Petrel Ibooks Jan 2017 PDF

Brugge Field
Petrel 2016 Exercise

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SECTION 1
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A description of what the section will discuss. In
this section we will be showing you how to use
navigate and use this iBook. The following three
pages show examples of the layout, different me-
dia and interactive material used throughout the
book.
Learning Objectives
1. To see how this iBook is organised Each section has a movie that can be
2. To learn how to navigate through this iBook viewed here. Please remember to put
3. To understand what the different icons and text your headphones on so as not to disturb
indicate
others around you.
HELP
2
Questions Step-by-step Media
A step-by-step guide on how to use various processes in Petrel.
1. A word is in Bold this indicates a process or heading in Petrel
2. An icon preceded by a term in Bold is a button that will need to

Have you thought about be selected in Petrel
all the different
techniques you could
3. A word in Italics this refers to a name. This could refer to a Formation
use?
name or a filename
4.Tapping an icon with an exclamation mark will show an additional

pop-up hint or tip about the step or process being conducted
5. Some other iBook functions:

Slide your finger to the right for the next im-
a. Single tapping the screen will bring up a menu age
What kind of questions
and decisions will you i. Library will take you back to your iBook library
have to make to create
your model? ii. Contents will let you view the Table of Contents or Glossary
iii. Notes will take you to a list of all the notes you may have
made throughout the iBook
iv. Brightness allows you to adjust the screen brightness
v. Search allows you to search for a word or page number
vi. Bookmarks adds a bookmark on your current page
b. Two finger pinching the screen will also take you to the Table of
Contents
HELP
3
EXERCISE
Exercise
(1) Here we will ask some exercise questions that need to be completed.
(2) Occasionally you will be asked to fill out one or more surveys regarding your mod-
elling choices. Please fill these in as accurately as possible as the submitted answers
will be compiled and shown in class at a later date.
HELP
4
CHAPTER 1
Top Structure and Faults

The first data we receive when looking at a
new field surface and fault data from
interpreted seismic. These structural
interpretations are an important step in the
workflow as they define the “size of the tank”
and can identify structural
compartmentalization. Often it is the case that
we, as Geomodellers, are provided with one
or more interpretations by a Geophysicist
rather than make the interpretations ourselves
.
5
SECTION 1
Data Import
This section will discuss how to import ready-
made structural top surfaces and fault polygons to
be used in the model making process.
Learning Objectives
1. To import surfaces and fault polygons into Petrel
HELP
6
Importing surfaces
1. Select the Input pane
2. Right-click and select Import file...
3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 grid (ASCII) (*.*)
4. Navigate to the 0_Input data folder and select Top Schelde Fm then
press OK/OPEN
5. In the Template: drop-down menu ensure Elevation depth is selected
6. In the Surface type: drop-down menu select Conformable
7. Press OK to import the file. A file called Top Schelde Fm will appear in 1. Select the Input pane
the Input pane
8. Move the surface file into the folder Surfaces >> Horizons
REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP
7
Importing fault polygons
3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 lines (ASCII) (*.*)
4. Navigate to the 0_Input data folder and select both Fault 1 and Fault 2
then press OK
5. In the Line type: drop-down menu select Fault lines
6. Press OK for all to import the file. Two fault files will appear in the
Input pane
3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 lines
7. Move the fault polygon files into the folder Fault Polygons (ASCII) (*.*)
4. Navigate to the 0_Input data folder and

Leave these files for now. We will come back to them later when we are cre- select both Fault 1 and Fault 2 then press OK
ating our grid.
8
CHAPTER 2
Well Correlation
Well correlation is the first step in dividing up
the model into geologically related sections.
We identify the divisions between the
different geological units, be it by facies
(lithostratigraphy) or time
(chronostratigraphy). The process is to
identify the common correlation points called
well picks in each well to which we fit
geological horizons. By the end of this
process we will have created our geological
conceptual model of the field.
9
SECTION 1
Data Import
There are several ways to import well data into
Petrel. The most common is through a standard
well log LAS file which is read automatically in
Petrel. Another common import file is an ASCII
file which is what we will discuss in this section,
specifically how to import core data.
Learning Objectives
1. To import core data from an ASCII into Petrel
HELP
10
Importing log data
1. Select the Input pane and expand the Wells folder
2.Expand the Brugge wells folder
3.Right-click on well BR-P-18 and select Import (on selection)...
4.Under File of Type: select Well logs (ASCII) (*.*)
5. Navigate to the 0_Input data folder and select BR-P-18 core data then
press OK
6. In the window under Data type ensure MD is toggled and enter 1

under Column
1. Select the Input pane and expand the
7. Toggle Specify logs to be loaded Wells folder
8. Add a row by clicking the icon. In each row: 2. Expand the Brugge wells folder
a. In column Global well log select Create new 3. Right-click on well BR-P-18 and select Im-
port (on selection)...
b. Rename the log Facies_core
c. Select Column 3
d. In column Property template select Facies
9. Repeat step 7 for porosity (column 4), permeability (column 5) and

permeability Z (column 6) and name them PORO_core, PERM_core
and PERMZ_core, respectively
10. Select OK for all

11
SECTION 2
Well Sections
In this section we will discuss how to create and
manipulate a well sections within Petrel so that
we will be able to view, compare and interpret
well log data for use in the geomodelling process.
Learning Objectives
1. To create a well section to view logs and model

properties in Petrel
2. To apply appropriate colours, styles and scales to

well logs
HELP
12
Opening a well section window
1. Open a new well section window in the Menu bar by selecting

Window >> Well section window…
2. Rename the new section X-section 1 Brugge and the template Well
section template Brugge
3. Press OK. The well section window will now be available in the
Windows pane on the left
13
How are the following Displaying well logs

well logs acquired:
There are two ways to display well logs within Petrel. The first way is the
• Gamma ray simplest but is limited to showing a single black log per track. The second
way offers us more freedom in displaying our logs (multiple logs per track,
• Density ability to rescale the logs, log colour and fill colour options, etc) but is more
complex.
• Porosity
Method 1
• Permeability
1. Open a well section window
What is the uncertainty
in the acquisition of each 2. Toggle on one or more wells (e.g. BR-I-2 or BR-P-19) by navigating
log and the subsequent through Wells >> Brugge wells in the Input pane. Well depth tracks
petrophysical 1. Open a well section window
interpretation?
will be displayed for each toggled well in the viewing window.
2. Toggle on one or more wells (e.g. BR-I-2
3. Expand the Global well logs folder and toggle on one or multiple
How much can/should and BR-P-19) by navigating through Wells
we trust this data? logs (e.g. GR, DT, RHOB, etc.). These logs will now be displayed in >> Brugge wells in the Input pane. Well
individual log tracks next to the depth tracks for each toggled well. depth tracks will be displayed for each toggled
well in the viewing window.
In this way logs can be viewed quickly but they are unformatted and the
section can become unwieldy.
14
Method 2
2. Toggle on one or more wells (e.g. BR-I-2 or BR-P-19) by navigating

through Wells >> Brugge wells in the Input pane. Well depth tracks
will be displayed for each toggled well in the viewing window.
3. From the toolbar at the top of the screen select Well section template
Brugge from the drop-down list then click Open selected template
settings page
4. Add a new track

a. Select Vertical tracks
b. Select Add new object 2. Toggle on one or more wells (e.g. BR-I-2
and BR-P-19) by navigating through Wells
c. Select Track >> Brugge wells in the Input pane. Well
5. Add a new log(s) to the track depth tracks will be displayed for each toggled
well in the viewing window.
a. Select a Track
b. Select Add new object
c. Select Log
15
6. Define the log(s)
a. In the Definition tab find the template for the log of interest.
The two ways of doing this using Gamma Ray as an example
are:
i. Scroll through the drop-down list entitled Templates for the

