Gradomodels
Gradomodels
Gradomodels
Page
GENERAL INFORMATION ■ General Information 2
■ Technical Information 13
The principles of control engineering
■ Applications 25
OVERVIEW ■ Industrial Controllers 26
■ Temperature Controllers
■ Indicators
Good reasons
for working with Hengstler
All technical data and information contained in mine himself the suitability of the product for
this catalog, including the graphics, were collec- the intended use.
ted and compiled with the utmost care.
This catalog provides information on products All technical data is subject to alterations. For
and accessories, which, however, does not questions of technical nature or regarding prices
constitute any guarantee for technical data or and delivery, please contact our company head-
features. The user of these products must deter- quarters or field service employees.
Experience
■ Hengstler was founded in 1846 and
has been manufacturing: counters:
since 1926, printers: since 1970,
sensors: since 1987, relays: since 1983...
Innovation
■ Product development is based on state-of-the-art technology
Talk to Hengstler.
We can offer solutions.
Special advantages:
■ Enhanced dynamic behavior
■ Reduced mounting times
■ Fewer mounting parts required
■ Reduced mounting depth
More information
Please order our Encoder Catalog and Printing and Cutting Applications
Inductive Measuring Systems brochure.
Please contact your local distributor, Innovative solutions in the field of printers
addresses see from page 10. and cutters are further assets offered by
Hengstler. Hengstler components offer spe-
cial benefits: they are highly reliable, main-
tenance-free and easy to handle, even when
it gets down to changing paper.
More information
Please order our Relay Catalog on
CD-ROM and brochures.
Please contact your local distributor,
addresses see from page 10.
4. Delivery
Your orders are shipped on time, at the deli-
very dates requested by you and also as part- 4
shipments, if required. Customer orders are
always entered directly, which ensures high
flexibility and short delivery times despite
our wide range of different products. And –
if there should be an emergency despite all
careful planning – we’ll be prepared to ship
at once.
Customer Advantages 5 6
■ Overnight
If you order a product from our
main product list before 10.00
a.m., your order will be shipped on
the same day.
The controlled system The controlled system is that part of an installation whose process variable is to be kept
constant.
It is here that the measurements are taken and any necessary adjustments are made to counter
the effect of disturbance variables.
Familiarity with the controlled system is necessary to select the correct control unit (controller).
We distinguish the type of controlled system on the basis of the controlled variable. In the
case of a heated tool or an industrial furnace, the temperature is the controlled variable.
Consequently, we are dealing with a controlled temperature system. When a container needs
to be filled, we may be talking about a controlled pressure system or a controlled liquid level
system. Other controlled systems may refer to revolutions, current, voltage, mixing ratios,
humidity, speed, etc.
When the controlled system exhibits a state of equilibrium and an influencing variable is chan-
ged by a constant amount, a new state of equilibrium will be reached in most controlled
systems after a certain period of time. These types of controlled systems are called controlled
systems with equalization.
Disturbance variables
Controlled
Control input variable
Controlled system
The dynamics of the controlled system are defined by the time response exhibited when abrupt
changes are made in an influencing variable. This can be shown in characteristic curves. When
sinusoidal changes are implemented in the influencing variables, frequency response diagrams
or circle diagrams may become necessary. Nevertheless, the best evaluation is that based on
the step response process.
Y
Y = Control output
100 %
t = Time
y2
<y
y1
0%
Start time point t
Reversal point
X
x2
X = Process variable
t = Time
Tu = Delay time
Tg = Equalization time
x1
t
Figure 2: Step response of Tu Tg
a typical controlled
temperature system
The step response of a controlled system is determined by abruptly changing the system’s input
variable at the specified operating point by a safe amount (e.g. 10%). The ensuing reaction is
recorded and evaluated.
In the above diagram the upper graph shows the step change in the control output and the
lower graph shows the change in the progress variable (from X1 to X2) with respect to time.
∆x
If a tangent to the process variable curve is drawn at the point where ∆t is a maximum, the
points of interaction of that tangent with the lines representing X = X1 and X = X2 determine
the times Tu and Tg. Delay time Tu refers to the time lag exhibited by the system, and depen-
ding on the amount of the delay one speaks of 1st order controlled systems, 2nd order
controlled systems, ...nth order controlled systems, and so on. The variables Tu and Tg are deter-
mined by applying the tangent at the reversal point with the points of intersection as shown
in the diagram. The controllability can be estimated on the basis of the ratio between Tu and
Tg.
