CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction

Through researching pervious concrete for this research, it was found that there has only been
a limited amount of work completed on this topic. There is some information relating to no-
fines or pervious concrete in general but very little relating to its use in pavement
applications. Nonetheless, the different applications do not significantly affect the properties
of no-fines concrete. The following sections give a brief review on fabrication, properties and
application of no-fines concrete or pervious concrete.

2.2. Definition of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete has varieties of names such as porous concrete, permeable concrete, no-
fines concrete and porous pavement. It is a special type of concrete with high permeability
rate with porosity used for roadways applications that allows water from precipitation and
other sources to pass directly through thereby reducing the runoff from a site and
allowing recharge. It is prepared by using single size of aggregates with cement and some
amount of admixture and little to no fine aggregates .Generally it is traditionally used
in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets road, pedestrian road, and houses,
swimming pool edge.

2.3. Fabrication Process

Ibrahim H.A and Razak H.A (2016) have studied the addition of palm oil clinker on
properties of pervious concrete. In this study, Palm oil clinker is taken as the coarse aggregate
in the fabrication of pervious concrete. Raw materials like Portland cement Type I,10 mm
size coarse aggregate and fixed water-cement ratio of 0.3 are used. Here, natural aggregate
are replaced by Palm oil clinker ranging from 0-100%. The test results indicated that
substitution with POC decreases the strength of the material but porosity and permeability
increases. The compressive strength of the material lies between 3.43- 9.52 MPa. It is noted
that loss in strength was about 65% is observed full replacement. However, replacement of
Palm oil clinker at 25% shows better performance among all. As such, it has been identified
as the best mix for optimum performance of the POCPC.

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Yeih W et al. (2015) have studied the engineering properties of pervious concrete made with
air-cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates. It is observed from the experiment that
porous concrete prepared from EAFS aggregates have better mechanical strength and water
permeability than that made with natural river gravels. Apart from this porous concrete made
with EAFS aggregates had a lower weight loss than that made with natural river gravels for
the soundness tests. It is found that EAFS based pervious concrete has a higher water
permeability and higher compressive strength than that made with gravels. The compressive
strength is higher than 21 MPa and water permeability is 0.01 cm/s.

Zaetang Y et al. (2015) have studied the utilization of coal ash to be geo-polymer binder to
form coarse aggregate in pervious concrete. This study explains the use of Fly Ash (FA) as a
geo-polymeric binder along with coarser aggregate to manufacture pervious concrete. During
the study properties such as effect of concentration of NaOH, replacement of fly ash with
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the impact of curing temperature pervious geo-
polymeric concrete (PGC) were analyzed . The results concluded that the strengths of geo-
polymeric concrete increased along with concentration of NaOH and replacement percentage
of OPC. It is concluded that PGC containing BA had the thermal conductivity of 0.30–0.33
W/mK, compressive strength of 5.7–8.6 MPa with density of 1466–1502 kg/m3 and it is
suitable as an eco-friendly concrete.

Zaetang Y et al. (2013) have studied the utilization of lightweight aggregates in no-
fine/porous concrete. Diatomite (DA) and pumice (PA) were used as natural LWAs in
pervious concrete. The results were compared to those of LWPC containing recycled LWA
from autoclaved aerated concrete (RA) . The results indicated that the use of DA, PA, and
RA as coarse aggregates in pervious concrete could reduce the density and thermal
conductivity about 3-4 times compared with pervious concrete containing natural aggregate.
The densities were 558–775 kg/m3 which were lower than 800 kg/m3 and suited for use as
insulating concrete. The 28-day compressive strengths of LWPCs ranged from 2.47-5.99
MPa. LWPC containing DA showed higher mechanical properties and a lower thermal
conductivity than those of RA and PA. However ,PA exhibited higher water permeability.
The thermal conductivity coefficients of LWPCs were 0.16 and 0.25 W/mK which was
slightly higher than that of autoclaved aerated concrete and similar to low density LWCs.
LWPC containing DA exhibited a higher quality of mechanical properties and a lower
thermal conductivity than those of RA and PA. However, LWPC containing PA showed the
highest water permeability.