Gamma Ray template.
ii. Enter Gamma Ray into the box entitled Filter template. All
the logs that are attached to that template will be displayed.
b. Remove all the logs that are not of interest by selecting them
then selecting Delete selected objects so that only the
log GR is remaining
6. Define the log(s)
c. Press Apply
i. Scroll through the drop-down list en-
7. Set limits to the log(s) titled Templates for the Gamma Ray
template.
a. In the Limits tab toggle on Min value and Max value
b. Enter a minimum and maximum value to be displayed. In the

case of Gamma Ray a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 150
(sometimes 200) is used.
c. Press Apply
16
10. Set a style to the log(s)

a. Navigate to the Style tab
b. To change the log colour select Selected from the drop-down list
and then select a colour from the Colour drop-down list.
c. To change the line width or type select from options in the Line
width and Line type drop-down lists.
d. Note that some logs (e.g. core porosity and core permeability)
should be displayed as points rather than lines. To do this by
toggling off Show line and toggling on the Show points
e. Press Apply
11. Curve fill between log(s) 10. Set a style to the log(s)
a. In the Template objects window select the Track that contains the
log to be curve filled
b. Select the Curve filling tab
c. Select Add new curve filling
d. In Fill edge select the curve From and the curve To in the relevant
drop-down menus
e. Select a Fill colour by choosing either Selected and picking a colour,
or As property to give a gradient defined by the property template
f. Press Apply
12. Repeat for each log you wish to display in your section
13. Press OK
17
What vertical scale Rescaling depth

should we be looking at
logs to see:
There are several tools available to rescale logs.
• Well top correlations Method 1
• Structure 1. Ensure that Toggle synchronized well scrolling and Toggle

synchronized well scaling in the right hand tool bar are toggled
on
2. With the Viewing mode toggled on click on the white interval of

a well’s depth track and drag it downwards until the log(s) are
approximately in the centre of the viewing window
3. On the same depth track click the black line at the boundary between Select the white depth track and...
the white and grey intervals and drag the black line towards the
centre of the screen. Note that the log(s) contract or stretch as you
drag up or down.
18
Method 2
1. Ensure the Toggle synchronized well scrolling and Toggle

synchronized well scaling icons in the right hand tool bar are
switched on
2. Enter a value of 500 in the box in the top right-hand side of the screen
which contains the word Undef and press ENTER.
3. You may also go through Windows Settings, then the Definition

tab and enter a value under Scale settings
This will scale the wells so that 1cm = 500cm. Entering a value of 1000 will
scale the wells 1cm = 1000cm, a value of 50 will scale the wells 1cm = 50cm
Enter a value of 500 in the box in the top
and so on. right-hand side of the screen which contains
the word Undef and press ENTER.
19
Flatten well section on a datum
1. With the well section window open
2. Select Open window settings for colour/name from the top

toolbar
3. Select the Definition tab
4. From the drop-down menu select either:
a. Flatten on depth is useful to view a structural well section
i. Enter a depth value (remember depth in MD is positive and in Z

or SSTVD it is negative)
Select Open window settings for colour/
b. Flatten on well top is useful to view the wells side-by-side name from the top toolbar
i. Select a well top horizon from the well tops folder in the Input Select the Definition tab
pane and add it to the box by clicking the arrow icon
Choose a flattening method
5. Press OK
20
EXERCISE 1
Exercise
Create a well section template with the log formats provided in the table below.
LOG TRACK SCALE STYLE
COLOUR LINE STYLE CURVE FILL
GR 1 0 to 150 API Red or Dark Green solid Curve GR to Value 70, Yellow
Resistivity 2 0.2 to 2000 ohm-m Missing in Brugge Field so leave blank
RHOB 3 1.95 to 2.95 g/cc Red long dash Curve RHOB to Curve NPHI, Yellow
NPHI 3 -15 to 45 pu REVERSE Blue short dash Curve NPHI to Curve RHOB, Green
DT 3 40 to 240 us/m Magenta long dash -
PORO 4 0 to 0.3 v/v Black solid -
PORO_core 4 0 to 0.3 v/v Black points, crosses -
PERM 5 0.1 to 10,000 mD Blue solid -
PERM_core 5 0.1 to 10,000 mD Blue points, crosses -
SW 6 0 to 1 v/v Black solid Curve SW to Right track edge, Light Blue
Tap to Maximise
HELP
21
SECTION 3
Well Tops
In this section we will discuss how to interpret,
create and edit well tops within Petrel and their
role in the geomodelling workflow.
The correct identification and interpretation of for-
mation well tops, also known as well correlation,
is a fundamental step in ensuring the correct char-
acterization of formations in a geomodel.
Many steps in the workflow rely on this includ-
ing:
• Seismic interpretation
• Making geomodelling zones
• Applying petrophysical functions to zones
Learning Objectives
1. To interpret, create and edit well tops in Petrel
2. To understand the importance of well tops in the

geomodelling process
HELP
22
What are well tops? Creating new well tops

What data do you use to
pick the tops?
Here we are going to go through creating new well tops to display on our
well section. In this example we are going to create a well top for the
Brugge Field free water level.
2.In the Menu bar select Stratigraphy >>Well tops and Zones>>New
well tops folder. A well tops folder called Well tops 1 will appear in
the Input pane. Double click on Well tops 1 and under the Info tab
rename this to Well tops_Top Reservoir the click Apply.
3. To add the top expand the well tops folder, right-click

Stratigraphy and select Insert zone/ horizon info
2. Insert New well tops
4. By expanding the Stratigraphy folder there will be a new horizon
called Horizon 1. Rename to Top Reservoir.
5. Add additional horizons by right-clicking on the newly created

horizon and selecting either Insert zone/horizon above or below and
renaming them.
23
Applying a top depth in each well
There are two methods to give a top a depth in each well using either
interactive or spreadsheet methods.
Method 1 - Interactive
1. Open a well section window displaying all of the wells and at least
one log
2. Toggle on and expand the Well top_Top Reservoir well tops folder
3. In the Stratigraphy folder select Top Reservoir
4. Select edit well tops from Stratigraphy>>Well tops and Zones>>Edit 4. Select Create/edit well tops from the
Well tops. A Tool palette will appear. Select the Edit Well tops icon right tool bar
5.In a well track click at the depth where you want to place the top. A
coloured line across the track marking the top will appear.
6.Edit the depth by clicking and dragging the well top up and down.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 for each well in the section until all wells have a top
8. Where there are multiple tops repeat steps 2-7 until all tops have a
depth defined in all wells
24
Each method is useful Method 2 - Spreadsheet

under different
circumstances. When
1. Open a well section window displaying all of the wells and at least
would you use each
method? one log
2. Under Input right-click Well tops_Top Reservoir and select