In addition, the controlled system can also be classified as a fast or slow controlled system.
Another important criterion is the transfer coefficient of the system Ks. It is the proportional
action factor between the control output and controlled variable Ks = y/x.
TYPES OF CONTROL UNITS Control units can be classified as continuous-action (linear) or discontinuous-action (non-
linear) controllers. Amongst the linear controllers, a distinction is made between two-point
controllers, three-point controllers, three-point-step controllers, multi-controllers, which, in
turn, can be divided into controllers with or without auxiliary power. Depending on the
demands set in connection with the controlling task, one further distinguishes between mecha-
nical and constructional aspects. Single-loop and dual-loop controllers are differentiated as
well as system controllers, compact controllers and programmed controllers. Another diffe-
rentiation is based on control response.
Control Controller
variable
w xw
Control variable
x
y Control
output
Controlled system
Process variable Controlling
element
THE CONTROL LOOP Regulating and controlling are two concepts that are often confused. The term „regulating“
refers to the continuous measurement of the controlled variable (actual value) and its being
compared to another variable (reference variable = setpoint). Depending on the result of this
comparison, it is then brought into line with the reference variable. This type of control loop
is called a closed loop. A control system does not exhibit this kind of independent action. The
influence of variables, also by disturbance variables, on the controlled variable is not measured
and, hence, not compared. The loop is not closed. The compact controllers included in this
catalog are designed for industrial applications and are available in different sizes. All devices
are high-quality measuring instruments and incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Our R+D
and production processes have been certified according to ISO 9000. The CE regulations are
observed, and usually the devices are also UL-approved.
APPLICATION The controllers allow direct connection of thermocouples and resistance thermometers.
Moreover, most models can also be connected to standardized signals such as 0 (4)...20 mA
or 0 (2)...10 V. Due to their adjustable scaling function the devices can also control pressure,
flow rates, humidity, speed, position, length changes, angles of rotation, etc. as well as tem-
perature values. Up to four outputs can be provided for system control.
The outstanding control response exhibited by the devices is ideal for use in the production of
plastics or rubber, for lithographic processes used in the production of semiconductors, for sur-
face treatment processes in all kinds of areas, for drying processes, in the refinement of steel
and other materials, for baking clay, ceramics, porcelain, enamel, etc., as well as in packaging
technology, for cooling and freezing, and many other applications.
Pt100
Con-
troller
mA V Thermocouples
TWO-POINT CONTROLLERS Two-point controllers are classified as non-linear controllers. They only have two output sta-
tes: On or Off. The simplest variant, also called On-Off controller or Black-White controller,
Two-point controllers with on/off switches on the control output y as long as the process variable x is below the reference varia-
control response ble w, and switches off when x is greater than w. These types of controllers are used as limit
controllers or in simple temperature control systems with oil burners
(see Fig. 6).
A smaller oscillation x can be obtained by reducing the delay time Tu and hysteresis xsd as
well as by increasing the recovery time. All switching controllers described in this catalog can
be configured for On-Off behavior. Insofar as the intended application permits, the two-step
controller with time response should be used because it provides a significantly better control
response (see Fig. 7).
y Set value w
On
Off
Differential gap x
Hysteresis xsd
X Tu Tg
Y t
Ein Controller
output
Aus
CONTROLLERS WITH DIFFERENT In most cases, temperature control systems are slow systems. For example, when an oven has
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS to be heated up to a temperature of 500°, high energy supply can lead to fast heating, whereas
less energy is needed to hold this temperature value. The regenerative capacity of the oven
Controllers with P control will result in a gradual adaptation of the temperature value to the set value.
characteristics (pulse-width For an On/Off controller, sudden switching ON or OFF the energy supply will result in signifi-
modulated output) cant fluctuations, which can be compensated by increasing the switching frequency.
To do this, the On/Off switching response within a defined range (proportional band xp) is set
to cyclic action. This cyclic On/Off switching phase is combined with a fixed pulse repetition
period, which is determined according to the switching elements being used and the moment
of inertia of the controlled system.