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Kuo W.T et al. (2013) have studied the utilization of washed municipal solid waste
incinerator bottom ash as a coarse aggregate in pervious concrete. In the present study
washed municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) was used as aggregate in
pervious concrete. Various mechanical properties such as permeability test, compressive
strength, tensile strength of the material are carried out. The test results show that the unit
weight of the MSWIBA was lies between 1653–2080 kg/m3.The tensile and bending
strengths were approximately 1/9 and 1/4 of the compressive strength respectively.

Gesoglu M. et al. (2014) investigating the properties of pervious concretes containing waste
tire rubber. Three types of rubber were used in the production of rubberized plain pervious
concrete mixtures which obtained by partially replacing the aggregate with rubber. Here,
water-cement (w/c) ratio, moist curing period, and rubber contents by total aggregate volume
were considered as experimental parameters. The results compared with non-rubberized
pervious concrete (control) mixture. Finally it is concluded that the use of rubber significantly
improve the engineering properties and permeability.

Hossain T et al. (2012) have studied the pervious concrete using brick chips as coarse
aggregate-An experimental study. The properties of pervious concrete such as strength,
permeability and void ratio were investigated. Different sizes of aggregate were used here.
Stone aggregates were also used here for comparison purposes. Relationships among various
parameters i.e. strength, void ratio, aggregate size, permeability for two different pervious
concrete are also presented here. It can be seen that pervious concrete made of brick chips
performs well in respect of permeability. However; the strength of this concrete is lower than
that of the stone aggregate concrete. Brick aggregate can effectively be used as a coarse
aggregate in pervious concrete. From experiment it was found that strength of brick aggregate
pervious concrete is less than that of stone aggregate concrete for same aggregate size.
However, permeability of brick aggregate pervious concrete is higher than stone aggregate
pervious concrete. Thus brick aggregate can be used in pervious concrete in places where
load is comparatively less and more permeability is required. Mixture of different size of
brick aggregate may produce higher strength concrete therefore; will increase its suitability
and scope of applications.

Nguyen H.D et al. (2013) have studied the use of seashell by-products (SBP) considered as
coarse aggregate in pervious concrete pavers. Here, 20%, 40% and 60% of SBP were added
to the mixture by replacing the natural aggregates. The test result showed that pervious
concrete containing less than 40% SBP had better strengths with good permeability and void

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content which is nearly to the pervious concrete containing with only natural aggregate. The
mix design that contained 40% SBP or higher had a significant loss in strength and an
increase in permeability and a void content. It is concluded that optimum replacement
percentage for SBP in pervious concrete is 40 % direct replacement of natural coarse
aggregate.

Mishra N. et al.(2015) have studied paper investigate the proportion of ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS) to be used to attain a good pervious geo-polymer concrete . It was
prepared from fly ash class-C, sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide solution and coarse
aggregate various ratio of fly ash and GGBS was used. The physical and mechanical
properties of pervious geo-polymer concrete (PGC) will be beneficial for the forthcoming use
of fly ash and GGBS geo-polymer in the construction field of pervious concrete which will
lead to reduce the cement consumption and environmental issue.

Tho-in T et al. (2012) have studied pervious high calcium fly ash geo-polymer pervious
concrete (PGC) .It is prepared by the mixture of lignite fly ash (FA), sodium silicate (NS),
sodium hydroxide (NH) solution and coarse aggregate. While preparing the mixture the FA to
coarse aggregate ratio of 1:8 by weight, with constant NS/NH ratio of 0.50, alkaline
liquid/FA (L/A) ratios of 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 and NH concentrations of 10, 15 and 20 M
were maintained. The results showed the compressive strengths of the material lies between
5.4 -11.4 MPa and splitting tensile strengths between 0.7 -1.4 MPa were obtained. The high
void contents at 28.7–30.4% led to the high water permeability coefficients between 1.92 -
5.96 cm/s. Since it has high void content, the densities of PGC were found between 1680 and
1820 kg/m3.

