL STABILITY
§ Hydraulic fluids that have been treated with additives to inhibit the
formation of acids are usually able to keep this number at a low value
between 0 and 0.1
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC
FLUIDS
TYPICALLY USED HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
40
TYPES OF LINES
41
TYPES OF LINES
• Heavy pipe might be used in/for a large stationary fluid power system
• Light weight tubing must be used for aircraft and missile systems since
weight and space are critical factors.
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TYPES OF LINES
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TRANSMISSION LINE SIZING FOR FLOW RATE REQUIREMENT
𝑄
𝑣 = 𝑣"#$ =
𝐴
• The area for the diameter is the inside diameter and the pipe area is
the area corresponding to inside diameter
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TRANSMISSION LINE SIZING FOR FLOW RATE REQUIREMENT
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TRANSMISSION LINE SIZING FOR FLOW RATE REQUIREMENT
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TRANSMISSION LINE SIZING FOR FLOW RATE REQUIREMENT
Example
• A pipe handles a flow rate of 0.002𝑚! /𝑠. Find the minimum inside
diameter that will provide an average fluid velocity not to exceed
6.1 𝑚/𝑠?
Solution
𝑄 0.002
𝐴= = = 0.000328𝑚'
𝑣 6.1
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TRANSMISSION LINE SIZING FOR FLOW RATE REQUIREMENT
Solution
The minimum inside diameter can be found from the equation
𝜋𝐷'
𝐴=
4
4𝐴 (4)(0.000328)
𝐷= = = 0.0204 𝑚
𝜋 𝜋
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴
𝑃 = fluid pressure
𝐴 = projected area of the lower half –pipe curved – wall
surface onto a longitudinal plane.
𝐹 = 𝑃(𝐿𝐷& )
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
𝐹 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐿𝐷& 𝑃𝐷&
𝜎= = = =
2𝑡𝐿 2𝑡𝐿 2𝑡𝐿 2𝑡
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
𝑃𝐷&
𝜎=
2𝑡
• Tensile stress increases as fluid pressure (P) increases as well
as the inside diameter increases
• The length of the pipe does not have any effect on the
tensile stress
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BURST PRESSURE (BP)
• The burst pressure (BP) is the fluid pressure that will cause
the pipe to burst
2𝑡𝑆
𝐵𝑃 =
𝐷&
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BURST PRESSURE (BP)
• The scribe line on the pipe shows where the pipe would start to crack
and thus rupture if the tensile stress reached the tensile strength of the
pipe material.
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WORKING PRESSURE (WP)
• This is the maximum safe operating fluid pressure and is defined as the
burst pressure divided by an appropriate factor of safety (FS)
2𝑡𝑆 𝐵𝑃
𝑊𝑃 = =
𝐹𝑆𝐷( 𝐹𝑆
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WORKING PRESSURE (WP)
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WORKING PRESSURE (WP)
Note
• The material, ID, and wall thickness are the three primary
considerations in the selection of lines for a particular fluid power
system.
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
𝐷) − 𝐷(
𝑡=
2
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
2𝑡𝑆
𝐵𝑃 =
𝐷(
𝐵𝑃
𝑊𝑃 =
𝐹𝑆
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
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STEEL PIPES
• Pipes and pipe fittings are classified by nominal size and schedule
number
• For each nominal size the outside diameter does not change .
Therefore, to increase wall thickness the next schedule number is
used.
• The nominal size indicates thread size for the mating connections
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STEEL PIPES
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STEEL PIPES
• The relative size of cross section for schedules 40, 80 and 180
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STEEL TUBING
• Steel tubing has an advantage over pipes in that they can be bent into
almost any shape , thereby reducing the number of fittings.
