Formación para la Investigación

Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias

Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro

I2.
DETERMINATION OF THE
RELATIONBETWEEN VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT IN
OHMIC AND NON-
OHMIC MATERIALS

“What we know is a drop of water; what we ignore is the ocean .”

ISAAC NEWTON.

RESUME

Today the technology advances exponentially and yet the vast majority depend on an electrical
source that powers its internal circuits for its operation. Assembled according to Ohm's law with a
ratio of current voltage to resistance, practically studied by analyzing data in a controlled
laboratory.

With the implementation of different measurement elements such as the multimeter and
ammeter it was possible to measure the voltage, electric current and resistance circulating
through the analyzed circuits.

INTRODUCCIÓN

In this laboratory we experimentally test Ohm's law, through the relationships that
are established between electrical potential (voltage), electric current and resistance
in different materials. It was carried out in order to analyze and compare the data
obtained through practice to reach an approximation with the theory.

In the experimentation we had limitations on the materials that were used, since the
resistance (ohmic material) had a minimum limit and a maximum limit of electric
 Formación para la Investigación
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro
current (1.8 and 2.5 respectively), and the bulb (non-ohmic material) had a limit 120 V
maximum.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Experimentally determine the voltage-to-current ratios in ohmic and non-ohmic materials.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• Experimentally determine the ratio of voltage to current.
• Experimentally find the resistance-current ratio of a circuit.
• Experimentally characterize the electrical behavior of an ohmic and non-ohmic material.

THEORIC MARK
Electric current or electrical intensity: This is the electric charge flow per unit of time that
travels a material. It is due to the movement of the loads (usually electrons) inside the
material. The instrument used to measure the intensity of the electric current is the galvanometer
which, calibrated in amps, is called an ammeter (or multimeter on the Amps scale) and is placed in
series with the conductor through which the current to be measured circulates.
 Formación para la Investigación
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro

Current measurement with an Electric Resistance multimeter: Opposition that electrons

have when moving through a conductor. For measurement, in practice there are several methods,
among which is the use of an ohmmeter (or multimeter on the ohm scale,). It connects in parallel,
taking the precaution of de-energizing the power supply of the circuit. Depending on the
magnitude of this measurement, materials can be classified into conductors, insulators, and
semiconductors.

OHM’S LAW
OHM'S LAW
The mathematical relations between voltage (V), electrical current (I) and resistance (R) is
determined by Ohm's Law.
I= R V (1)

V = Voltage or electrical voltage. Unit: Volt (v).

R = Electrical resistance. Unit: Ohm (Ω = Volt / Ampere).
I = Electric current. Unit: Ampere (A).

If a closed circuit varies the applied voltage, the current will usually also vary, depending on the
type of material or device being used. If the relationship between V and I is linear, it is said to be
 Formación para la Investigación
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro
an ohmic material or component, and equation 1 can be expressed as follows: V' R' I'm with A's
constant. (Gil, 2014). This equation is valid for certain types of materials: metals, semiconductors
and some electrolytes under special conditions (e.g. constant temperature, etc.).
If the dependency between V and I is not linear, you can always define a value of R-V /- I, but in
this case R would vary with V or I and the device under study will be non-ohmic.

Data analysis
Phase1:
Determination of the voltage-to-current ratio while maintaining constant resistance.

RESISTANCE: 46.5

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
v (V) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0,2
I (A) 0,42 0,64 0,87 1,09 1,32 1,53 1,77 1,98 2,21
1
Rexperimental: 46,5 RT: 46,107
 Formación para la Investigación
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro

R ()

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20,3 30 39,7 50,7 60,1 70,3 800 90 100,4 109,5

Phase2:
Measure the relationship between current and constant voltage resistance.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
I (A) 1,32 1,24 1,17 1,13 1,08 1,04 1,01 0,97 0,94 0,91
51,28 55,55
R () 45,455 48,387 53,097 57,692 59,406 61,856 63,829 65,934
2 6
0,021999 0,0206 0,019 0,0173 0,0168 0,0156
1/R ( 0,0188335 0,018 0,016167 0,0151667
8 7 5 3 3 7

1.

I vs R
0.79
0.76
0.72
0.67
0.63
0.58
0.53
0.47
0.41
0.34

20.3 30 39.7 50.7 60.1 70.3 800 90 100.4 109.5

 Formación para la Investigación
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro

2.

I vs 1/R
0.02
0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

1.32 1.24 1.17 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.91

m=0,0166225
The study of the slope from the graphic shows that the voltaje on the system was 0,0166225 (V).

Phase3:
Experimental data from a non-ohmic material

Datos experimentales
v 60,
20,3 30 39,7 50,7 70,3 800 90 100 109,5
(V) 1
0,5
I (A) 0,34 0,41 0,47 0,53 0,63 0,67 0,72 0,76 0,79
8
 Formación para la Investigación
Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Construimos Futuro

R ()

0.76 0.79
0.72
0.67
0.63
0.58
0.53
0.47
0.41
0.34

20,3 30 39,7 50,7 60,1 70,3 800 90 100,4 109,5

I (A)
CONCLUSIONS:
1-
2-
3-
4-