Putman B.J and Neptune A.I (2011) have studied the comparison of the test specimen
preparation techniques for pervious concrete pavement. This study mainly focused
fabrication of pervious concrete having similar properties of pervious concrete pavements.
The comparison of the specimens based on its density, porosity and infiltration rate. In the
cylinder consolidation procedure the standard proctor hammer provided the least variability
of results and yielded properties similar to the in place of pavement . However, 600 m square
slabs were even more consistent with in the place pavement density and porosity. It is
concluded that the infiltration rate of pervious concrete pavement can be variable for a no of
factors such as mix variability, mix delivery timing, placement practices and weather.

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Jang J.G et al. (2015) have studied a novel eco-friendly porous concrete fabricated with coal
ash and geo polymeric binder: Heavy metal leaching characteristics and compressive strength
Here, coal bottom ash is taken as coarse aggregate and geo-polymer as binder. The test
results showed the concentrations of heavy metals which leached from the bottom ash in
porous concrete were below the selected criteria, and the characteristics of geo-polymer
dominantly affect the diffusion of heavy metals from bottom ash. It is concluded that the
porous concrete developed in this study can effectively immobilize heavy metals as
solidified/stabilized product.
2.4. General engineering Properties of Pervious concrete

Yang J. and Jiang G.(2003) have evaluated the experimental study on properties of
pavement material. In the present study porous material were introduced for roadway
application. By introduction of smaller sized aggregate, super plasticizer and silica fume can
enhance the strength of the pervious concrete. It is concluded that the material can achieve
maximum compressive strength of 50 MPa and the flexural strength 6 MPa. Controlling the
pressing force to keep the unit weight of 1900-2100 kg/m3 can ensure good wear penetration.

Patil S.S and Khurd V.G (2016) have investigated the stress and deflection response analysis
of a concrete pavement resting on elastic foundation (spring foundation) subjected to static
circular wheel loads at interior, edge and corner part of concrete pavement by using
Westergaard‟s closed form solution and compare the results with A3D-FE modelling in
ANSYS. The study reveals that Finite Element Method can be applicable and reliable tool for
concrete pavement analysis.

Darshan S.Shah et al.(2014) studied the hardened properties of pervious concrete.

Compressive strength, split Tensile Strength and flexural Strength are included in hardened
properties of pervious concrete. To investigate the result of compressive strength, cubes of
size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm are prepared and for flexural strength, beams of size 500
mm x 100 mm x 100 mm are prepared and investigation should be carried out at a regular
interval of 7,14 and 28 days . Mix design were prepared in the ratio such as 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10
with different size of gravel such as 18.75 mm and 9.375 mm should be used to check both
these hardened properties of pervious concrete . Test results indicates that smaller size of
gravel (9.375 mm gravel) has more Compressive Strength (12.71 N/mm2 ) and Flexural
Strength (1.91 N/mm2 ) with 1:6 concrete mix proportion and for OPC 53 Grade Cement .

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Maguesvari M.U. and Narshima V.L., (2013) have Studies on characterization of pervious
concrete for pavement application. The study gives a preliminary idea about the influence of
fine aggregate and coarse aggregate on the properties of pervious Concrete. The raw
materials used are OPC type-1 and fine aggregate size between 4.75 -9mm , 9-12.5 mm, 12.5-
16 mm, 16-19.5 mm . The mixes were made by maintaining water cement ratio of 0.34,
cement content is 400 kg/m3 and aggregate cement ratio is 4.75:1. The study concluded that,
the compressive strength is noted 10-26 N/m2 when the angularity number varied from 8 to 4.
Similarly coefficient of permeability increases form 0.4 cm/sec to 1.26 cm/sec when the
angularity number is in the range of 4 to 8.