Spreadsheet...
3. Insert a new row using Append item in table or a number of

rows using Add multiple well tops There are 7 wells with 1 top
so you will need 7x1 rows.
4. Select a well from the Well identifier drop-down list.
5. Select a surface from the Surface drop-down list. In this case select Top 2. Under Input right-click Well tops_Top
Reservoir. Reservoir and select Spreadsheet...
6. Enter a positive value in the MD column or a negatives value in the Z

column. In this case enter a value into the MD column. The X, Y and Z
data will automatically
update according to each WELL NAME DEPTH (MD)
well’s deviation survey. BR-I-2 1736
7. Press Apply BR-P-2 1599

BR-P-11 1607.5
8. Repeat steps 3-7 for each of
the seven wells using the data BR-P-15 1655
from the table on the right. BR-P-16 1596.5
9. Press OK BR-P-18 1626.5

BR-P-19 1607.5
REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! Tap Table to maximize HELP
25
EXERCISE 2
Exercise
The Brugge Well Tops_exercise folder in the input pane is missing some well tops! Us-
ing the well correlations you conducted in class and all the techniques learned in this
chapter to identify and correlate for the missing tops. This step must be completed for
your model.
HELP
26
CHAPTER 3
Corner Point Gridding

In gridding we discretise the space between
the model horizons/top structure. We must
balance the resolution in the XY and Z axis to
maintain the geological information while not
creating too many grid cells for the model to
handle. This task requires you to decide on
the most relevant model resolutions to
capture the geology for all your model layers.
27
SECTION 1
Fault Modeling
In this section we will discuss how to create verti-
cal faults using fault polygons for your grid.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the fault modeling process within

Petrel
2. To create a vertical fault model using fault

polygons
3. To view the fault model in a 3D window
HELP
28
What does the fault 1. In the Processes pane under Corner point gridding double-click on
model do?
Define Model, enter a name (e.g. Brugge Field Model) and select OK
2. In the Menu Bar open a 3D window by selecting Window >> 3D

Do you need a fault window
model in your grid?
3. In the Input pane display the Fault 1 and Fault 2 polygons in the Fault
Polygons folder by toggling their boxes. The two faults should now
How many faults are in
be displayed in a 3D window in the viewing window.
your field?
What kind of faults are 4. In the Processes pane single click on Fault modelling
they?
5. Select the Select/pick mode icon from the toolbar on the right
Are they all in the same
orientation? 1. In the Processes pane under Corner point
6. In the viewing window select one of the fault polygons. You will
know the fault is selected properly when the polygon changes to a
gridding double click on Define Model, enter
Do they act as
boundaries to flow? a name (e.g. Brugge Field Model) and select
lighter colour, and the polygon name is highlighted in the Input pane.
OK
What is the
transmissibility across
7. Under the Structural modelling tab>>Corner point
the faults? gridding>>Fault model object – choose ‘convert selected lines to
faults’ from the drop down menu. Click Ok in the pop up window.
8. Repeat steps 5-7 for the next fault polygon
29
Is this gap likely to be Note that there is a gap between the two faults.
real or should the
splaying fault be
connected to the main
For the purposes of this exercise we will assume that the two faults are
fault? connected.
What data and 9. To connect the two faults first select the the view button and then
knowledge do we need to zoom in to the gap between the two faults (using the mouse roller ).
be sure?
Click the Select/pick mode icon from the toolbar on the right
What are the 10. Single click the last point on the splaying fault (Fault 2) then CTRL +
implications of both
cases?
click a point on the main fault (Fault 1) that you wish to connect to.
Zooming in to the points may make the selection easier.
11. Now keeping the pointer on one of these points , click the right hand 9. To connect the two faults first select the
mouse button. From the options, select the Connect two faults icon. Select/pick mode icon from the toolbar on the
Ensure Extend fault ‘Fault 2’ is toggled and select OK right
30
SECTION 2
Gridding
In this section we will learn how to orient our grid
and select our grid dimensions.
Learning Objectives
1. Learn the pillar gridding process in Petrel
2. Learn to create a grid boundary
3. To understand some of the implications around

selecting cell sizes and orientations
HELP
31
What is a corner point Grid boundary definition

grid?
1. In the Menu Bar open a 2D window by selecting Window >> 2D
window. The pillar gridding process must be conducted in a 2D
window.
2. Toggle on the Fault model box in the Models pane. The two faults
should be displayed in white with a series of white square boxes
along the length of the faults. Each of these white boxes represents a
fault pillar. Select Pillar gridding in the Processes pane. A window
will pop up, press Apply then OK.
3. With the 2D window open go to the Input pane to display the Top
Schelde and OWC_1670mTVDSS surfaces and select the Create
1. In the Menu Bar open a 2D window by
external grid boundary segment by going to Structural
selecting Window >> 2D window
Modelling>>Corner Point gridding>>Edit Fault model and selecting
it in the pop up window.
4. Now select a pillar (white box) along the main fault (Fault 1) that is
outside the accumulation area (starting pillar). Click around the area
so that it is captured within the boundary using as many points as
necessary. End the boundary by selecting a fault pillar on the main
fault on the opposite side of the accumulation (finishing pillar).
5. To close the boundary you need to identify the fault as a boundary. Do

this by selecting both your starting and ending pillars by using SHIFT
+ click when clicking on the points. With the two points highlighted
right click on a point and choose Set part of grid boundary The
fault boundary between the starting and finishing pillar
should now be a white line surrounded by two blue lines.
32
What do you notice with A preliminary grid can now be created.

the cells?
6. Double click on Pillar gridding in the Processes pane

Are they all the same size
and shape? 7.Initially leave everything as it is and select Apply then Yes for the
pop-up message
Where are the cells most
affected? A grid will appear within the boundary after pressing Apply. Zoom
in and look at the cells, particularly to the cells near faults and the
intersection of the faults.
6. Double clicking on Pillar gridding in the

Processes pane
33
What issues should you Grid orientation

consider when aligning
the grid?
There are two main methods in Petrel to set grid orientations using trends
and both work by defining trends in the I- and J-directions. The first
How does grid
orientation affect the method is to set a directional trend along faults; and the second is to set a
model: (1) volumetrics, general directional trend.
and (2) simulations?
Setting directional trends along faults
Some grid orientation
considertions 1. In a 2D window and with Pillar gridding highlighted select the
main fault (Fault 1) by toggling the Select/pick mode icon and
clicking the line between any two pillars along the fault. The full fault
is selected when all of the pillars along the fault have changed to an
orange colour. 1. In a 2D window and with Pillar grid-
ding highlighted select the main fault (Fault
2. Right click with the pointer in between any of the pillars along the 1) by toggling the Select/pick mode icon and
boundary. Select either Set I-direction (SHIFT + I) or Set J- clicking the line between any two pillars
direction (SHIFT + J). The selected fault should have along the fault.
changed to a green or red colour (I or J, respectively).
3. Open Pillar gridding and select Apply to create a preliminary grid.

