Irrigation Engineering Alwar PDF

Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
Water Resource Engineering
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
Hydrology Irrigation
Study of water origin & formation Study of water application
IRRIGATION:- artifically Irrigation
Classification of Irrigation
Types of Irrigation
1. FREE FLOODING/WILD FLOODING :- method main diotch area
sub-main method control
wild flooding rolling land
Border Flooding:- method levee strip
area irrigated use plain area
3. Check Flooding :- method complete area check convert
control
Basin Flooding: - method basin main ditch
method Use ORCHARD Plantation
Furrow irrigation :- Furrow, depth chhanel field
supply irrigate
method water loss
Sprinkler irrigation :- method use
Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.
Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in 1 Contact No.: 9610446964
distribution uniform method use
Drip irrigation:- method field pipe line
method use soil salt present
Irrigation Water Qualities

Sediments : - soil permeability
Concentration of Salt : -Irrigation water salt present
osmotic activity
Ex- Na K Ca mg mg etc

Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in 2 2 Contact No.: 9610446964
Cs Cs = salt concetration in soil
C = salt concentration in water

Q =Discharge
Cu = cunsumptive use of water
Re = Effective painfall
Sodium : -Irrigation water sodium present soil

sodium sodium absorption ratio
Na
Sodium absorption ration [S.A. R.]= Ca Mg
2
Note:- S.A.R. Gypsum
Note:- Irrigation water classification :-
A On basis of Value
Concentration of salt Electrical conductity
[µ-mho/cm@25ºC]
1 Low saline water [C1] 100-250
Medium saline water [C2] 250-750
High saline water [C3] 750-2250
Very high saline water [C4] >2250
B Sodium absorption ratio 0-10
1 Low sodium water [S1] 10-18
2 Medium sodium water [S2] 18-26
3 High sodium water [S3] >26
4 Very high sodium water [S4]
Q. Classified the type of water in which salt concentration are as follow:-

Ca = 32 mg/L, mg =18 mg/L , Na = 70 mg/l
Sol.
2 2
water Quality = S2
Q.2 Classified the water having electrical conductity & sodium absorption
ratio?
1500 µ-mho/cm and 30 Respectily

Sol. C= 1500 µmho/cm
S.A.R. 30
C3-S4 water
4. Toxic element :
Ex- boron, selenium etc.
Note: Boron ppm
INDIAN CROP & SEASON :-

1. Kharif: - June to September
Ex- maize, Rice, spike millet, great millet etc
2. Rabi :- october to march
Ex.- wheat, Barley, musturd, gram etc.
3. Zaid:- April to june
Ex- vegetables, watermelon, musk-melon etc. .
4. Perennial crop :- 12 month
Ex- suger cane potato etc.
5. Cash crop :-
Ex.-Tea, Tobbaco, coffee, cotton etc
Important definition
1. Kharif - Rabi ratio :-
Area irrigated in kharif season

=
Area irrigated in Rabi season
Paleo irrigation :- irrigation

watering depth kor depth

Kor period:- kor period period
depth kor depth
Note:-
Crop Kor period Kor depth
Rice 2-4 weeks 19 cm
wheat 3-8 weeks 13.5 cm
4. Kor watering :- depth kot watering
Crop period:- crop period

Base period :- Base period
Intensity of irrigation /Frequency of irrigation:
intensity of irrigation
Crop mixing & crop farming:- field different type crop crop
mixing field different activity mix farming
Ex.. etc.
Field capacity :- Field gravity field capacity
(a) Available/capillary water :- soil voids surface tension

easily extract available water
(b) Non-available / Hygroscopic water :- particle surface chemi-

cal bond easily extract
Note:- Readily available moisture:- available moisture easily

available moisture 75-80%
Wilting point :- level
Permanent wilting point :- level permanentally
[Field capacity = wt. of water stored in field/ wt. of soil of same volume]
dw dw = depth of water