With slow controlled systems, a pulse repetition period Ty of 30 seconds constitutes a good
time value. Pulse repetition periods of 1 second can be selected for faster controlled systems
or if you are independent of mechanical constraints, e.g. by using semiconductor elements
(solid-state relays) or thyristors. At a line frequency of 50 Hz, control output resolution comes
to 1 %.
Within the proportional band there is a proportional correlation between the deviation and
the controller output. This enables quasi-continuous action by means of a two-term control-
ler.A steady condition has been reached when the amount of supplied energy equals the amo-
unt of energy taken up or dissipated.If such equalization is not reached at an energy supply of
50 %, this will result in a permanent deviation from setpoint value Xpa. The deviation can be
compensated by shifting the operating point towards the setpoint value. Any disturbances will
not be controlled but will be transferred in proportion to their magnitude.
Time
Figure 8: Energy curve of a
temperature controlled system
x x Proportional band xp
Off
xPA
t
w
On Curve of the
process variable
y
Figure 9: Control characteristics of a
two-point controller with P-behavior
Y
Ty
On w
Off
X
xp
Figure 10: Pulse-width modulation
CONTROLLERS WITH DIFFERENT The basic structure of a two-term controller with PID behavior exhibits the functions descri-
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS bed in the previous section. In addition to its proportional behavior, an integrating and
differentiating component are active. Proportional effects are added to these components.
PI control response Adding an integral time constant establishes a proportional correlation between the control
rate and control difference. The ruling parameter Tn is the time required by the integral
proportion to reach the changed setting effected by the proportional part, or the time value
upon expiration of which the proportional effect has doubled at a constant controlled
variable/condition.
The I-proportion compensates for the deviation which usually occurs during P (proportional)
control behavior. A slight hysteresis results in a gradual change of the control output. The direct
proportional adjustment becomes effective immediately, followed by a slight readjustment by
the integral proportion which is performed until the deviation is balanced out. This behavior
is also advantageous for controlled systems exhibiting dead times, but is disadvantageous for
very slow controlled systems.
y
xe
yp
xa
t
Tn
Figure 11: Characteristic
curve of PI controller
yD
t
Tv
Figure 12: Rise response – PD-response
PD control response Rate time constant Tv is the D-response parameter, which is defined as the time value by which
the rise response of a PD control unit reaches a defined value of the control parameter soo-
ner than a simple P-control system. The D component effects a change in the output signal
which is proportional to the rate of the input signal.
The amount of Yd (Fig. 12) is ruled by the change rate of the input signal of a PD-control unit.
The D-proportion effects an immediate change in the control signal due to a fast change of
the input signal. Hence, the PD controller responds directly to disturbances by changing the
control signal. However, the permanent deviation of the P-proportion is not balanced.
PID control response A combination of these three response types gives optimal control response, provided that the
parameters xp, Tn and Tv are set correctly. The controlled system parameters can be determi-
ned from the characteristic curve of the controlled system, and the adjusting values can be
calculated on the basis of known procedures. Using modern microcontroller techniques, these
calculations can be performed by integrated optimization (self-tuning) functions.
y Integral
effect
Differential
effect
Effect of
the P-
proportion
t
Figure 13: Characterstic curve
of a PID controller
DUAL OUTPUT CONTROLLERS In contrast to two-point controllers, dual output controllers exhibit three output states On-
Off-On or High-Low-High, and also enable base load - controlled load applications. The cha-
racteristic curve shown in Figure 14 allows the following conclusion:
If the controlled variable exceeds the set value w1, the control output is reset to ya. If the con-
trolled variable continues to rise and exceeds
the set value of w2, it is reset to the lowest Y
control output, yk. If the controlled variable
falls again, the control output is reset to max.
yh
xsd
output. It must be noted that the differential
gap xsd (hysteresis), which is allocated to each
switching point, has to be overcome.
ya
Nevertheless, a time-proportional pulse width xsd
modulation is also required for improved con-
trol characteristics (see two-point controllers yk
with P-response). Typical applications are hea-
ting-cooling control systems in machines used
x
in the production of plastic or climatic cham-
bers. The control response is configured for PID w1 w2
control response.