Fu T C et al. (2014) have studied the influence of aggregate size and binder material on the
properties of pervious concrete. Specimens were prepared by altering parameters such as
aggregate sizes, binder materials and the amounts of binder used and subsequently tested by
using permeability, porosity, mechanical strength, and soundness tests. The results indicated
that the water permeability coefficient and connected porosity decreased as the amount of
binder used increased and increased with increasing aggregate size. In the mechanical
strength test, the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths increased as the amount
of binder used increased and decreased with the increase of aggregate size.

Huang B et al. (2010) have studied the laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of
polymer-modified pervious concrete. Now-a-days the demand of pervious concrete is
increased because of ground water recharging. But due to its low it can't be used in highway
pavement structure. A laboratory experiment was done to know about its strength by using
latex polymer. This study mainly focused on permeability as well as porosity of the pervious
concrete. A part from this latex sand and fiber were included to enhance the strength
properties of pervious concrete. It is possible to produce pervious concrete mixture with
acceptable permeability and strength through the combination of latex and sand. Based on
this study it is concluded that, by using latex, natural sand and fiber, it is possible to prepare a
pervious concrete with both enough drainage and strength properties.

Sharma S et al. (2012) have studied the mechanical properties of pervious concrete. The
objective of the work is effects of cement to coarse aggregate ratio and percentage of fine
aggregates on the properties of pervious concrete. It is found that the maximum strength is
obtained by 20 mm size aggregate with water to cement ratio 1:4 . The compressive of the
materials found to be 17.91 N/mm2 in 7 days and 27.1 N/mm2 at 28days. The water
permeability of order 3.39 X10-4 cm/sec was achieved which is about 3.4 times more

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permeable than high permeability concrete. It is observed that compressive strength of the
material increased by addition of 5% fine. As the increase in cement: total aggregate ratio, the
compressive strength of the material decreased .Hence 1:4 mix proportions gave good
strength properties as compared to 1:5 mix proportions . Split tensile strength for 1:5 cement:
total aggregate mix increased by about 220% with addition of 10% fine aggregate when
compared with mix having no fine aggregates. The flexural strength of the material increased
up to 50 % with addition of 10% fine aggregates.

Jain A.K and Chouhan J.S et al. (2012) have studied the effect of shape of aggregate on
compressive strength and permeability properties of pervious concrete. It found that the
strength and permeability of pervious concrete depend upon the shape and size of the
aggregate and water to cement ratio. It may be concluded that for all sizes of aggregates and
compressive strength of pervious concrete vary inversely with the angularity number of the
aggregate. Similarly, for all types of aggregates pervious concrete mix prepared using smaller
size of aggregates demonstrated higher compressive strength.

Alaica A.L et al. (2010) have carried out his experiment on optimizing strength and
permeability of pervious concrete. This paper mainly focused on evaluating the performance
of different pervious concrete mixture is an endeavor to achieve an optimized mix with
adequate tensile strength and porosity. Apart from this, a relationship was investigated
between permeability and porosity of different mixture. The mix design variables
investigated in this study included aggregate to cementing materials ratio (A/C), aggregate
gradation, cementing material blend, ternary blend of silica fume/slag and metakaolin/slag
were examined. Single and hybrid fiber systems were also evaluated. These included
wollastonite natural fibers and polypropylene macro-fibers. From the above, the following
results are comes out. An optimized pervious concrete mix was achieved using aggregate size
of 10-13mm, cement to aggregate to ratio of 1:4 and a ternary cementing blend of silica fume
and slag. Testing of tensile strength revealed that the addition of wollastonite and
polypropylene fibers improved the strength of the paste

Lee M J et al. (2013) have studied the purification study of pervious concrete pavement. In
this paper emphasis more given on water quality and pollutants leached from pervious
concrete. This main aims to study the pervious concrete pavement by pollutants such as acid
rain, sea water or waste lubricants oil. The result shows that pollutants and water purification
of pervious Concrete pavement both significantly improved in the acid rain, sea water or
waste motor oil test. A dilute H2SO4 solution (pH value 2.0) after the pervious system could