Leave the other settings alone at this time.
Alternately you can SHIFT + click any two points on the same fault and
apply a trend to them.
Experiment by selecting other faults or short intervals of the faults and

giving them trends.
34
Setting general directional trends
This is useful if your model does not contain any faults or you do not want
to orient your grid along fault lines.
1. In a 2D window and with Pillar gridding highlighted click the right

mouse button in between any of the pillars along the fault and select
the Edit fault model . Then select either New I-Trend (I) or
New J-Trend (J).
2.Draw a 2 point line by clicking once to start drawing and twice to

stop drawing. Then select the pick mode and click on the newly
created line. A green or red dotted line (I- or J-Trends, respectively)
will appear in the window. 1. In a 2D window and with Pillar grid-
ding highlighted select either New I-Trend
3. Open Pillar gridding and with your trend toggled on select Apply to (I) or New J-Trend (J).
create a preliminary grid. The grid will now be oriented in the
direction of the trend.
What does your grid look like now? Experiment here by adding different
trends and more points along your trends. Look at what happens to your
grid and particularly note what is happening at the boundary edges and at
the faults.
Removing trends from faults
1. Remove the trends from the faults by selecting the fault and
clicking Set arbitrary direction (‘SHIFT + A’)
35
What are the important Grid dimensions

factors to consider when
selecting grid
dimensions?
We will now choose our grid cell size.
1. Open the Pillar gridding window in the Processes pane and select the
What happens if you
enter different increment Settings tab
values in the I- and J-
directions? Why would 2. Enter a cell size in the boxes marked I-increment and J-increment. To
you use this type of grid? start with enter 250 in each box and rename the grid 3D grid 250x250
What other cell shapes 3. Select Apply in Pillar gridding window to create a preliminary grid.
are available for Check it before continuing.
simulation grids (not
necessarily within
Petrel)? 4. Select OK then Yes in the pop-up menu
1. Open the Pillar gridding window in the
5. In the Models pane right-click 3D grid 250x250 and select Show Processes pane and select the Settings tab
What is the relationship
between cell dimensions settings...
and the number of cells?
6. Select the Statistics tab and in the lower box scroll down to Total
number of 2D cells and mark down this value. What other statistics
are of interest? Press OK when finished
Experiment here with different increment values. Try at least 10x10, 25x25,
50x50, 100x100 and 250x250. Keep in mind that the number you are
marking down here is for a single 2D layer. This becomes important in the
Layering stage where every layer you add adds a multiple of this 2D value.
36
SECTION 3
Horizons and Zones

In this section we will learn how to transform our
formation surfaces into grid horizons, and how to
create vertically segregated zones. The Make hori-
zons process is used to define the upper and
lower bounds of our formations, and the Make
zones process is used to further segregate these
formations into zones (e.g. flow zones).
Learning Objectives
1. Learn how to create horizons and zones in Petrel
2. Learn how to adjust seismic surfaces to wells in

Petrel
HELP
37
How many formations do Using the Make horizons module we will make the top and base horizons
you need to model?
for the model. This module uses surfaces and well tops as inputs to create
the top and base horizons.
Which formations
contribute most to flow?
Creating surfaces
Why do you need 5 First you need to create a top and base surface for each formation. In most
surfaces if there are 4
formations? cases the top of the lower formation will serve as the base for an upper
formation except in the case of the lowest formation. In the Brugge Field
How thick are your there are 4 formations so you need 5 surfaces.
formations? Are they a
constant thickness across 1. Select the “Top Schelde Fm” surface located under Input >> Surfaces
the field? Is there a
>> Horizons
trend?
1. Select the “Top Schelde Fm” surface located
2. Copy and paste the surface by pressing CTRL + C then CTRL + V.
What data has less under Input >> Surfaces >> Horizons
uncertainty when
Rename the surface “Top Maas Fm”
considering well tops:
seismic interpretation or 3. Right-click the Top Maas Fm surface and select Settings (alternatively
well log interpretation? double-click the surface)
Are the formations 4. Select the Calculations tab then under Operations toggle on A = 0
conformably bedded? Is
there an unconformity? 5. Enter the average formation thickness for the Schelde Fm you
Is there cross flow
between formations or calculated previously in the Well correlation exercise then select Z = Z -
are they unconnected? A (remember that Z is negative depth). Press OK
6. Repeat steps 1-5 for each of the formations until you have a surface
for the Top Schelde Fm, Top Maas Fm, Top Waal Fm, Top Schie Fm and Base
Schie Fm.
38
Make horizons
The Make horizons process separates the grid into vertical stratigraphic
zones
1. Open Make horizons in the Processes pane
2. In the Horizons tab select Append item in the table icon so that
there are five rows. Alternatively click the Append number of items in
the table icon and enter a value of 5.
3. To add a well top: in the Input pane navigate to Brugge Well Tops >>
Stratigraphy and select the well top called Schelde Fm. Add the
well top in the Make horizons window by selecting the arrow icon
1. Open Make horizons in the Processes
under the Well tops column. The Schelde Fm well top will be visible in
pane
the box.
2. In the Horizons tab select Append item
4. To add a surface: in the Input pane navigate to Surfaces >> Horizons
in the table icon so that there are five
and select the surface called Top Schelde Fm. Add the surface in the rows.
Make horizons window by selecting the arrow icon under the
Input #1 column. The Top Schelde Fm surface will be visible in the
box.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 for the Top Maas, Top Waal, Top Schie and Base Schie
well tops and surfaces
6. Press OK to create the top and base horizon. These horizons will now
be available to toggle on and off in the 3D grid Horizons folder
39
The Brugge Field has 4 formation zones that were created through the
Make horizons process. The Make zones process allows you to split these
formations further into zones. Why would we want to do this?
In the case of this Brugge Field exercise we will not use this process but it is
worth knowing for future projects.
1. Open Make zones in the Processes pane
2. Select a Stratigraphic interval from the drop-down menu
3. Select the Append number of items in the table icon
4. In Number of zones enter a value
5. Check the Input type box and select Conformable from the drop-
down list TIPS: other input types produce different results
6. Under Input enter a pre-defined well top
7. Select OK to create the zones. A set of horizons for each of these zones
will now be available to toggle on and off in the Horizons folder of
your 3D grid. You will be able to see these zones by toggling Edges on
and off in your 3D grid.
40
SECTION 4
Layering
Similarly to gridding, which is used to create lat-
eral resolution in your model, layering determines
its vertical resolution. In this section we will dis-
cuss the methodology and considerations in the
layering process.
Learning Objectives
1. Learn how to create layers in Petrel
HELP
41
What factors are 1. Open Layering in the Processes pane