= dry unit weight of soil
= unit weight of water
d = depth of roof Zone
F = Field capacity
Q. Calculate depth of water required for a field haring 2m, foot zone depth of
& G= 2.65, field capacity is 40%
dw G=
=G.d.F.
= 2.65*2*0.4
=2.12 m
Optimum depth of water :- depth growth maximum
Consumptive use of water [Cu] :- use

consumptive use of water
transpiration soil evaporation use
method
Blaney criddle equation :-
K= crop factor
t = mean monthly temprature
p= % of annual day light hours
Hargreevs class-A evaporation Pan
Penmann's equation
Water distribution efficiency

1. Water conveyance eff. ( c) :-
water delivered to field

c 100
Water at head of canel
2. Water application eff. ( ) : -
water stored in field

= water delivered to field 100
3. Water storage eff ( ) : -
water stored in field durring irrigation

s= *100
water required in field before irrigation
4. Water use eff ( ) :-
water benificially used by plant

= 100
water delivered to field
5. Water distribution eff. ( ) : -
d ] 100
= [1 d= sum of devition of water depth
D
D= Avg. depth
Water irrigation requirement

1. Consumptive irrigation required [C.I.R] :-
C.I.R = [Cu-Re]
Cu =Consumptive use of water
Re = effective rainfall
2. Net irrigation Requirement :[ N.I.R.]:-
N.I.R = Cu - Re + leaching water
N.I.R = C.I.R+ leaching water
3. Field irrigation requirement [F.I.R]
N.I.R.
F.I.R. =
a
4. Gross irrigation requirement [G..I. R.] :-
G.I.R. F.I.R. N.I.R

c a. c

DUTY & DELTA : -

Duty: hectare m3 / sec base period
unit = hectares/cumes
Delta :- base period depth delta
unit : - cm, m
Relation between duty & delta : -

8.64
m D B= base period in days
D= duty in hectares/cumes
864B
cm D = delta in m
Note - 1
Sugar Rice Wheat Barley Maize

cane
Duty 730 775 1800 1800 1500
(hec/cum)
Delta (cm) 120 120 40 30 25
Note :-2
direction duty
OUTLET DISCHARGE FACIOR : - outlet head duty
Actual operating period of distribution

Time Factors :- crop period
Full suply cofficient/duty on capacity :-
canal head design duty
Gross commanded area [G.C.A.] :- total area canal irrigated
Culturable commanded area [C.C.A]:- G.C.A

Intensity of irrigation :- [I.O.I]
I.O.I
Seasonal Annual

Kharif Rabi [Kharif + Rabi]

percentage C.C.A
G.C.A. = 100 m2
Obstruction = 25 m2
C.C.A = GCA - obstruction
C.C.A = 100-25 = 75 m 2
25 100 33.33%
I.O.I of kharif season = 75
50 100 60.67%
I.O.I of rabi season = 75
Annual I.O.I %
Note :- Maximum annual intensity of irrigation 200%
Note :- Maximum season intensity of irrigation 100%

UNIT- II
DESIGN OF CANEL
Scouring :-Canal bed slope scouring

Silting :-Canal bed particle settle silting
Regime channel :-Non-scouring non-silting channel regime channel
Shear stress on bed :-

T = .R.S
= unit Wt. of water
R = hydraulic mean Rodius
S= side slop
Shear stress on side slope :-
T= 0.75 R.S.
SHIELD bed scour particle size
dmin 11.R.S
Ideal shape of canel :-
Lined canel :- Trapezoidal
Unlined canel :- semi elliptical
Grain Size canel width canel flat
S.N. Kennedy Lacey
1. non-scouring non initial, final true regime theory
non silting channel, regime
channel
2. silt vertical eddy silt vertical side slope
support eddy support
3. flow velocity sift size flow velocity canal bed
grade grain size
4. Critical velocity: Critical Velocity:
1/6
Qf 2
V
V=0.55 my0.64 140
m=Critical velocity ratio Q= discharge