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significantly enhance its pH value 6.5 above. So pervious concrete pavement is valuable for
road design and hydrologic consideration. The above study demonstrates that pervious
Concrete specimen shows that the water penetration increases as the duration increases but
the compression test and flexural test remain unchanged as the duration increases. Sea water
(salt content 3.6 %) after the pervious Concrete pavement system the salt content is 0.1 % at
sub-base layer (soil) but remain unchanged at base layer (gravel). Similarly, effect of dilute
H2SO4 solution (pH = 2.0) after the pervious Concrete pavement test box its pH value is 6.93.
In this case oil acid effect is much low in sub-base layer as compression to base layer. In case
of waster motor oil with certain water after the previous concrete pavement text box could
significantly reduce to oil content to 1 %. In this case pervious concretes sub-base layer has
taken a key role for removing oil capacity. The test result show that water purification and
pollutant of pervious concrete pavement both significantly improved in the acid rain, sea
water or waste lubricating oil test.

LIM E et al. (2013) have analyzed the effect of mix proportion on strength and permeability
of pervious concrete for use in pavement. In this study more focus is given in order to achieve
high-strength, high porosity and permeability pervious concrete pavement with mix
proportions various terms of cement content, coarse aggregate to cement ratio (CA/C) and
water-cement (W/C) ratio were changed . Finally the optimum condition is chosen where the
design concrete can gives maximum strength and porosity also the admixture polymer super
plasticizers were added to the mixture to examine their effect on the strength and porosity. It
is concluded that a water cement ratio of 0.2 gives compressive strength less than15 MPa but
a high permeability rate of approximately 20 mm/s. Similarly, with w/c ratio of 0.3 and CA/C
ratio of 4.25 shows compressive strength of 13.9 MPa, flexural strength of 3MPa with high
porosity of more than 20%. It is also seen that the use of high cement content of 495 kg/m3 in
the mix resulted in high compressive strengths of 51.8MPa, flexural strength of more than4
MPa.However, permeability was reduced to approximately 1 mm/s.Finally, it is concluded
that, it is possible to construct pervious concrete without inhibiting its mechanical properties
by maintaining CA/C ratio 4.25 and w/c ratio 0.3 with addition of comb polymer super
plasticizer.

Shah D.S and Pitroda J.K et al. (2014) have studied an experimental study on durability and
water absorption properties of pervious concrete. In this work different shapes of cylinder of
size 100 mm and 200 mm height are prepared to investigate both these properties . This
experiment is carried out at the end of the 28 days for water absorption and 56 days for

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durability in which cylinders are immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution after 28 days
of casting. Mix proportion such as 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 with different size of gravel such as
18:78 mm and 9.37 mm used to determine both these properties of pervious Concrete. It is
reflected that mix ratio 1:6 snows more durability and less water absorption and in case of
1:10 ratio seems that more water absorption and less durability. From the experimental result
following conclusions were found out .The18:75 mm size gravel with 1:10 mix proportion
made with organic Portland cement shows height water absorption percentage (1.08%)
compared to other similarity, gravel size 9.375 mm with 1:10 mix has more water absorption
percentage 0.68% compared to other. In case of durability 18.75 mm size gravel with 1:6
properties on is more durable (0.34%) compared to other. Mixing ratio 1:6 of 9.375 mm
gravel also show high durability (0.36%) compared to other. So it's concluded that, water
absorption and durability inversely proportional to each other. The mix design made by 1:6
mix proportions has more durability and less water absorption and Concrete made by 1:10
mix proportion has high value of water absorption and less durability.