important to consider
when selecting the
number of layers for each
2. For each of the zones under Zone division select Proportional and
formation? enter a value for Number of layers. To start with enter a value of 10
for each zone.
Does each formation
need the same number of 3. Press OK
layers?
4. Conduct Layering Quality Control
Which require more
layers: homogeneous or a. In the Processes pane open Property modeling >> Geometrical
heterogeneous modeling
formations?
b. Select Create new then Zone index from the Method drop-down
What do you notice with 1. Open Layering in the Processes pane
menu
this layering scheme?
Does each formation 2. For each of the zones under Zone division
have the same vertical c. Select From all zones. Press OK
resolution? Is this select Proportional and enter a value for
reasonable? d. Open a Well correlation window that is displaying all wells, the Number of layers. To start with enter a
well tops, the Gamma Ray log and the Zones property value of 10 for each zone.
How many cells are in
your grid? e. Open the 3D grid statistics by double-clicking on the 3D grid and 3. Press OK
selecting the Statistics tab then scroll down to Total number of 3D
grid cells and note the value
5.Review the number of layers per zone
6. Repeat steps 1-5
42
EXERCISE
Exercise
(1) Using the techniques described in this chapter create a geomodel for the Brugge
Field that:
(A) accurately characterizes the reservoir;
(B) has a grid aligned as you want;
(C) has vertical faults; and
(D) is no more than 1.5 million cells.
(2) Complete this survey on your geomodel gridding choices.
Brugge Field
HELP
43
CHAPTER 4
Facies Modelling
Facies modelling is the process of capturing
geologically realistic distributions of the
reservoir facies away from the wells. Here we
must decide on the most relevant technique to
apply to capture each different type of
geology and the most appropriate input
parameters/geological dimensions for our
reservoir. The spatial distribution of the facies
will drive the distribution of porosity and
permeability in the reservoir.
44
SECTION 1
Log upscaling - Facies

Log upscaling, or log blocking, is the term used to
describe the process of averaging fine resolution
log data into coarse, vertical intervals.
Before we can use our petrophysical interpreta-
tions which are fine-scale we need to upscale
them to the thickness of our cells.
Scaling up our well logs averages our fine scale
logs (typically 10-20 data points per metre) to the
thickness of our grid cells using one of several av-
Figure 4.1
eraging techniques. TIP EQUATIONS (arithmetic,
geometric, harmonic) Any well log can be up-
scaled but in many simulation cases we are only
interested in facies, porosity, permeability and wa-
ter saturation.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the log upscaling process within

Petrel
2. To understand and apply different averaging

techniques
3. To compare the original and upscaled log data to

check the quality of the upscale
HELP
45
What logs might we want Scale-up well logs

to upscale?
What averaging
1. Open Scale up well logs from Property modelling in the Processes
technique(s) would you pane
use when upscaling: (a)
a porosity log, (b) a 2. Ensure Create new is toggled
permeability log, and (c)
a water saturation log?
3. Ensure Well logs under Input is toggled
4. Select the Facies log from the drop-down menu
5. Ensure All is toggled in the Wells section
6. Under Scale up settings select the following from the respective drop-
down menus 1. Open Scale up well logs from Property
modelling in the Processes pane
a. Average method select Most of
b. Treat log select As points
c. Method select Neighbour cell
7. Press Apply
8. Repeat steps 2-7 for porosity (PORO), permeability (PERM) and water
saturation (SW) using the appropriate averaging technique.
9. Press OK
At the end of this process the upscaled logs will appear in the 3D grid
Properties folder in the Models pane as the log name followed by a [U]
suffix (e.g. Facies [U]).
46
When you overlay the Quality control - Comparing logs and upscaled logs
upscales logs over the
logs how well do they
match?
The upscaled logs can now be displayed in your well section window by
using the techniques in the Well correlation section of this manual. The
Would you expect them only difference is that step X.7 (Add a new log to the track) is replaced by:
to match perfectly?
1. Add a new property to the track
What could you do to get
a better match? a. Select a Track
b. Select Add new object
c. Select Property
Try doing this for the upscaled facies, porosity, permeability and water
saturation logs.
Note: Make sure the scales for both the logs and the properties are the
same.
47
SECTION 2
Data Analysis - Facies

Facies modelling must be conducted before any
petrophysical modelling and is important in how
petrophysical properties such as porosity and per-
meability are distributed across the field so how
the facies are distributed is extremely important.
These steps will show you how to use well data to
analyse the proportions and spatial distribution of
facies.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand how to conduct data analysis on

facies information in Petrel
2. To use variograms and how Petrel uses

variograms
HELP
48
What is the formation 1. Ensure the Scale-up well log processes have been completed
depositional
environment?
2. Open Data analysis in the Processes pane
How many facies are
there within this 3. Select Facies [U] from the Property drop-down menu
depositional
environment? 4. Select the first zone Top Schelde Fm - Top Maas formation
Is there any analogue
5. Unlock the zone by clicking the Leave settings unchanged icon
data that may help to
understand the facies
proportions in the 6. Select the Proportions tab
formation?
a. The viewing window will now show a histogram of the relative
proportion of each facies in the zone for each layer. There are several
options for attributing facies to each layer: 2. Open Data analysis in the Processes
pane
i. Fit to a constant average
ii. Fit to a linear regression
iii. Fit to a histogram
b. In this case select Fit active/all curve(s) to histogram
c. Press Apply
49
7. Select the Variograms tab
a. Remember back to the Variograms exercise you conducted earlier in

the term. Here we will use the variogram model data you calculated
for the outcrop case in that session.
b. Under Variogram model fitting enter the values you calculated in

the variograms exercise.
8. Press Apply
9. Repeat step 4-8 for each of the zones
10. Press OK
50
SECTION 3
Pixel Based Modelling

The most common facies modelling techniques dis-
tribute facies using random algorithms. These al-
gorithms can be broadly divided into pixel-based
or object-based modelling techniques. In this sec-
tion we will discuss several approaches to creat-
ing pixel based facies models in Petrel, including:
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS), Simple and
Ordinary kriging.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the facies modelling process in

Petrel
2. To understand how variograms are applied in

Petrel
3. To compare the differences between SIS, kriging

and MPS modelling
HELP
51
Sequential Indicator Simulation
1. Complete the Data Analysis - Facies steps
2. Copy and paste the facies property. Do this in the Models pane by
selecting the property Facies [U] and pressing CTRL + C then CTRL +
V. A new property should appear with the prefix Copy of…
3. Rename the new facies property Facies_SIS
4. Open Facies modelling in the Processes pane
5. Select Edit existing then Facies_SIS [U]
6. Select the first zone Schelde Fm

2. Copy and paste the facies property. Do this
in the Models pane by selecting the property
8. In the Method for zone/facies drop-down menu select Indicator Facies [U] and pressing CTRL + C then
simulation >> Sequential indicator simulation CTRL + V. A new property should appear
with the prefix Copy of…
9. Toggle on Use variograms from Data analysis and Use vertical
proportion from Data analysis
10. In the Facies tab add the facies that have a facies proportion greater
than 0% by selecting each facies in turn then pressing Add facies
A minimum of 2 facies must be added.
11. Repeat steps 6-10 for each zone. Note: Make sure that every zone has
been changed to the correct simulation method!
12. Press OK to create the facies model
13. Review the model in a 3D window