In addition to the parameters already descri- Figure 14: Characteristic
bed for two-term controllers, a dead band zone curve of a three-term controller
(OL) or overlap zone (-OL) can be set between
both outputs. This enables continuous transition between the heating and cooling processes.
The different transmitting properties of the controlled heating and cooling system are com-
pensated by adjusting the output power limitation ymax together with the xp-setting. As long
as there is no proportional time response required for the cooling output, this output can be
configured for ON-OFF-behavior. Figure 15 shows the effects of these parameter settings.
xp1
y Ausg. 1 Ausg. 2
Fig.: 15a
w x
Fig.: 15b
OL
xp2 xp2"
Fig.: 15c
xp1
Fig.: 15d
y2max
w diff2
Fig.: 15e
OL
-OL
Figure 15:
Heating-cooling function
Open-loop Three-point-step controllers are a variant of three-point controllers. They exhibit specific con-
valve-motor-drive-controllers trol response for triggering control elements with motor-driven adjustment. The respective
outputs effect clockwise rotation, standstill, and counterclockwise rotation of a motor-driven
control element.
Continuous-action controllers These types of controllers exhibit linear mA or V-outputs instead of switching outputs
and supply a continuous output signal corresponding to their control response. The control
output can assume any value between 0 - 100 % within the adjusting range (extending from
0 (4)…20 mA or 0…10 V).
OPTIMIZING THE CONTROL Most HENGSTLER control units are equipped with an automatic parameter adjustment fea-
PARAMETERS ture with two processes, which considerably simplifies the time-consuming optimization of
PID control parameters when starting up or when the control system of a process has been
changed. Consequently, a manual adjustment usually will not be necessary anymore.
Pre-tuning of parameters Pre-tuning of parameters is carried out when the controlled variable has reached about 50%
of the setpoint. Such an adjustment procedure is initialized during start-up and executes a
step response. At the time value to the control action of the control output is changed over.
The ensuing step response serves as the basis for calculating the control parameters P, I and
D, as well as P2 in three-term controllers. In open-loop valve-motor-drive controllers this serves
to determine the settings for parameters P and I. Subsequently, the optimization function
switches off and the controller starts approaching its set value. Before activating the pre-
tuning function, the proportional time has to be set according to the type of controlled system
and, if necessary, other parameters that vary with time.
Automatic self-tuning The parameters are adjusted once during the pre-tuning. The self-tuning function, however,
can be activated permanently. It is carried out directly at the set value and can be executed
instead of a preliminary adjustment, if the controlled system will not suffer any detrimental
effects when the process variable is overshot beyond the set value. Nonetheless, it is recom-
mended that the adjustment include both a preliminary adjustment and automatic self-tuning
function. In this case a rough adjustment is carried out first, followed by fine-tuning when the
system has settled at the set value. Due to the non-linearity of the controlled system a preli-
minary adjustment alone would not be optimal. An adjustment to the setpoint is not recom-
mendable because of the preceding overshooting. Preliminary adjustment together with auto-
matic self-tuning provides the optimal solution for determining the correct parameter settings.
w
Self-tuning
function
x
x
Pre-tuning
t0 T t
Optimization and control Imagine a temperature controller - when started up the first time – already familiar with the
with RaPID Control properties of the controlled system and which would react to its special characteristics.
In other words, that it would be better than a well-adjusted PID controller. Surely you would
be happy if any disturbance of the controlled system could be corrected quickly and optimally.
HENGSTLER’s control units with RaPID control response offer such properties. No adjustments
need to be made for optimizing and setting the controllers to the controlled system. The con-
trol unit works like a control engineer with many years of experience, and adjusts the para-
meters while observing the process and control system. Hence, it provides better control fea-
tures than would be possible with a PID system alone.
RaPID control stands for ‘Response-Assisted PID Behavior’. The centerpiece of this behavior is
a fuzzy-logic software that dynamically executes the parameter settings of the PID parts. Con-
trary to the adjustment methods generally applied up to now, such as pre-tuning, self-tuning,
auto-tuning, etc., the system is controlled effectively before an oscillation needed to calcu-
late the parameters is completely applied. Any disturbance is optimally counteracted by imme-
diately changing the parameter settings.