Ajamu S.O et al. (2012) have studied the evaluation of structural performance of pervious
concrete in construction. In the present research structural property and permeability of
pervious concrete made with different coarse aggregate size is presented. In this experiment
different aggregate to cement ratio used. Coarse aggregate size 9.375 mm, 18.75 mm were
used for preparation of pervious concrete. In this study, aggregate/cement ratio of 6:1, 8:1
and 10:1 respectively were used to produce three different batches of fresh concrete using
18.75 mm. aggregate size and same ratio were used for 9.75 mm. Coarse aggregate size to
produce another three different batches. In each case it was found that, cement to aggregate
ratio 1:6 gave the highest compressive strength compared to cement/aggregate ratio 1:8 and
1:10. It seems that aggregate size 18:75 mm shows compressive strength 8 N/mm2, similarly
in case of 9.75 mm aggregate has compressive strength 10.8 N/mm2. It was found that cement
to aggregate ratio 1:10 produced pervious concrete of higher co-efficient of permeability of
3.12 × 10-3 cm/sec and 3.89 × 10-3 cm/sec for aggregate size 9.375 mm and 18.75 mm
respectively. From the above experiment it is concluded that shape and size of the aggregate
may affect the strength and permeability properties of the porous concrete. The mixture with
higher cement to aggregate ratio 1:8 and 1:10 is considered to be useful for a pavement that
requires low compressive strength and high permeability rate.

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Aoki Y et al. (2012), have studied on properties of pervious concrete containing fly ash. Here
the use of cement is partially replaced by fly ash in pervious concrete. Various properties of
pervious concrete samples including density, porosity, compressive strength, water
permeability and drying shrinkage have been carefully measured. The test result concluded
that, higher porosity resulted higher water permeability but decrease in compressive strength.
There was no significant difference between properties of pervious concrete samples
containing fly ash and those samples comprising only cement as a cementitious agent.

Sonia Rahman et al. (2014) have studied the long term drainage performance of pervious
concrete pavements in Canada .No-fine concrete can eradicate the problems like storm water
management. The open pore structure present inside the body system helps to pass the and
join the natural ground water. Previously, pervious concrete pavement has been used in parts
of Europe and the southern United States for many years the practice of using it in northern
cold climates such as Canada is more recent. It includes the performance analysis,
permeability evaluation and strength assessment. However, collecting drainage characteristic
data from instruments such as the moisture gauge measurements, strain gauge at three sites
have continued to be monitored.

Patil V.R et al. (2014) have investigated the use of pervious concrete in construction of
pavement for improving their performance. Now-a-days cities are covered by air and water
proof concrete road and building structure. In addition, the environment of city is far from
natural. Due to lack of air permeability and water permeability of the common concrete
pavement the rainwater is not filtered underground due to which plants are difficult to grow
normally. Apart from this it is difficult for soil to exchange heat and moisture with air.
Therefore, the temperature and humidity of the earth's surface in large cities cannot be
adjusted which leads to hot island in city. During rainy days flash on the road reduces the
safety of traffic of vehicle and foot passenger. The research on pervious pavement materials
was initiated in the US and Japan since 1980s. Pervious concrete pavement has been used for
over 30 years in England and the United States. In Europe and Japan, pervious concrete is
also widely applied for roadway applications as a surface course to improve skid resistance
and reduce traffic noise. Due to the presence of high porosity the strength of the material is
relatively poor. The compressive strength of the material lies in between 3 – 30 MPa. The
pervious concrete can only be applied to squares, footpaths, parking lots, and paths in parks.

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2.5. Applications

Vázquez-Rivera N I et al.(2015 ) have studied Optimization of pervious concrete containing

fly ash and iron oxide nano particles and its application for phosphorus removal. The
Compressive strength 2.5-13.5 MPa, permeability 5.3-17.4 mm/s void content ranged 12–
22% and density and 2120–2360 kg/m3 respectively. W/B and FA/B had significant impacts
on all the PCPC properties, whereas ENP/B produced significance only for the compressive
strength. PC was optimized with 0.35 W/B, 0.15 FA/B and 0.05 ENP/B. The laboratory
prepared pervious concrete can remove phosphorus with the first-order removal constant at
0.031 h-1 and the Freundlich isotherm constant at 2.48 mg1-1/n kg-1 L1/n .