52
Kriging
1. Complete the Data Analysis - Facies steps
3. Rename the copied facies property Facies_SimpleKriging
4. Open Facies modeling in the Processes pane
5. Select Edit existing then Facies_SimpleKriging [U]
6. Select the first zone Schelde Fm 8. In the Method for zone/facies drop-down
menu select Indicator kriging
8. In the Method for zone/facies drop-down menu select Indicator

kriging
9. Toggle on Use variograms from Data analysis
10. In the Facies tab add the facies that have a facies proportion greater
than 0% by selecting each facies in turn then pressing Add facies
A minimum of 2 facies must be added.
11. In the Expert tab select Simple kriging from the Kriging type drop-
down menu
53
12. Repeat steps 6-12 for each zone. Note: Make sure that every zone has
been changed to the correct simulation method!
13. Press OK to create the property
14. Repeat steps 2-14 once more using Ordinary kriging (i.e. rename the
property Facies_OrdinaryKriging and select Ordinary kriging from the
Expert tab)
14. Repeat steps 2-14 once more using Ordi-

nary kriging (i.e. rename the property Faci-
es_OrdinaryKriging and select Ordinary
kriging from the Expert tab)
54
SECTION 4
Object Based Modelling

The most common facies modelling techniques dis-
tribute facies using random algorithms. These al-
gorithms can be broadly divided into pixel-based
or object-based modelling techniques. In this sec-
tion we will discuss how to create a facies model
by using and object-based approach. We will look
at what objects are available and when object-
based modelling should be used.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the object-based modelling facies

process in Petrel
2. To conduct facies dimensions studies to enter

into your model
HELP
55
What facies are in your Object based modelling can be conducted using any object type. In this
formation?
exercise we will be creating models using channel objects but the same
steps apply for any shape you want.
Can a shape be applied to
these facies?
Object based modelling
What shape would you 1. Copy and paste the facies property. Do this in the Models pane by
use?
What facies do you
actually want to apply an
object to? Is it always 2. Rename the copied facies property Facies_Object
the reservoir facies?
3. Open Facies modeling in the Processes pane
4. Select Edit existing then Facies_Object [U] 7. Select Object modelling (stochastic)
from the Method for zone/facies drop-down
5. Select the first zone Schelde Fm menu
7. Select Object modelling (stochastic) from the Method for zone/facies

drop-down menu
56
8. Under Facies bodies tab
a. Select Add a new channel
b. In the Settings tab:
i. Toggle off the Levee button
ii. Select the Channel sands facies from the Facies drop-down menu
iii. Under Fraction (%) enter a value for the fraction of channel sands
to gross formation interval. Note: the upscaled sand fraction from
the field wells is provided under Upscaled (%). This value can be
used in the absence of more information.
c. In the Layout tab:" " "

8. Under Facies bodies tab
i. Select distribution types and enter values for:
a. Select Add a new channel
• Orientation
b. In the Settings tab:
• Amplitude"
i. Toggle off the Levee button
• Wavelength
ii. Select the Channel sands facies from the
d. In the Section tab:" " "
Facies drop-down menu
i. Select distribution types and enter values for:
iii. Under Fraction (%) enter a value for
• Width the fraction of channel sands to gross
• Thickness formation interval.
57
9. In the Background tab:
What should the a. Ensure the Constant button is toggled on and select Shale from the
background facies be? drop-down menu
10. Press Apply
11. Repeat steps 5-11 for all zones using suitable objects for each
depositional environment.
12. Press OK
9. In the Background tab:
a. Ensure the Constant button is toggled

on and select Shale from the drop-down
menu
58
Object trend modelling
Trend modelling can be used when you want to give an object a non-linear
trend or to splay away from a source point. To do this you use flow lines in
conjunction with the object based modelling.
When would you use a 1. Create a flow line polygon. You may skip this step as several flow line
trend? polygons are available for you.
a. Follow the steps in the Create polygon guide
b. Create two different polygon lines with the ends significantly

outside the edges of your grid
c. Append the polygons using the Append polygon guide

3. In the Facies bodies >> Trends tab
2. Follow steps 1-9 in the Object based modelling steps
a. Toggle on Flow lines
3. In the Facies bodies >> Trends tab
b. Insert a flow lines polygon by selecting
a. Toggle on Flow lines the polygon from the Input tab and using
the arrow button.
b. Insert a flow lines polygon by selecting the polygon from the Input
tab and using the arrow button. (Several flow line polygons have
been created for you under Input >> Flowline polygons. Select one
of these if you do not wish to create your own).
4. Press Apply
59
EXERCISE
Exercise
(1) Using any of the techniques described in this chapter create facies’ models for each
of the Brugge formations (Schelde, Maas, Waal and Schie). Each formation should be
considered separately and you may decide to apply a different modelling tech-
nique on each.
(2) Complete the following surveys on your facies modelling choices for each forma-
tion.
Schelde Maas Waal Schie
HELP
60
CHAPTER 5
Petrophysical Modelling
Petrophysical modelling is the filling in of the
physically measureable properties that dictate
the reservoir volume and flow capacity –
namely porosity, permeability and saturation.
By the end of this section we will have a
complete model ready to make predictions
with.
61
SECTION 1
Log upscaling - Petrophysical

Learning Objectives
1. To conduct upscaling on the petrophysical logs
The steps here are the same as those

found in the Log upscaling - Facies
section. Click here for a link to that
video
HELP
62
What logs might we want Scale-up well logs

to upscale?
What averaging
1. Follow the steps 1-7 in Log Upscaling - Facies for porosity (PORO),
technique(s) would you permeability (PERM) and water saturation (SW) using the appropriate
use when upscaling: (a) averaging techniques.
a porosity log, (b) a
permeability log, and (c)
a water saturation log? 2. Press OK
At the end of this process the upscaled logs will appear in the 3D grid
Properties folder in the Models pane as the log name followed by a
[U] suffix (e.g. Facies [U]).
3. Conduct quality control as outlined in Log Upscaling - Facies on the

newly upscaled logs 1. Open Scale up well logs from Property
modelling in the Processes pane
63
SECTION 2
Data Analysis - Petrophysics