(CVR) f=silt factor
y=depth of water
5. bed particle critical bed particle silt factor
velocity Ratio
For actual particle<standard Particle f= 1.76 dmm
m=0.7-1.0 equation
For actual particle >standard particle
m=1.0-1.2 P= 4.75 Q

f 5/3
6. other parameter calculate S= S=bed slope
3340Q1/6
Kutter equation
5 V2
R= 2 f
1/3
q2
R ' 1.35
f
V=Velocity of flow, q=discharge per unit
width, R= Hydraulic mean radius
R'=scour depth
Note :- GARRET diagram kennedy theory use

Q. Calculate Hydrolic Radius of canal having 1 m/sec flow velocity & unit silt
factor
Sol.
Q. Calculate silt factor of particle size 1.6 cm

Sol. f 1.76 dm m
=1.76*4 =7.04

Unit-III
REVER,IT'S TRAINING & DIVERSION HEAD WORKS [ D.H.W.]
Aggrading River :- river final bed slope initial bed slope

silting
Degrading river :- river final bed slope initial bed slope
scour
Meandering River :- River length S curve meander

river meandering river
Meandering length :-Same curve apex point longitutational distance

meadering lenth
Meandering Width /Belt [MB]:- Different curve Apex point lateral
distance meadering width
Meadering ratio : - MB/ML
Cut off : - straight channel same curve
Tortoisity/Cut off ratio :-
curved length ABC
straight lenght AC
Note :- Tortiosity value
Note :-Cutoff, river length meander river length
River Training:- River shape size flow control
regulate river training
Note :- River training meandering river
River training

Low river training :-Training for depth
ex. Navigation
2. Medium river training :-Training for velocity
Ex. Silt control
3. High river training :-Training for discharge
Ex. Flood control
River training structure
Marginal bund/levee/embankment :- earth river
parallel river
Guide bank :- earth masonary river parallel
bridge culvert river width
Spurs or Groynes :- masonary structure river depth in-
crease
Diverson head works [ D.H.W.]

1. Weir proper :- river weir portion gate
crest level
Note : - Afflux : - weir depth increment
Under sluice/scouring sluice :- weir part gate

crest level
Canal head regulator :- gate canal head canal
flow control regulate crest leve under sluice
weir proper
Divide wall :- under sluice weir proper
Fish ladder :- divide wall Aquatic animals U/
S D/S
Silt control device :- silt remove
a. Silt excluder :- river bottom canal silt
b. Silt ejetorl extractor :- canal bottom canal

silt remove

UNIT-IV
CANAL IT'S REGULATION & CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Canal cross section element

Dowla
1. Berm :- filling toe cutting top edge Horizontal distance
Counter Berm :- section saturation line convert

Dowla :-Canal road filling top edge
dowla
Free board :- filling top edge full supply level vertical distance
Canal Alignment
Irrigated
S.NO. Aligment CD work Use
Area
1 Watershed or Both side X Plain area
Ridge canal
2 Contour canal One side Hilly area
3 Side slope Both side x Slopy /steepy
canal area
Note :- Side slope canal contour canal 900
Canal regulation works

Canal flow control regulate silt control
structure canal regulation works

1. Canal Regulators :- Parent (main) canal off-taking canal flow
control regulate
a. Head Regulator :- off-taking canal
b. Cross Regulator :- main canal
2. Canal falls :- actual ground slope design slope steep

differnce adjust canal fall use
Canal escape :- canal river side slope
channel
Metering flume:- canal flow
Outlet :- masonary structure distributory water course
Non-modulur outlet :- outlet discharge distributory water course

depth
Ex. a Open sluice, submerged pipe outlet
b. Semi modulur/flexible outlet:- outlet discharge distributory
head
Ex. Open flume, venturi flume, kennedy's outlet
c. Modulur/Rigid outlet :- outlet discharge constant
Ex. Gibb's Khanna's outlet etc.
Criteria for Judging performance of outlet