• A tubing size designation always refers to the outside diameter and the
smallest outer diameter is 4 𝑚𝑚 and the largest is 42 𝑚𝑚
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STEEL TUBING
• Most commonly used materials for tubing are 𝑆𝐴𝐸 1010 with tensile
strength of 379 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐼 4130 with 519 𝑀𝑃𝑎
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
Example
• Select the proper metric size steel tube for a flow rate of
0.00190 𝑚! /𝑠 and an operating pressure of 70 𝑏𝑎𝑟. The maximum
recommended velocity is 6.1 𝑚/𝑠 and the tube material is SAE 1010
dead soft cold –drawn steel having a tensile strength of 379 𝑀𝑃𝑎
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
Solution
4𝑄 4 (0.0019)
𝐼𝐷 = = = 19.9 𝑚𝑚
𝜋𝑣 𝜋(6.1)
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
Solution
2𝑡𝑆 2(0.001)(379)
𝐵𝑃 = = = 37.9𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐷( 0.02
• Working Pressure (WP)
𝐵𝑃 37.9
𝑊𝑃 = = = 4.74𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 47.4 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐹𝑆 8
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
Solution
2𝑡𝑆 2(0.002)(379)
𝐵𝑃 = = = 63.2𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐷( 0.024
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PRESSURE RATING FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINE
Solution
𝐵𝑃 63.2
𝑊𝑃 = = = 7.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 79 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐹𝑆 8
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HYDRAULIC TUBING
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HYDRAULIC TUBING
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COMMONLY USED CONNECTORS AND COUPLING ELEMENTS
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
4𝑄%"&
𝑑=
𝜋𝑣
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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HYDRAULIC HOSES
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COMMONLY USED END FITTINGS
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POWER AND PRESSURE LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS
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POWER AND PRESSURE LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS
𝜌𝜐 '
∆𝑃 = 𝜉
2
Where
𝜐 = fluid velocity, 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑃 = Pressure losses, 𝑃𝑎
𝜉 = local loss coefficient
𝜌 = Fluid density, 𝑘𝑔/𝑚!
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POWER AND PRESSURE LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS
• The table below shows the local feature and its associated local loss
coefficient
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POWER AND PRESSURE LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC
TRANSMISSION LINES
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
• The fist portion of the model takes the effect of resistance of the
whole line
• The effect of inertia of the whole line is localised in the second
portion, while that of capacitance takes place in the third portion
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
𝑃* − 𝑃+ = 𝑅𝑄+
𝑄* = 𝑄+
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
𝑄* (𝑠) = 𝑄+ (𝑠)
𝑃* 𝑠 1 𝑅 𝑃+ 𝑠 𝑃+ (𝑠)
= =𝑹
𝑄* (𝑠) 0 1 𝑄+ (𝑠) 𝑄+ (𝑠)
Where
+',-.
𝑅 = whole line resistance , R = /0! Ns/𝑚1
𝑹 = Resistance matrix
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
𝑄+ = 𝑄'
Laplace transform
𝑃' = 𝑃.
Laplace transform
𝑃' 𝑠 1 0 𝑃. 𝑠 𝑃. (𝑠)
= =𝑪
𝑄' (𝑠) 𝐶𝑠 1 𝑄. (𝑠) 𝑄. (𝑠)
Where
/0"
𝐶 = whole line Capacitance, C = .
/4𝐵 𝑚! /𝑃𝑎
𝑪 = Capacitance matrix
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
𝑃* 𝑠 1 𝑅 1 𝐼𝑠 1 0 𝑃. (𝑠)
=
𝑄* (𝑠) 0 1 0 1 𝐶𝑠 1 𝑄. (𝑠)
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MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION LINES
𝑃* 𝑠 𝐼𝐶𝑠 '
+ 𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1 𝐼𝑠 + 𝑅 𝑃. (𝑠)
=
𝑄* (𝑠) 𝐶𝑠 1 𝑄. (𝑠)
• This equation defines the relation between the pressures and flow
rates at both of the extremities in transient conditions, assuming a
single oil lump
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PROPORTIONAL HYDRAULICS
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PROPORTIONAL HYDRAULICS
§ Manual control
§ An example of a manually
controlled feed drive
PROPORTIONAL HYDRAULICS
Electro –hydraulics
§ Directional control valves are controlled electrically
§ Pressure and flow cannot be influenced during operation of the electrical system
§ If change is needed, the system has to be stopped and flow and pressure relief
valve can be changed.
§ Automation of pressure and flow is possible but on limited extent
using switching valves such as:
§ Control of flow and pressure valves with cams
§ Connection of an additional flow control by means of a directional control
valve.
PROPORTIONAL HYDRAULICS
Electro –hydraulics
PROPORTIONAL HYDRAULICS
§ Proportional directional control valves are used as a means of actuating the value
using electrical control signals.
§ Control signal influences the flow rate and flow direction
§ Rate of movement of the drive can be infinitely be adjusted by means of changing the flow rate.
§ They assume the role of flow control and directional control valves
Contact Details:
[email protected]
www.cbu.ac.zm
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