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Plane Waves in Arbitrary Directions: G + + β = G= + + GG β ⋅ = + + ⋅ + + = = + +

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Eng AbdiRahim Khalif Ali
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33 views9 pages

Plane Waves in Arbitrary Directions: G + + β = G= + + GG β ⋅ = + + ⋅ + + = = + +

Uploaded by

Eng AbdiRahim Khalif Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Electromagnetic Fields

Plane Waves in Arbitrary Directions


For a uniform plane wave with general orientation, the direction of
propagation is identified by the propagation vector, normal to the
phase planes
G
β = β x iˆx + β yiˆy + β z iˆz

Considering the position vector

G
r = x iˆx + y iˆy + z iˆz

we have the scalar dot product


G G
( )(
β ⋅ r = β x iˆx + β yiˆy + β z iˆz ⋅ x iˆx + y iˆy + z iˆz = )
= βx x + β y y + βz z

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 115


Electromagnetic Fields

The electromagnetic fields of a plane wave propagating along a


general direction are on the phase plane perpendicular to the
propagation vector and can be written as
G G G G G
E(r, t ) = Eo cos ( ω t − β ⋅ r + ϕ o )
G
= Eo cos ( ω t − β x x − β y y − β z z + ϕ o )
G G G G G
H (r, t ) = Ho cos ( ω t − β ⋅ r + ϕ o )
G
= Ho cos ( ω t − β x x − β y y − β z z + ϕ o )

We have assumed propagation in a dielectric by giving the same


phase to the fields. In addition
G
G Eo µ
Ho = η= (dielectric)
η ε

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 116


Electromagnetic Fields

The fields are perpendicular to each other and to the propagation


vector according to the right hand rule
G
E( x, y, z) x
y

G z
H ( x, y, z)

G G
β, P

The propagation vector is also parallel to the Poynting vector.


G G G G G G
E(r, t ) × H (r, t ) = P( t ) ∝ β
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 117
Electromagnetic Fields

The orthogonality of the vectors can be expressed mathematically


by the following dot products
G G G G G G
Eo ⋅ Ho = Eo ⋅ β = Ho ⋅ β = 0

and cross products


G
G G Eo G G G
Ho = iβ × Eo = − iβ × ηHo
η
We have G G
G G G
G G Eo β Eo β Eo
Ho = iβ × = × = ×
η β µ / ε ω µε µ/ε
G G
G β × Eo
Ho =
ωµ

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 118


Electromagnetic Fields

G G
G G G β µ G β µ G
Eo = − iβ × ηHo = − G × Ho = − × Ho
β ε ω µε ε
G G
G β × Ho
Eo = −
ωε

Since the propagation vector is related to the wavelength and the


phase velocity as

G 2π ω
β= = G
λ vp

for each direction corresponding to components of the propagation


vector we can define apparent wavelengths and apparent velocities

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 119


Electromagnetic Fields

2π 2π 2π
λx = λy = λz =
βx βy βz
ω ω ω
v px = v py = v pz =
βx βy βz

The apparent quantities are related to the actual ones as

2
2 2 2
1 β βx β y β z 1 1 1
= = + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2
λ 4π 4π 4π 4π λ x λ y λ 2z
2 2

2 β2 β2
2
1 β βx y z 1 1 1
= = + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2
vp ω ω ω ω v px v py v2pz
2 2

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 120


Electromagnetic Fields

Phase planes G
β
G
λ r
2
G
G r
r 3
1
β x îx
λx

An apparent wavelength is greater than the actual one, since it is


measured along a direction which is not normal to the parallel
phase planes.

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 121


Electromagnetic Fields

An apparent velocity is greater than the actual velocity since it


seemingly connects longer distances during the same time. With
reference to the previous figure
G G G
( r 2 − r1 ) = v p t1
G G G
( r 3− r 1 ) = v px ix t1
Since
G G G G G
( r 2 − r1 ) < ( r 3− r 1 ) ⇒ v p < v px

The apparent velocity always exceeds the phase velocity. However,


we will see later that relativity laws are not violated.

If one considers a direction parallel to the phase planes, the


apparent velocity is even infinite!

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 122


Electromagnetic Fields

Phasor notation

G G G
E(r, t ) = Eo cos ( ω t − β x x − β y y − β z z + ϕ o )

= Re Eo e e e {
G jϕ o jω t − jβ x x − jβ y y − jβ z z
e e }
G G G jϕ o − jβ x x − jβ y y − jβ z z
phasor ⇒ E(r ) = Eo e e e e
G G G
H (r, t ) = Ho cos ( ω t − β x x − β y y − β z z + ϕ o )

= Re Ho e e e {
G jϕo jω t − jβ x x − jβ y y − jβ z z
e e }
G G G jϕ o − jβ x x − jβ y y − jβ z z
phasor ⇒ H(r) = Ho e e e e

© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 123

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