Similarly to the facies modelling we use the Data
analysis module to statistically profile our proper-
ties in different zones and facies. Initially we are
only going to apply the data analysis to the poros-
ity property.
In this example we will only be conducting data
analysis on the reservoir facies (i.e. Channel
sands, Lower shoreface sands and Barrier sands)
and ignoring the non-reservoir facies (i.e. Shale
and Cement). When we go to create our porosity
property we will be treating the non-reservoir fa-
cies as constant values so it would be a waste of
time to conduct any analysis on them.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand how to Petrel to analyse log data

data for the distribution and spatial distribution
of petrophysical data
HELP
64
1. Complete the Scale-up well log process for each property to be

modelled
2. Open Data analysis in the Processes pane
3. Select PORO [U] from the Property drop-down menu
6. Toggle on the Facies button. Having both the Zones and Facies
buttons toggled on will enable us to determine separate probability
distributions for each facies within each zone
2. Open Data analysis in the Processes
7. Next to the Facies button select your final facies model (e.g. pane
Facies_final) and select a reservoir facies (e.g. Channel Sands)
65
Does the estimated curve 8. Under the Transformations tab

fit the data? How? What
does the histogram tell
you about the data?
a. Select Normal Score
INTERACTIVE
b. Toggle on Define curve and a histogram of the Channel Sands’
QUESTION: If you see
this kind of histogram porosity within the Schelde zone will appear
what would you infer
about your data c. Press the Estimate by the Min and Max boxes. This will
(bimodal, lognormal, automatically find the minimum and maximum values of the data.
skewed values, normal
distribution, outliers, d. Press Estimate by the Mean and Std. This will automatically
etc)? Is the histogram determine the mean and standard deviation of the data.
you are seeing
representative of this e. Try to fit the distribution curve to the histogram: TIP: It often helps
facies? Why or why not?
to decrease the number of interval bins.
i. Fit the distribution curve to the transformed property values 8. Under the Transformations tab
ii. Fit to a constant average curve a. Select Normal Score

Which distribution fits
best? And worst? If this iii. Fit the distribution to a normal distribution b. Toggle on Define curve and a histogram
is porosity histogram of the Channel Sands’ porosity within the
represents a small iv. Adding, deleting and dragging points on the distribution
sample of the entire Schelde zone will appear
facies porosity f. Once a representative distribution has been found press Apply
population how can you
represent the
population?
66
9. Under the Variograms tab
a. Using the knowledge from the variograms exercise conducted

earlier in the term find suitable variograms in all directions
10. Press Apply
11. Select the next zone and repeat steps 4-11 for reservoir facies only.
12. Press OK
67
SECTION 3
Porosity
In this section we will discuss pixel-based model-
ling techniques to populate our model with poros-
ity from log information.
Learning Objectives
1. To learn how to use
HELP
68
Sequential Gaussian simulation
In this section we are going to model reservoir facies using the SGS
technique and are going to give non-reservoir facies a constant value.
1. Complete the Data Analysis - Petrophysics steps
selecting the property PORO [U] and pressing CTRL + C then CTRL
+ V. A new property should appear with the prefix Copy of…
3. Rename the copied property PORO_SGS
4. Open Petrophysical modeling in the Processes pane

4. Open Petrophysical modeling in the
5. Select Edit existing then PORO_SGS [U] Processes pane
5. Select Edit existing then PORO_SGS
[U]
7. Unlock the zone by clicking the Leave settings unchanged icon 6. Select the first zone Schelde Fm
7. Unlock the zone by clicking the Leave set-
8. Toggle on the Facies button. Having both the Zones and Facies
tings unchanged icon
buttons toggled on will enable us to determine separate probability
distributions for each facies within each zone
9. Next to the Facies button select your final facies model (e.g.
Facies_final) and select a reservoir facies (e.g. Channel Sands)
10. Select Gaussian >> Sequential Gaussian simulation from the Method
for zone/facies drop-down menu
69
11. Toggle on Use variograms from Data analysis and Use vertical
proportion from Data analysis
12. Select a non-reservoir facies (e.g. Shale or Cement) from the drop-down
menu
13. Select Assign values from the Method for zone/facies drop-down
menu
14. Toggle on Constant and put in a representative value (e.g. 0.05 for
Shale and 0.02 for Cement)
15. Repeat steps 6-15 with the next zone and reservoir facies until all
zones have been completed
12. Select a non-reservoir facies (e.g. Shale or
16. Press OK
Cement) from the drop-down menu
13. Select Assign values from the Method

for zone/facies drop-down menu
70
Compare the 3 types of Kriging

porosity models by
placing them side-by-
side and by looking at
The steps for modelling with kriging are the same as those with
their histograms. Sequential Gaussian simulation except at step 12 select Kriging >>
Kriging . Remember to choose the type of kriging Simple or Ordinary in
What similarities can you the Expert >> Kriging type drop-down menu
see?
And differences?
An example of simple kriging petrophysics

modelling for each formation. Top left: Schelde
Formation, top right: Maas Formation, bot-
tom left Waal Formation, and bottom right
Schie Formation
71
EXERCISE
Exercise
(1) Select your preferred porosity model and rename it PORO_FINAL
(2) Complete these surveys on your porosity modelling choices for each formation
HELP
72
SECTION 4
Permeability
Permeability property modelling can be con-
ducted using the same methods as mentioned in
the Porosity section however there is often a rela-
tionship between porosity and permeability that
should be captured in your model. This is usually
conducted in one of two ways:
(1) by direct function determined from porosity-
permeability crossplots; or
(2) by stochastic modelling using collocated krig-
ing to porosity.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both.
We will also use the property calculator to create
model vertical permeability.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the fault modeling process within

Petrel
2. To create a vertical fault model using fault

polygons
3. To view the fault model in a 3D window
4. To create a vertical permeability property using

the property calculator
HELP
73
Direct function
In some cases permeability may have a direct relationship to porosity. In

Petrel a direct function is applied using the Property calculator. This is
What other properties done by:
could be created using
the calculator? 1. Using a spreadsheet derive porosity-permeability relationships by
zone or by facies
2. Open the Property calculator by right-clicking the Properties folder in

your 3D grid in the Models pane and selecting Calculator...
3.Enter a function or multiple functions into the field. Examples that

you may wish to use are provided below.
4.Select the Permeability property template from the Attach new to 2. Open the Property calculator by right-
clicking the Properties folder in your 3D
template drop-down menu
grid in the Models pane and selecting Calcu-
5. Press ENTER and view the new property in the Properties folder lator...
Property calculator permeability function examples
# Create a PERMEABILITY function by FACIES using an IF statement

#
# An IF statement has the form:
# PROPERTY = if( logical statement, result if statement TRUE, result if statement_
# FALSE)
#
# PERMEABILITY FUNCTION EXAMPLES
# Assumptions: ! 2 facies (FACIES=0 and FACIES=1)
Crossplot of core porosity and # ! ! ! ! Linear relationships
permeabilty from well BR-P-18 # METHOD 1 - must be conducted in multiple steps
# STEP 1
HELP
74
Collocated kriging
Look at figure: Is there a Collocated kriging can be used to model two properties that have a degree
positive or negative of dependence.
correlation between
porosity and
permeability? 1. Using the permeability property follow the same SGS steps as
described in the Porosity section (including Data analysis) except add
the following steps:
a. Open the Co-kriging tab

Where would you look to
find a correlation
coefficient value? b. Toggle on Volume
c. Select a porosity property from the Models pane and add it by

clicking the arrow button 1. Using the permeability property follow the
same SGS steps
d. Toggle on Collocated co-kriging under Method
e. Select Constant from the Coefficient drop-down menu
f. Enter a correlation coefficient value. This will be estimated by

selecting the Estimate value
g. Repeat for all facies
h. Press OK
75
Vertical Permeability
Vertical permeability may also be calculated using either a direct function

or through a co-kriging approach although more often than not a simple
Kv/Kh ratio is used. The following steps show how to apply this ratio
using the property calculator in Petrel.
1. After creating permeability model(s) select your preferred model and

rename it PERM_FINAL
2. Right-click the Properties folder in your 3D grid and select Property