Shah D.S et al.(2013) have studied the application of Pervious concrete: New Era for Rural
Road Pavement. This paper gives an preliminary about that pervious concrete is a relatively
new concept for rural road pavement with increase into the problems in rural area relates to
low ground water level and agricultural problem. Pervious Concrete material is more
favorable due to its ability to allow water to flow through itself to recharge ground water
level and minimize storm water runoff. In rural area cost effecting is an important factor . So
that in this area costly storm water management is not applicable pervious concrete is unique
and effective means to meet growing environmental demands. This technology creates more
efficient land use by eliminating the need for retention ponds. It comes to know that, pervious
concrete pavement in rural oceans becomes more suitable to meet the rural area requirement
such as reduce storm water runoff and ground water recharging. So it is possible to prepare
1m × 1m× 0.15m size pavement with durability properties with a minimum case of Rs 29 per
m3 or Rs 193 per m2 or Rs. 18 per feet2.

Shihui Shen et al. (2012) have studied the Pervious concrete with titanium dioxide as a photo
catalyst compound for a greener urban road environment .This study investigate the photo
catalytic effect of titanium dioxide ( TiO2) applied into pervious concrete pavement to
remove some of these pollutant from the air, so that pervious concrete pavement can be
installed for sustainable application such as storm water management and air pollutant
removal. The photo catalyst, TiO2 activates with uv-radiation to oxidize air pollutants such as
nitrogen oxide (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A study was conducted by
complementing TiO2 on the surface of pervious concrete to determine the photo catalytic
activity of the concrete. It was found that nitrogen oxide (NO) was efficiency removed with
each of the treatment, while volatile organic compounds displayed more variability in
removal efficiency. Different coating methods can cause different degree of infiltration rate

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reduction depending on the specific design of coating when previous concrete was compared
to traditional concrete, pervious concrete shows higher (NO) reduction. Research concluded
that pavement may be highly exposed to polluted air. Applying TiO2 to pavement might
enhance the removal of emission at street level unlike traditional non-pervious pavement, the
high porosity and surface of pervious concrete pavement allow more TiO2 particles to have
direct contact with uv-light and thus improve removal efficiency. The open pore structure of
pervious concrete might also protect TiO2 particles from traffic loading and environmental
weathering in addition to being a sustainable transport facility for storm water runoff
management, previous concrete when coated with TiO2 and widely implemented in urban
roads and highway shoulders may resulted in improved air quality and thus a multi-phase
cleaner transportation environment for future generation. For example, placing TiO2 coated
pervious concrete in school loading lanes where school buses stop and parking frequently
could help reduce the high NOx emission from the diesel engines of the buses, therefore offer
a cleaner environment to the children.

Carsana M et al. (2013) have studied the use of no-fines concrete as a building material
strength durability properties of and corrosion protection of embedded steel. In this work,
mechanical, durability-related properties and the protection provided by no-fines concrete to
embedded steel against carbonation-induced corrosion have been investigated on mixtures
with compressive strength in the range 7-30 MPa. Additional protections, such as a mixed-in
hydrophobic admixture, the coating of cement paste on the reinforcing bar or the use of
galvanized or stainless steel bars, are also considered. The test results show that, although no-
fines concrete with water /cement ratio 0.34 to 0.41 and aggregate/cement ratio of 4-8 were
subjected to fast carbonation and it cannot provide long-term passivation to embedded steel.