1. Flexibility [F] :-
Rateof change of disch arg e through outlet
F
Rate of change of disch arg e through distributory
F my
nH
m o u tle lt in d e x
n ch a n n e l in d e x
H SETTING
Y
2. Propotionality [P] :- outlet flexibility unit propotional outlet
property propotionality
for propotional outlet F=1
M y M H
F
n H n y
m
setting
n
Ex. For trapezoidal channel
5
n
Q y3
for orifice type outlet
1
m
Q y2
m
for propotional outlet setting =
n
1 3
setting = * 0.3*
2 5
Note:-
(i) For trapezoidal channel and orifice type outlet setting = 0.3
(ii) For trapezoidal channel and weir type outlet setting =0.9
(iii) If F<1 sub propotional outlet
(iv) F=1 propotional outlet
(v) F>1 Hyper propotional outlet
3. Sensitivity :-
Rateof change of discharge throught outlet

S= Rate of change of depth of distributory =
[s=n.F] ; n= channel index, F= Flexibility
Note:- Rigid outlet sensitivity zero
Cross drainage works :- [ C.D. work]
Canal drainage cross structure cross drainage works
A. When canal above drainage :-

1. Aqueduct :- river H.F.L[High Flood Level ] canal bed touch

Syphon Aqueduct :- river H.F.L canal bed touch

B. When drainage above canal :-
1. Super passage :- canal bed touch
2. Syphon :- canal H.F.L river bed level touch
C. When canal and drainage are at same level
1. Level crossing :- use river canal
discharge
2. Inlet outlet :- use drainage discharge canal

discharge

Unit-V
MISCELLANEOUS
Reservoir :-
Multipurpose peserroir reservoir purpose
Reservoir capacity inflow-outflow curve

Reservoir trap efficiency capacity -inflow curve
Minimum pool level :- minimum level operating condition
Normal pool level & maximum conservation level :- maximum

level reservoir store
Maximum pool level :- level flood normal pool
level
Dead storage :- Maximum pool level store dead storage
Useful storage :-Maximum pool level normal pool level store
useful storage
Surcharge storage :- Normal pool level store surcharge storage
Note :- Effective storage =Use storage + surcharge storage - valliy storage
Well Hydraulic's :-
Well discharge dupit's Theim's theory
saturation zone
Deep well discharge shallow well
confined Aquifer Artesion Aquifer

Cofficient of permeability : - [K]
unit hydraulic gradient unit area
cm m
unit = sec , sec
dimention [M 0 L1 T 1]
Cofficient of transmisbility :- unit hydraulic gradient unit width
cm2 m2
unit = ,
sec sec
Dimention= [M0 L1 T 1]
[ T= K.d ]
Specific yield [sy] : - gravity Aquifer
Specific Retention [Sp] :- gravity Aquifer
[n= Sy+Sp]
n= porosity
Specific capacity :- It is rate of flow of water under unit draw down from well
Specific cofficient :-It is rate of flow of water under unit draw down from
Aquifer
Type of formation :-
Porosity Permeability Tormation Example

Aquifer Aquifer
X X Aquifuge Rock
Less Aquiclude Clay
Less Less Aquitard Sandy-clay
* Bligh Khosla theory seepage Analysis

* Bligh dam Horizontal creep
* Khosla Horizontal Vertical creep
* Khosla exit gradient
H
Exit Gradient [GE] =
.d
H= depth of water
d= cutoff of depth
Note : 1 cut off depth provide exit gradient
* Dam elementry profile right angle triangle
H
* Dam base width B= G 1
H = water depth
G = Sp. gravity
* Empty reservoir condition dam design self weight

* Dam worst condition sudten draw down
Dam force design
water pressure, uplift force, seepage pressure, wave pressure, wind pres-
sure, earthquake force, self weight