PID RaPID t
PID RaPID t
PID RaPID
■ Easy operation
■ State-of-the-art technology
■ Versatility
■ Reliability due to self-tuning functions
■ Compact DIN dimensions and attractive design
■ Low prices and short delivery times
or Alarm output
Relay or Logic for SSR drive
Output 3 Alarm output Alarm output
Relay or Logic for SSR drive Relay or Logic for SSR drive
Page 33 37
Recorder output
Linear: mA or Volt
Output 4 not available not available
Page 40 43
or Alarm output
Relay or Logic for SSR drive Relay or Logic for SSR drive
Output 3 Alarm output Alarm output
Relay or Logic for SSR drive Relay or Logic for SSR drive
Page 46 50
Page 53 56
Recorder output
Linear: mA or Volt
Output 4 not available
Page 59
25 mm 22.5 mm
grado 901
grado 902
grado 904
grado 905 48 mm 45 mm
grado 906
grado 964
grado 911
grado 912
grado 913
grado 916
96 mm 92 mm
grado 921
grado 922 96 mm 92 mm
grado 923
grado 924
96 92
mm mm
■ Trouble-free communication
System compatibility via optional RS 485
interface; configuration values adjustable
by means of a convenient PC program.
■ Reliability:
High scanning rate (4 x /s) ensures fast
response in the event of disturbances.
■ Flexibility:
Enhanced flexibility by means of a second
setpoint value which makes it possible to
change between both setpoint values.
Free configuration is offered for a univer-
sal input for the resistance thermometer
(Pt 100), Thermocouples (all common
types) or analog signals (V, mV, mA).
Wide selection of output types (relay,
logic or DC linear).
4 LED indicators:
1
SET: Unit in parameter mode of
operation (blinks)
2 AT: Self-optimisation of the control
SET AT AL
parameters is active (auto-tuning)
AL: Alarm pending
A/M F 1 and 2: Output 1 and 2, respectively, active
Keys:
A/M Change-over from automatic to manual mode of operation for
adjustment of the output power
Up and down for adjustment of values
F
Function key for entering the various programming levels
45+0,5-0,0
1
48
2
SET At
AT ALM
A/M
48 100 45+0.5-0.0
grado911
92+0.5-0.0
1
SET AT
At ALM
96 A/M F
96 100 92+0.5-0.0
grado921
92+0.5-0.0
1
96
SET AT
At ALM
A/M F
Dimensions in mm
PROGRAMMING
Operator mode
setpoint adjustment
F F
within
>5 secs of
power-up
F F
Definition of hardware
Set up mode – Definition code
– Options
The clear division of parameters into 3 operating levels (operator, set up, and configuration
mode of operation) allows for easy operation and setting of the controller.
In standard mode of operation, the setpoint is adjusted by simply pressing the arrow keys.
On the parameter level, numerous control parameters can be adjusted to the control task. The
adjustment of the PID control parameters is possible in an even easier way by automatic preli-
minary and self-adjustment.
The configuration level comprises parameters for adjustment of the inputs and outputs as well
as the hardware.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
Type 901
OUTPUT 3
RELAYS
N/C C N/O
SSR/DC
- +
+
N/O 1 16 17 18 7
C 2 8
SSR/DC
RELAYS
OUTPUT 1
AC line voltage
N/C 3 9 L -
DC voltage
–
- + -
4 10 N +
- + -
5 11 A set value change-over
linear mA
linear mV
PT100
INPUT
RS485
thermocouple
+ 6 13 14 15 12 B +
+ -
SSR/DC
N/O C N/C
RELAYS
OUTPUT 2
RELAYS
N/C C N/O
SSR/DC
- +
90...264V50/60Hz
20...50V50/60Hz
9 10 11 12 13 line -
22...65VDC
2 14 neutral +
7 15
A
RS485
Universal input 5 17
+ 4 18 CO
- - -
3 19 N/C
+ + C
2 20
RELAYS
LOGIC
OUTPUT 1
PT100
- +
1 24 23 22 21 N/O
linear (mA) linear(V/mV) T/C
N/O C N/C
RELAYS
+ -
SSR/DC
OUTPUT 2
–Z
Input Output 1, 2, 3
1 Resistance thermometer 0 none 4 DC 0-20 mA
PT 100 (mV) 1 Relay 5 DC 0-5 V
2 Thermocouple 2 Logic 7 DC 4-20 mA
3 mA input 3 DC 0-10 V
4 V input
■ Dual four digit red and green display for measured variable and setpoint.
