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Gprmc <>, <67:
©<67: ly tbe Iecconn Qabooc oj Hgdgnehedt gt Dortbwesterd Udmversmty. Pbms agse wgs prepgre` ly Vrojessor Kucme Beddessy. Agses gre `evecope` socecy gs tbe lgsms jor acgss `msaussmod. Agses gre dot mdted`e` to serve gs ed`orsehedts, souraes oj prmhgry `gtg, or mccustrgtmods oj ejjeatmve or mdejjeatmve hgdgnehedt. Po or`er aopmes or request perhmssmod to repro`uae hgtermgcs, agcc 266-505->:25 (or :7>->21->:66 outsm`e tbe Udmte` Qtgtes or Agdg`g) or e-hgmc austservFblsp.bgrvgr`.e`u. Do pgrt oj tbms pulcmagtmod hgy le repro`uae`, store` md g retrmevgc systeh, use` md g spreg`sbeet, or trgdshmtte` md gdy jorh or ly gdy hegds‐eceatrodma, heabgdmagc, pbotoaopymdn, reaor`mdn, or otberwmse‐wmtbout tbe perhmssmod oj Iecconn Agse Vulcmsbmdn.
KUCME BEDDEQQ]
^mtb g Cmttce Becp jroh –Duestros Ghmnos‘; Bmspgdmas gd` Im`dey Prgdspcgdts
Kude 2, <666, wgs g `gy tbgt wouc` abgdne everytbmdn md tbe cmje oj Kugd Agmae`o. Lut be `m` dot idow tbgt yet gs be stoo` md tbe hgmd colly oj Dortbwesterd Hehormgc Bospmtgc md Abmagno, surroud`e` ly `oators, pgtmedts, gd` vmsmtors rusbmdn to tbemr `estmdgtmods gd` g degr-aodstgdt stregh oj gddoudaehedts md g cgdnugne be `m` dot ud`erstgd` wecc edounb to `eampber. Be odcy idew be ject overwbeche` gd` dot g cmttce mdtmhm`gte`.E`uagte` md nedergc he`mamde gd` surnery gt Udmversm`g` Dgamodgc `e Aocohlmg, Agmae`o bg` jor severgc yegrs leed prgatmamdn trgdspcgdt he`mamde md Lonotç, Aocohlmg. Be bg` g pgrtmaucgr mdterest md orngd trgdspcgdtgtmod md abmc`red gs wecc gs md g`ucts, lut idew be bg` huab hore to cegrd.
Be `eterhmde` tbgt be wouc` dee` to no to tbe Udmte` Qtgtes to aodtmdue bms trgmdmdn. Bms rst
step wgs to edrocc md gd mdtedsmve Edncmsb cgdnugne aourse gt Md`mgdg Udmversmty md Lcoohmdntod. Bms seaod` step, ode tbgt prove` to le g aruamgc turdmdn pomdt md bms agreer, wgs gd opportudmty tbgt presedte` mtsecj `urmdn gd mhprohptu smnbtseemdn trmp to Abmagno wmtb bms acgsshgtes md Kude <666.
Od tbgt Kude `gy, Agmae`o evedtugccy joud` bms wgy to tbe ojaes oj @r. Jrgdi Qtugrt gd` @r. Hmabgec Gleagssms, Dortbwesterd”s ceg`mdn trgdspcgdt surneods. Md bgctmdn Edncmsb, Agmae`o
mdtro`uae` bmhsecj, expcgmde` to tbe g`hmdmstrgtor tbgt be wgs md towd kust jor tbe `gy, gd` gsie` to heet wmtb tbe `oators. Mt wgs gd udusugc request, lut mdsteg` oj sgymdn do tbe g`hmdmstrgtor pgsse` tbe request to tbe `oators, wbo were mdtrmnue` gd` gnree` to heet wmtb bmh mj be returde` md gd bour. ^bed be `m`, lotb surneods spoie wmtb Agmae`o gt cedntb, gd` tbemr heetmdn ce` to bms reaemvmdn gd exted`e` jeccowsbmp gt Dortbwesterd Hehormgc md trgdspcgdt surnery odae be aohpcete` gcc tbe requmre` exghmdgtmods gd` oltgmde` bms Mccmdoms he`magc cmaedse.
Pbms `oauhedt ms gutbormze` jor use odcy md Gcvgro Ceod's Jrghewori y tíadmags çnmces pgrg hgrietmdn gt EQGD - Nrg`ugte Qabooc oj Lusmdess jroh Gpr <6<6 to Hgy <6<6.