Hydrology
Hydrological -Cycle :-
total 1400 million/ Km3

G 1
%
World Water balance:-
Type of Precipitation :-
1. Cyclonic precipitation :- precipitation pressure diffrence
Cyclonic Anticyclonic
1 Northren hemisphere Northren hemisphere
(NH) S.H clockwise S.H. anticlock wise
2 center pressure center pressure
pressure pressure
3 large area cover area cover

Note :-
1. Index of wetness [I.O.W.] :-
I.O.W.
rainfall
I.O.W Year
<100% Bad
=100% Normal
>100% Good
Airidity index [A.I.] :-
AET= Actual evapo-transpiration

PET= potential evapo transpiration
agricultural draught
Rainfall :-
Avg. annual rainfall 35 year data collect
India avg. annual rainfall 118cm 120cm
India orographic rainfall
Measurment of rainfall :- Rainfall measurment,raingage, ombrometer,
pluviometer, udometer Raingauge
Raingauge
Recording Type Non-recording type

1. Natural Syphon Symon's Raingauge
2. Tipping bucket method
3. Weighing bucket method
Symon's Raingauge
1 00 m m

Note :-
1. Standard Non-recording raingauge -Symon's raingauge
2. Standard rcording raingauge -Natural syhon
3. Total raingauge minimum 10% raingauge recording type
Raingauge density :- particular area raingauge rainguage
density
Area R.D
1 Plain 1 R.G/520 km 2
2 Area having 1 R.G/260390 km2
1000m elevation
3 Hilly 1 R.G / 130 km 2
Optimum No. of raingauge :-
Cv= cofficient of variation
E= standard error
Note :-
1. Accurate rainfall measurment raingauge
Double mass curve rainfall
Missing rainfall calculation :-
P= precipitation in year
N= Normal precipitation
m= known no. of raingauge station
Station Normal X A B C
Precipitation(mm) 700 1000 900 800
Q. Storm x 100 90 80
precipitation(mm)
Sol. Px

Px
Px =70 mm
Average rainfall calculation :- Average rainfall method
Arithmatical Avg. method :-
Pavg. =
n
method rainfall station straight

line simple triangle triangle
avg. rainfall
Isohytel method:- method Isohyte Avg. rainfall
raingauge best method
Note
1. I soh y et :- Sam e r ai n f al l dept h poi n t Isohyet
2. Isoplith :- same evapo transpiration point Isoplith
3. Isochrone :- Outlet same time Isochrone
Evaporation
surface evaporation
Factors affecting evaporation :-
Evaporation surface area
Evaporation wind velocity
Evaporation Temprature
Evaporation vapour pressure
1
Evaporation atmospheric pressure
1
Evaporation dissolvesalts
Measurement of evaporation :-
1. Class A evaporation pan method :- method G.I. pan
dia 210mm depth 255mm
ISI evaporation pan method :- method copper pan use
dia 1220 mm depth 255mm

Colorado -Sunken method :-
[lake evaporation = Cp x pan evaporation ]
Note :-
Method Cp
1 Class A pan .7
2 ISI pan .8
3 Colorado sunken .78
Prevention of evaporation:-Evaporation chemical
Hexadecenol- cetyl alcohol

Octadecenol - steyryl alcohol
Transpiration :- transpiration
Note:-
1. Phytometer transpiration
Lysimeter evapo-transpiration
Stream flow measurement :-
1. Stage measurement :-Stream bottom top surface stage
method
Staff gauge 2. Wire gauge
3. Bubble gauge 4. Float gauge
2. Stram velocity measurement current meter

3. Discharge measurement :-
Method
Direct Method Indiret Method

1. Velocity area method Slope area method
2. Moving boat method Weir and Notches
3. Ultrasonic Method
4. Dilution Method
Flood/Runoff measurement :-
1. Rational method :-
K= runoff cofficient
p c = critical rainfall
A = catchment area in hectare **
Note:-

