Signals and Systems Lecture 12 2018 PDF
Signals and Systems Lecture 12 2018 PDF
Signals and Systems Lecture 12 2018 PDF
Lecture 12
DR TANIA STATHAKI
READER (ASSOCIATE PROFFESOR) IN SIGNAL PROCESSING
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON
Signal transmission through LTI systems
• We have seen previously that if 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) are input and output of a
LTI system with impulse response ℎ(𝑡), then:
𝑌(𝜔) = 𝐻 𝜔 𝑋(𝜔)
• We can, therefore, perform LTI system analysis with Fourier transform
in a way similar to that of Laplace transform.
• However, FT is more restrictive than Laplace transform because the
system must be stable and 𝑥(𝑡) must itself be Fourier transformable.
• Laplace transform can be used to analyse stable and unstable systems,
and applies to signals that grow exponentially.
• As already mentioned, if a system is stable, it can be shown that the
frequency response of the system 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) is just the Fourier transform of
ℎ(𝑡) (i.e., 𝐻(𝜔)):
𝐻 𝜔 = 𝐻(𝑠)
𝑠=𝑗𝜔
Distortionless transmission
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐺0 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑔 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑔 + 𝜙0 ]
= 2𝑥 𝑡 − 10−3 cos[2000𝜋 𝑡 − 10−3 − 0.4𝜋]
Signal energy: Parseval’s theorem
Proof
∞ ∞ ∞
∗
1
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑥 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋 ∗ 𝜔 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=−∞ 𝑡=−∞ 2𝜋 𝜔=−∞
1 ∞ ∗ ∞ −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜔
= 𝑋 𝜔 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒
2𝜋 𝜔=−∞ 𝑡=−∞
1 ∞ ∗ 1 ∞ 2
= 𝑋 𝜔 𝑋(𝜔)𝑑𝜔 = 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 𝜔=−∞ 2𝜋 𝜔=−∞
Signal energy: Parseval’s theorem cont.
• The total energy of a signal is the area under the curve 𝑋(𝜔) 2 divided by
2𝜋.
2 2
• In that case 𝑋(𝜔) is even, since 𝑋(𝜔) = 𝑋 𝜔 𝑋 ∗ 𝜔 = 𝑋 𝜔 𝑋 −𝜔 .
• Therefore,
1 ∞ 1 ∞
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑋(𝜔) 2 𝑑𝜔 = 2 𝑋(𝜔) 2 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 𝜔=−∞ ∞ 2𝜋 𝜔=0
1
= 𝑋(𝜔) 2 𝑑𝜔
𝜋 𝜔=0
Spectral spreading
Energy spread out
X * from 𝜔0 to width of
≈ 2𝜋/𝑇.
Leakage
Energy leaks out
from the mainlobe to
the sidelobes.
Windowing and its effect cont.