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@urmdn bms tbree yegrs gs g jeccow, Agmae`o wgs struai ly tbe duhler oj Bmspgdma pgtmedts od
tbe im`dey wgmtmdn cmst. Dot odcy `m` Bmspgdma pgtmedts represedt tbe bmnbest nrowtb nroup od tbe trgdspcgdt wgmtmdn cmst, tbey gcso wgmte` tbe codnest jor trgdspcgdts gd` `me` wbmce wgmtmdn gt bmnber
rgtes tbgd dod-Bmspgdma wbmtes or Gjrmagd-Ghermagds.
7
Agmae`o gcso wgs gcgrhe` ly Bmspgdma
pgtmedts” cower utmcmzgtmod oj cmvmdn `odors jor trgdspcgdtgtmod‐tbey were ud`errepresedte` dot
odcy gs cmve `odor trgdspcgdt pgtmedts, lut gcso gs `odors.
Gs be degre` tbe ed` oj bms jeccowsbmp md <66:, Agmae`o wod`ere` mj tbe Bmspgdma popucgtmod
expermedae` udmque lgrrmers to trgdspcgdtgtmod gd` cmvmdn `odor usgne, gd` lengd to tbmdi glout bow be aouc` aregte g pronrgh to g``ress tbese lgrrmers.
Orngd Prgdspcgdts
Md <665 over <2,666 peopce reaemve` orngd trgdspcgdts md tbe Udmte` Qtgtes. Degrcy :6 peraedt oj gcc orngd trgdspcgdts perjorhe` md tbe Udmte` Qtgtes were im`dey trgdspcgdts (see
Jmnure 7
).
Jmnure 7;
U.Q. Prgdspcgdts md <665 ly Orngd Pype
Mdtestmde7%Begrt/Cudn6%Begrt>%Im`dey/Vgdaregs1%Vgdaregs<%Cmver<1%Im`dey5=%Cudn5%
Qourae;
Udmte` Detwori jor Orngd Qbgrmdn, @gtg, bttps;//www.udos.orn/`gtg (gaaesse` Gunust <6, <675).
@eag`es egrcmer wbed suab proae`ures were rgre, g trgdspcgdt bg` leed g dewswortby evedt.
Lut ly <665 mt bg` leaohe g stgd`gr` gd` suaaessjuc tregthedt optmod jor tbe ed` stgne oj hgdy `msegses gd` aod`mtmods.
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Ghermagds gaaepte` tbe m`eg oj trgdspcgdts; md <665 over =< peraedt oj Ghermagds (gd` hore tbgd =0 peraedt oj Bmspgdma Ghermagds) supporte` or strodncy supporte`
7
Kugd Agrcos Agmae`o, –Aucturgc Aohpeteday md Prgdspcgdtgtmod‐G Agcc jor Gatmod,‘ p. <2, Dortbwesterd Udmversmty Jemdlern Qabooc oj He`mamde, presedte` gs pgrt oj tbe Nedergc Qurnery \esm`edt Qehmdgr Qermes gt Dortbwesterd
Hehormgc Bospmtgc, Hgrab 7<, <675.
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Udmversmty oj Hmabmngd Prgdspcgdt Aedter, JGW, bttp;//www.trgdswel.orn/jgq/q16.sbthc (gaaesse` Gunust >, <675).
Pbms `oauhedt ms gutbormze` jor use odcy md Gcvgro Ceod's Jrghewori y tíadmags çnmces pgrg hgrietmdn gt EQGD - Nrg`ugte Qabooc oj Lusmdess jroh Gpr <6<6 to Hgy <6<6.
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tbe `odgtmod oj orngds jor trgdspcgdts.
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Eved Vope Jrgdams `esarmle` tbe gat oj orngd `odgtmod gs –g testmhody oj cove jor our demnblor.‘
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Abrodma Im`dey @msegse gd` @mgcysms
Pbe im`deys gre two legd-sbgpe` orngds coagte` od emtber sm`e oj tbe spmde lebmd` tbe gl`ohmdgc orngds. Pbey perjorh severgc essedtmgc judatmods, tbe host mhportgdt oj wbmab ms
ctermdn jroh tbe lcoo` tbe wgste pro`uats pro`uae` ly hetglocmsh, wbmab tbed gre exarete` jroh
tbe lo`y md urmde.
Abrodma im`dey `msegse (AI@) `ghgnes tbe im`deys gd` `earegses tbemr glmcmty to cter lcoo`. Gs g resuct, wgste pro`uats gaauhucgte, wbmab ceg`s to bmnb lcoo` pressure, gdehmg, wegi lodes, gd` derve `ghgne. @mgletes, tbe ceg`mdn aguse oj AI@, oaaurre` twmae gs ojted md Bmspgdma-Ghermagds gs md tbe dod-Bmspgdma wbmte popucgtmod.
5
Cmiewmse, tbe oaaurredae oj AI@ wgs dot evedcy `mstrmlute` gaross tbe U.Q. popucgtmod‐Bmspgdma Ghermagds bg` degrcy twmae tbe rmsi oj
dod-Bmspgdma wbmtes.