Calculator
3. Enter the equation PERM_V = 0.1 * PERM_FINAL (assuming a Kv/Kh

2. Right-click the Properties folder in your
ratio of 0.1)
3D grid and select Property Calculator
4. Select the Permeability Z template from the Template drop-down
menu
5. Press Run
A new property called PERM_V will appear in the Properties folder of

your 3D grid.
76
EXERCISE
Exercise
(1) Create multiple realisations for permeability, select your preferred model and re-
name it PERM_FINAL
(2) Using core data in the PR-P-18 core data text file find an appropriate Kv/Kh ratio
and create a vertical permeability model
(3) Complete these surveys on

your permeability model-
ling choices for each forma-
tion
HELP
77
SECTION 5
Water Saturation
Water saturation can be a difficult property to
model. It can be modelled using all of the meth-
ods mentioned in the previous sections.
In this section you will be shown how to model
water saturation as a function of height using the
property calculator.
Learning Objectives
1. To understand and apply a saturation-height

function to create a water saturation model
2. To use the property calculator in Petrel
HELP
78
Property Calculator
In this example we will be using a saturation-height function property

calculator script. To save time a script has been created for you.
1. Select your best porosity and permeability properties and ensure they
are named PORO_final and PERM_final, respectively. Note: The script
will not run correctly unless these are renamed correctly.
2. In the Models pane right-click the 3D grid Properties folder and

select Calculator
3. Toggle on From file:
4. Click the ... button 1. Select your best porosity and permeability
5. Select All Files (*.*) from the drop-down menu properties and ensure they are named
PORO_final and PERM_final, respectively.
6. Navigate to “...> Brugge Exercise > Import Data > PropCalc_SW_PC” Note: The script will not run correctly unless
and select Open these are renamed correctly.
Property calculator water saturation script
#
# Creates a property for the height above Free-Water Level assuming a FWL of_
# 1670mTVDSS
HAFWL=Above(-1670)
#
#
# Determines the J(Sw) for each grid cell using J(Sw) = SQRT(k [md] / phi_
# [v/v])*(0.609086 * HAFWL [m] * (RHOw - RHOnw) [g/cc] / IFT [dynes/cm])
J_Sw=(Sqrt(PERM_FINAL/PORO_FINAL))*((0.609086*HAFWL*(1.003-0.878)/70)) HELP
79
When the script has finished you will notice three new properties (HAWFL,
J_Sw and SW_PC) in the Properties folder. All three properties have are
attached to a General template which needs to be changed. Do this by:
1. Double-click the property OR right-click Show settings…
2. Navigate to the Info tab
3. In the Template: drop-down menu select the suitable template
4. Press OK
1. Double-click the property OR right-click

Show settings…
2. Navigate to the Info tab
3. In the Template: drop-down menu select
the suitable template
4. Press OK
80
CHAPTER 6
Model Predictions
This is the last step in modelling process and
takes the completed geomodel of the reservoir
to:
(a) provide an estimate of the STOIIP; and
" (b) export to a reservoir simulator for
estimating the recovery.
81
SECTION 1
Volumetrics
In this section we will discuss the steps within Pet-
rel to obtain a volumetric results like gross rock
volume, pore volume and oil-in place for our mod-
els.
Learning Objectives
1. To use the process to obtain volume data from

Petrel
HELP
82
1. Open Volume calculation in Processes >> Utilities
2. Select Create new and give the case a name (e.g. Brugge Case)
3. Select the 3D grid you want to edit
4. In the Properties tab
a. General tab
i. Untoggle the box next to the porosity icon
ii. Select PORO_final from the drop-down menu
b. Oil tab
i. Untoggle the box next to the water saturation icon 1. Open Volume calculation in Processes
>> Utilities
ii. Select SW_PC from the drop-down menu
iii. Enter a value for Bo next to the oil formation volume factor
83
5. In the Settings tab
a. Output tab
i. Press the Report settings… button
• Toggle on/off values so that only Bulk volume, Net volume,

Pore volume and STOIIP remain
• Press OK
6. Press Run
A spreadsheet will open in the viewing window. In the spreadsheet you

will be able to find a breakdown of the Bulk volume, Net volume, Pore volume 5. In the Settings tab
and STOIIP for the whole model and by zone. These values can be copy a. Output tab
and pasted into another spreadsheet as required.
i. Press the Report settings… button
7. Press OK in the Volume calculation window to close • Toggle on/off values so that only Bulk
volume, Net volume, Pore volume and
STOIIP remain
• Press OK
6. Run
84
EXERCISE
Exercise
(1) Complete this survey on your final model volumetrics
Brugge Field
HELP
85

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What are the main steps in the modeling workflow?

What are the main steps in the modeling workflow?

What types of data are typically imported first in the modeling process?

What types of data are typically imported first in the modeling process?

Brugge Field

Petrel 2016 Exercise

Internet connection Headphones

How to use this iBook...

A step-by-step guide on how to use various processes in Petrel.

1. A word is in Bold this indicates a process or heading in Petrel

2. An icon preceded by a term in Bold is a button that will need to

4.Tapping an icon with an exclamation mark will show an additional

5. Some other iBook functions:

iv. Brightness allows you to adjust the screen brightness

v. Search allows you to search for a word or page number

vi. Bookmarks adds a bookmark on your current page

Top Structure and Faults

1. To import surfaces and fault polygons into Petrel

1. Select the Input pane

2. Right-click and select Import file...

3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 grid (ASCII) (*.*)

5. In the Template: drop-down menu ensure Elevation depth is selected

6. In the Surface type: drop-down menu select Conformable

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

Importing fault polygons

1. Select the Input pane

2. Right-click and select Import file...

3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 lines (ASCII) (*.*)

5. In the Line type: drop-down menu select Fault lines

4. Navigate to the 0_Input data folder and

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

1. To import core data from an ASCII into Petrel

Importing log data

1. Select the Input pane and expand the Wells folder

2.Expand the Brugge wells folder

3.Right-click on well BR-P-18 and select Import (on selection)...

4.Under File of Type: select Well logs (ASCII) (*.*)

6. In the window under Data type ensure MD is toggled and enter 1

d. In column Property template select Facies

9. Repeat step 7 for porosity (column 4), permeability (column 5) and

10. Select OK for all

1. To create a well section to view logs and model

2. To apply appropriate colours, styles and scales to

Opening a well section window

1. Open a new well section window in the Menu bar by selecting

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

How are the following Displaying well logs

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

1. Open a well section window

2. Toggle on one or more wells (e.g. BR-I-2 or BR-P-19) by navigating

4. Add a new track

b. Select Add new object

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

6. Define the log(s)

i. Scroll through the drop-down list entitled Templates for the

b. Enter a minimum and maximum value to be displayed. In the

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

10. Set a style to the log(s)

REMEMBER TO SAVE REGULARLY!! HELP

3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 grid (ASCII) (.)

3. Under File of Type: select CPS-3 lines (ASCII) (.)

4.Under File of Type: select Well logs (ASCII) (.)