1. formula critical rainfall condition valid
2. Critical rainfall :- rainfall duration time of concetration
rainfall critical rainfall
2. Empirical foarmula :-
(a) Dicken's formula :-
Q =CD.A3/4
A= Area in km2
(b) Ryve's method :- Q=CR .A2/3
(c) Inglis method :- Q= 123.A1/2
3. Probability method :-
P=Probability
T= Return period or recurrance interval

n = no.of year
Reliability :- [1-P]n
Risk :- 1-[1-P]n
Infiltration:- ground level ground water table infiltration
infiltration rate
Infiltration capacity :- Infiltration maximum rate infiltration capacity
Note :- Infiltration capacity Horton curve

-index & W- index :- avg. rainfall rainfall
runoff
index w index
1 initial loss initial loss
sepra te seprate
2 rainfa ll excess Du ra tion
period calcula te
W -I ndex =
t
index =Windex
Note :-
1. Rainfall excess period :- time duration runoff
Hyetograph :- rainfall intensity rainfall duration graph
3. Hydrograph :- runoff discharge duration graph
Q. Calculate W-index & -index of given hyetograph haring 6mm runoff

Sol.=
w-index = t
48
w-index = 6
= 6
-index = 3
-index > w-index

Hydrogrph:- runoff discharge duratioin graph
Rising limb catchement area rainfall intensity

Falling limb cathement area
Factor's affecting shape of hydrographs :-
1. Shape of cathment area :-

Stream density (SD):-
Stream density peak discharge

Drainage density (DD) :-
Drainage density peak discharge

Depth of runoff by hydrograph :-
h= depth in cmx
A = cathment area in km2
o= discharge in m3/sec
t= time in hr
0.t = area of hydrograph
Q. Calculate runoff depth of given hydrograph haring 360km2 cathment
area

1
0.36 10x800
Sol. h 2
360
h= 4cm
Unit hydrograph :- unit depth hydrograph unit
hydrograph time invariance linear response
shermann duration depth Hydrograph
S-curve hydrograph :- Constant discharge Indefinite infinite duration

graph S-curve hydrograph
Synthetic hydrograph :- Mathmatical equation use hydrograph

synthetic hydrograph SNYDER


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Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

Water Resource Engineering

WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

IRRIGATION:- artifically Irrigation

Drip irrigation:- method field pipe line

method use soil salt present

Irrigation Water Qualities

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

C = salt concentration in water

Sodium : -Irrigation water sodium present soil

Note:- S.A.R. Gypsum

Note:- Irrigation water classification :-

Q. Classified the type of water in which salt concentration are as follow:-

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

INDIAN CROP & SEASON :-

Area irrigated in kharif season

Paleo irrigation :- irrigation

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Crop period:- crop period

(a) Available/capillary water :- soil voids surface tension

(b) Non-available / Hygroscopic water :- particle surface chemi-

Note:- Readily available moisture:- available moisture easily

Permanent wilting point :- level permanentally

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Consumptive use of water [Cu] :- use

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

1. Water conveyance eff. ( c) :-

water delivered to field

2. Water application eff. ( ) : -

water stored in field

3. Water storage eff ( ) : -

water stored in field durring irrigation

water benificially used by plant

Water irrigation requirement

G.I.R. F.I.R. N.I.R

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

DUTY & DELTA : -

Relation between duty & delta : -

Sugar Rice Wheat Barley Maize

OUTLET DISCHARGE FACIOR : - outlet head duty

Actual operating period of distribution

Culturable commanded area [C.C.A]:- G.C.A

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Kharif Rabi [Kharif + Rabi]

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Scouring :-Canal bed slope scouring

Shear stress on bed :-

m=Critical velocity ratio Q= discharge

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Note :- GARRET diagram kennedy theory use

Q. Calculate silt factor of particle size 1.6 cm

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Aggrading River :- river final bed slope initial bed slope

Meandering River :- River length S curve meander

Meandering length :-Same curve apex point longitutational distance

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Diverson head works [ D.H.W.]

Under sluice/scouring sluice :- weir part gate