AI@ ojted worseds udtmc tbe im`deys jgmc, resuctmdn md g aod`mtmod idowd gs ed`-stgne redgc `msegse (EQ\@).
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^bed tbemr im`deys jgmc, pgtmedts dee` emtber g dew im`dey vmg trgdspcgdt or to ud`erno `mgcysms, g tregthedt md wbmab tbemr lcoo` ms acegde` usmdn g heabgdmagc or abehmagc proaess.
>
@mgcysms wgs tmhe-aodsuhmdn gd` mdaodvedmedt, gd` perjorhe` odcy glout 76 peraedt oj tbe acegdmdn gd` ctermdn `ode ly begctby im`deys.
2
Gctbounb `mgcysms iept pgtmedts gcmve, tbemr begctb ojted `etermorgte` smndmagdtcy. Vgtmedts typmagccy dee`e` tbree `mgcysms tregthedts per weei,
wmtb tbe gvergne tregthedt cgstmdn jour bours.
=
@mgcysms aedters were coagte` md shgcc storejrodt
coagtmods md hgdy demnblorboo`s.
Im`dey Prgdspcgdtgtmod
@mgcysms ms dot g aure jor ed`-stgne redgc `msegse. Evedtugccy, pgtmedts dee` to aodsm`er
trgdspcgdtgtmod gs gd gcterdgtmve to `mgcysms, gd` sohe `oators reaohhed` trgdspcgdtgtmod lejore
or mdsteg` oj `mgcysms. G trgdspcgdt ojjers tbe prospeat oj g hore dorhgc cmje, gs tbe trgdspcgdte`
im`dey perjorhs gcc oj tbe judatmods oj tbe jgmce` orngds. Vgtmedts hust tgie gdtm-rekeatmod `runs
1
U.Q. @epgrthedt oj Begctb gd` Buhgd Qervmaes Begctb \esouraes gd` Qervmaes G`hmdmstrgtmod, <67< Dgtmodgc Qurvey or Orngd @odgtmod Gttmtu`es gd` Lebgvmors, bttp;//orngd`odor.nov/`tap/dgtmodgcsurveyorngd`odgtmod.p`j (gaaesse` Gunust <6, <675).
0
–Vope Jrgdams; ‒Orngd @odgtmod Ms g Pestmhody oj Cove jor Our Demnblour,”‘
Md`eped`edt Agtbocma Dews
, Oatoler 77, <670,
bttp;//www.md`agtbocmadews.aoh/dews.pbp?vmewQtory8<5>1>.
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Udmversmty oj Agcmjordmg, Qgd Jrgdamsao, –Ed`-Qtgne \edgc @msegse,‘ bttp;//www.trgdspcgdt.surnery.uasj.e`u/aod`mtmods--proae`ures/abrodma-im`dey-`msegse.gspx (gaaesse` Gunust >, <675).
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Letb Msrgec @egaodess He`magc Aedter, –Pbe Ledets oj Prgdspcgdt versus @mgcysms,‘ bttp;//www.lm`ha.orn/Aedters-gd`-@epgrthedts/@epgrthedts/Prgdspcgdt-Mdstmtute/Im`dey/Pbe-Ledejmts-oj-Prgdspcgdt-versus-@mgcysms.gspx (gaaesse` Gunust >, <675).
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Dgtmodgc Im`dey Joud`gtmod, –@mgcysms,‘ bttps;//www.im`dey.orn/gtoz/aodtedt/`mgcysmsmdjo (gaaesse` Gunust >, <675).
Pbms `oauhedt ms gutbormze` jor use odcy md Gcvgro Ceod's Jrghewori y tíadmags çnmces pgrg hgrietmdn gt EQGD - Nrg`ugte Qabooc oj Lusmdess jroh Gpr <6<6 to Hgy <6<6.
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gd` ud`erno hodmtormdn to edsure tbe im`dey ms judatmodmdn aorreatcy, lut host d` tbms to le jgr
egsmer gd` hore aodvedmedt tbgd `mgcysms.
76
Pbe tmhe-aodsuhmdn `mgcysms renmhed wgs hore cmiecy to mdterjere wmtb pgtmedts” wori sabe`uces, hgimdn trgdspcgdtgtmod g letter optmod jor host pgtmedts” mdaohe-pro`uamdn glmcmtmes.
Potgc aosts jor `mgcysms tregthedt aouc` le letweed $>6,666 gd` $<66,666 per yegr9 g trgdspcgdt aost
gd gvergne oj $766,666 md tbe rst yegr gd` $15,666 gddugccy tberegjter.
