Lab Report - Building Services (Electrical Supply)

Components in electric circuit and its function
No Components Functions
1. Terminals and Connectors To make electrical
connection
2. Resistors To resist the flow of current
3. Switches To either conduct(closed) or
not(open) circuit
4. Capasitors Store electrical charge in
electrical field
5. Magnetic or Inductive Components Electrical components that
use magnetism
6. Network Components Components that use more
than 1 type of passive
component
7. Semiconductors Electronic control
components with no moving
parts
8. Diodes Components that conduct
electricity in only one
direction
9. Transistors Semiconductor device
capable of amplification
10. Integrated Circuits(IC) A microelectronic computer
electronic circuit
incorporated into a chip or
semiconductor; a whole
system rather than a single
component
Types Of Circuit
There are two types of electric circuits; series and parallel
Series circuit
The basic idea of a “series” connection is that components are connected end-to-end in a line
to form a single path for electrons to flow
Parallel circuit
The basic idea of a “parallel” connection, on the other hand, is that all components are
connected across each other’s leads. In a purely parallel circuit, there are never more than two
sets of electrically common points, no matter how many components are connected. There
are many paths for electrons to flow, but only one voltage across all components
-Electric circuit model
-Schematic diagram of circuit model

CONCLUSION
Alternating Current is used for electric power distribution because it can easily be
transformed to a higher or lower voltage. Electrical energy losses are dependent on current
flow. By using transformers, the voltage can be stepped up so that the same amount of power
may be distributed over long distances at lower currents and hence lower losses due to the
resistance of the conductors. The voltage can also be stepped down again so it is safe for
domestic supply.Three-phase electrical generation and transmission is common and is an
efficient use of conductors as the current-rating of each conductor can be fully utilized in
transporting power from generation through transmission and distribution to final use. Three-
phase electricity is supplied only in industrial premises and many industrial electric motors
are designed for it. Three voltage waveforms are generated that are 120 degrees out of phase
with each other. At the load end of the circuit the return legs of the three phase circuits can be
coupled together at a 'neutral point', where the three currents sum to zero if supplied to a
balanced load. This means that all the current can be carried using only three cables, rather
than the six that would otherwise be needed. Three phase power is a type
of polyphase system.
In most situations only a single phase is needed to supply street lights or residential
consumers. When distributing three-phase electric power, a fourth or neutral cable is run in
the street distribution to provide one complete circuit to each house. Different houses in the
street are placed on different phases of the supply so that the load is balanced, or spread
evenly, across the three phases when consumers are connected. Thus the supply cable to each
house can consist of a live and neutral conductor with possibly an earthed armoured sheath.
In North America, the most common technique is to use a transformer to convert one
distribution phase to a center-tapped 'split-phase' 240V winding; the connection to the
consumer is typically two 120-volt power lines out of phase with each other, and a grounded
'neutral' wire, which also acts as the physical support wire. In India there is a recent trend of
providing a High Voltage line up to the residence & then stepping it down to domestic power
on premises to avoid pilferage of the Energy. Although this method has certain advantages,
there are obvious potential dangers associated with it
.
The use of "split phase" power, two 120-volt power lines out of phase with each other, as
described above, allows high-powered appliances to be run on 240V, thus decreasing the
amount of current required per phase, while allowing the rest of the residence to be wired for
the safer 120V. For example, a clothes dryer may need 3600W of power, which translates to
a circuit rating of 30A at 120V. If the dryer can instead be run on 240V, the service required
is only 15A. Granted, you would then need two 15A circuit breakers, one for each side of the
circuit, and you would need to provide two 'hot' lines, one neutral, and a ground in the
distribution wiring, but that is offset by the lower cost of the wires for the lower current.
Houses are generally wired so that the two phases are loaded about equally; connecting the
high-power appliances such as clothes dryers, kitchen ranges, and built-in space heaters
across both phases helps to ensure that the loads will remain balanced across the two phases.
For safety, a third wire is often connected between the individual electrical appliances in the
house and the main electric switchboard or fusebox. The third wire is known in Britain and
most other English-speaking countries as the earth wire, whereas in North America it is
the ground wire. At the main switchboard the earth wire is connected to the neutral wire and
also connected to an earth stake or other convenient earthing point (to Americans,
the grounding point) such as a water pipe. In the event of a fault, the earth wire can carry
enough current to blow a fuse and isolate the faulty circuit.
The earth connection also means that the surrounding building is at the same voltage as the
neutral point. The most common form of electrical shock occurs when a person accidentally
forms a circuit between a live conductor and ground. A residual-current circuit breaker (also
called a Ground Fault Interrupter, GFI, or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter, GFCI) is
designed to detect such a problem and break the circuit before electric shock causes death. As
many parts of the neutral system are connected to the earth, balancing currents, known
as earth currents, may flow between the distribution transformer and the consumer and other
parts of the system, which are also earthed, this acts to keep the neutral voltage at a safe level.
This system of earthing the neutral points to balance the current flows for safety reasons is
known as a multiple earth neutral system.
So, as a conclusion we had completed the objective to study the basic concepts and principles
in electrical supply of domestic house. In addition, we can apply the knowledge while
familiar with the equipment and operation.

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Components in electric circuit and its function

There are two types of electric circuits; series and parallel

-Schematic diagram of circuit model

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