Morgenroth J et al.(2013) have studied the belowground effects of porous pavements-Soil

moisture and chemical properties. In this present study, porous pavements on soil moisture
and chemistry as they relate to urban vegetation were investigated in Christchurch, New
Zealand. An experiment was established comprising 25 plots evenly distributed amongst
controls (no pavement, exposed soil) and four different pavement treatments a factorial
combination of pavement type (porous, impervious) and pavement profile design (including
or excluding a greywacke gravel base). Results indicate that pavements altered soil pH from
moderately acidic (pH = 5.75) to more neutral levels (pH = 6.3). The effect on pH was
greater beneath porous pavements, and also when a gravel base was included. Concentration
of soil Al, Fe, and Mg decreased, while Na increased beneath pavements.

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Ravindrarajah Sri R. and Yukari A., (2010) have studied the environmentally friendly
pervious concrete for sustainable construction. This paper reports an experimental
investigation into the, physical and engineering properties of pervious concrete having
varying amount of low calcium fly ash as the cement replacement material. Various
properties of pervious concrete were studied such as porosity, unit weight, and compressive
strength, weight loss on drying, free drying shrinkage and water permeability under constant
head. It seems that porosity has significant effect on compressive strength and permeability of
pervious concrete. Replacement of 50% cement by fly ash had no significant effect on water
permeability but it was noted that there is a marginal strength effect of pervious concrete.
Three previous concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing 0,20 and 50% of fly ash and its
properties were studied. Based on the data, it is obtained that there is a co-relation between
strength and porosity and between permeability and porosity. It also found that pervious
concrete maintain a porosity range of 15- 30%. Also it is assuming that replacement of 50%
of cement has no significant effect on water permeability. So it is possible to prepare
environment friendly pervious concrete with significantly reduced amount of Portland cement
with fly ash.

Shackel B .,(2006) have studied the Design of permeable paving subject to traffic. This paper
describes the permeable paving offers significant benefits over conventional pavements in
terms of sustainability and environmental impact. In particular the selection, specification and
characterization of the materials used in the surface base and sub-base of permeable
pavements require designers to modify existing design methodologies to facilitate water
movement through the pavements whilst maintaining satisfactory serviceability under traffic
in saturated conditions. The concepts of permeable pavement design are outlined and the
need to integrate with water sensitive urban design principles is emphasized. Progress in the
characterization and development of permeable pavement materials is described and current
design data are assessed. The use of such data in the design of permeable pavements is then
discussed.

Belatte N et al. (2010) have studied the Sustainability benefits of pervious concrete pavement
Portland cement pervious concrete is a material of increasing interest for parking lots and
other application because of its important sustainability benefits. Pavement concrete greatly
reduces the quantity of runoff and first flush pollution from parking areas and can enhance
ground water recharge. Also it's found that light colored pavement material can help mitigate
urban heat Island effect. In urban lands care pavement concrete provides durable cost-

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effective pavements that restore hydrologic function and generate environ mental services.
Apart from this, it also an important tool for storm water management and offers considerable
environmental benefits. However high quality, durable pavement concrete is still not an easy
task proper mixture must be developed and placed, compacted and curing it correctly. It's
found that pavement concrete offer important sustainability benefits such as storm water
management mitigate heat Island effect and ground water recharging.

2.6. Summary of the Review

The above literature review provides an outline on various methods adopted for the
preparation of pervious concrete and there are where abouts with relation to physico-
chemical-mechanical properties of the building material. In this review various methods are
compared and the best method with reference to the material processing, aggregate
preparation, sintering, mixing etc is being estimated. This gives an idea about to measure
parameters are strength, porosity, permeability, lechability and durability etc.From the above
review concept has been generated that

(a) So far whichever pervious concrete are prepared there aggregate strength is very low
i.e. lies in the range of 5 MPa.
(b) The pervious concrete which have been generated carries low compressive strength
high abrasion values along with low durability which is not suitable for roadway
application

In this context the aim of the research targets a new alternative route for making potential
pervious concrete which can be recommended for field trial applications. The main objective
of the work is

(a) Achieving maximum compressive strength without inhibiting permeability

(b) High durability and low loss material in terms low value of abrasion
(c) Zero lechability

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