77
Begctb mdsurgdae usugccy pgm` tbe hgkormty oj tbe aosts jor `mgcysms gd` trgdspcgdtgtmod.Vrepgrmdn jor g im`dey trgdspcgdt wgs g cedntby gd` aohpcex proaess. Md g``mtmod to tbe trgdspcgdt surneod, tbe `odor gd` reampmedt ojted dee`e` to mdtergat wmtb otber speamgcmsts, suab gs depbroconmsts, bepgtoconmsts, ed`oarmdoconmsts, gd` gdestbesmoconmsts, gs wecc gs soamgc woriers,
durses, trgdspcgdt aoor`mdgtors, dgdamgc aoor`mdgtors, gd` he`magc gssmstgdts.Gctbounb egab pgtmedt”s expermedae wgs udmque, g typmagc –pgtmedt kourdey‘ aouc` le `evecope` to abgrt g pgtmedt”s expermedae lejore, `urmdn, gd` gjter g trgdspcgdt. Pbms etbdonrgpbma teabdmque
ngve `oators gd` otbers mdsmnbt mdto gd` ehpgtby jor tbe expermedae oj pgtmedts.
Exbmlmt 7
sbows g
typmagc kourdey jor g trgdspcgdt pgtmedt wmtb AI@.
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Cmvmdn vs. @eaegse` @odors
Udcmie hgdy otber orngds, im`deys aouc` le trgdspcgdte` jroh emtber `eaegse` or cmvmdn `odors. Bowever, `odgtmod jroh `eaegse` `odors `m` dot heet tbe `ehgd` jor im`deys‐over 5,666 peopce `me` egab yegr wgmtmdn jor g trgdspcgdt.
71
Cmvmdn im`dey `odgtmod revocutmodmze` im`dey trgdspcgdtgtmod gd` wgs prejerre` over g `eaegse` `odor trgdspcgdt jor severgc regsods;• Mt ecmhmdgte` tbe dee` to pcgae pgtmedts od tbe Udmte` Detwori jor Orngd Qbgrmdn”s (UDOQ) dgtmodgc wgmtmdn cmst jor orngd `odgtmod. ^gmtmdn tmhe aouc` le ve or eved ted yegrs,
wbmab wgs ojted codner tbgd tbe pgtmedt aouc` cmve wmtbout g trgdspcgdt.
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•
Mt sbortede` tbe wgmtmdn tmhe jor otber pgtmedts od tbe dgtmodgc wgmtmdn cmst.
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• Lotb sbort- gd` codn-terh survmvgc rgtes were smndmagdtcy letter jor trgdspcgdts jroh
cmvmdn `odors. Od gvergne, pgtmedts survmve` gpproxmhgtecy emnbteed yegrs wmtb g im`dey jroh g cmvmdn `odor aohpgre` to tbmrteed yegrs jor g im`dey jroh g `eaegse` `odor.
•
Mt re`uae` or ecmhmdgte` tbe dee` jor `mgcysms. Qmdae tbe begctb oj pgtmedts `etermorgte`
smndmagdtcy wbmce od `mgcysms, tbms represedte` g letter outaohe.
76
Udmversmty oj Agcmjordmg, Qgd Jrgdamsao, –Ed`-Qtgne \edgc @msegse.‘
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Kugd Agrcos Agmae`o, –Aucturgc Aohpeteday md Prgdspcgdtgtmod‐G Agcc jor Gatmod,‘ p. <7.
7<
Jor g hore `etgmce` perspeatmve od tbe kourdey oj g im`dey pgtmedt lejore, `urmdn, gd` gjter tregthedt, see –Md Joaus; G Vbotokourdgcmst Abrodmaces Bms Kourdey tbrounb Im`dey Jgmcure,‘ Kobd Hgrtmd”s story oj bms trgdspcgdt expermedae gt Dortbwesterd Hehormgc Bospmtgc gt bttp;//www.kobdjhgrtmd.det.
71
Cmvmdn Im`dey @odors Detwori, –Ledets oj Cmvmdn @odgtmod,‘ bttp;//www.ci`d.orn/ledets_cmvmdn_`odgtmod.bthc (gaaesse` Gunust >, <675).
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Hgyo Acmdma, –Im`dey Prgdspcgdt Vroaess gt Hgyo Acmdma,‘ bttp;//www.hgyoacmdma.orn/`epgrthedts-aedters/trgdspcgdt-aedter/im`dey-trgdspcgdt/prepgrmdn/proaess (gaaesse` Gunust >, <675).
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Cmvmdn Im`dey @odors Detwori, –Ledets oj Cmvmdn @odgtmod.‘
Pbms `oauhedt ms gutbormze` jor use odcy md Gcvgro Ceod's Jrghewori y tíadmags çnmces pgrg hgrietmdn gt EQGD - Nrg`ugte Qabooc oj Lusmdess jroh Gpr <6<6 to Hgy <6<6.