■ Easy setpoint adjustment and parameter setup via microswitches behind front membrane.
■ Universal sensor input. Thermocouples, three wire RTD, DC linear mA or mV, V
■ Input ranges selectable from the front panel
■ Universal power supply 90 to 264 V AC or optional 24 V AC/DC
■ IP 65 sealed front panel
■ Auto / Manual control (selectable)
■ Pre-tune and self-tune functions
■ Output 3 can be used as alarm 1 or as linear output for measured variable or setpoint
■ Optional RS 485 comms port
■ Dual setpoint
■ CE marked to comply with EN 50081 and EN 50082 EMC specifacations
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions in mm
N/O 1 16 17 18 7
OUTPUT 1
Relay
C 2 8
N/C 3 9 -
22...65 V DC
L
RS 485 90...264 V
50/60 Hz
Serial 50/60 Hz
20...50 V
~
SUPPLY
+ - - 4 10 N
+
UNIVERSAL
Thermocouple
Linear (V/mV)
Linear (mA)
INPUT
+ + 5 11
RTD
A Comms. -
selection
setpoint
Dual
- 6 13 14 15 12 B
+
N/O C N/C
RELAY
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 3
RELAY
N/C C N/O
DC Linear
- +
-
22...65 V DC
90...264 V
50/60 Hz
50/60 Hz
11 12
20...50 V
9 10 13 L
~
SUPPLY
8 14 N +
7 15
6 16 B +
selection
RS 485 Serial
setpoint
Dual
Comms.
5 17 A -
+ 4 18 COM
Thermocouple
Linear (mA)
Linear (V/mV)
UNIVERSAL
- - 3 19 N/C
OUTPUT 1
INPUT
Relay
+ + 2 20 C
PT100
- 1 23 N/O
24 22 21
N/O C N/C
RELAY
OUTPUT 2
Option
ORDERING CODE 00 Not fitted (90…264 V 50/60 Hz 30 Dual Setpoint
Type
0902 48 x 48 mm 02 Line Supply 24 V AC/DC 32 Dual Setpoint and
0912 48 x 96 mm 10 RS 485 Communications Line Supply 24 V DC/AC
0922 96 x 96 mm 12 RS 485 Communications and
Line Supply 24 V DC/AC
09 2–Z 11
Input Output 1 Output 2 Output 3
1 Resistance thermometer 1 Relay 1 Relay 0 none
2 Thermocouple 1 Relay
3 Linear mV 2 SSR/DC
4 Linear mA 3 Linear 0-10 V
4 Linear 0-20 mA
5 Linear 0-5 V
7 Linear 4-20 mA
The instrument can be configured to act as either a “high limit” unit, where the relay will de-
energise when the PV is above the limit setpoint, or a “low limit” where the relay will de-ener-
gise when the PV falls below the setpoint. LED indicators show when limits have been excee-
ded and when the relay is latched.
■ Dual four digit red and green display for measured variable and setpoint
■ Simple setup with password protection
■ Universal sensor input. Thermocouples, three wire RTD, DC linear mA or mV, V
■ Input ranges selectable from the front panel
■ Universal power supply 90 to 264 V AC or optional 24 V AC/DC
■ IP 65 sealed front panel
■ Front or remote reset (selectable)
■ Limit relay output
■ Optional annunciator output second alarm or linear output for measured variable or
setpoint
■ Optional RS 485 comms port
■ CE marked to comply with EN 50081 and EN 50082 EMC specifacations
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions in mm
N/O 1 16 17 18 7
Relay
LIMIT
C 2 8
N/C 3 9 -
22...65 V DC
RS 485 90...264 V
L
Serial 50/60 Hz
50/60 Hz
20...50 V
SUPPLY
+ - - 4 10 N
~ +
UNIVERSAL
Thermocouple
PT100
Linear (V/mV)
Linear (mA)
INPUT
+ + 5 11 A
Comms.
Rese t
Remote
Input
- 6 13 14 15 12 B
N/O C N/C
RELAIS
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 3
RELAY
N/C C N/O
DC
- +
22...65 V DC
90...264 V
50/60 Hz
50/60 Hz
9 10 11 12 13 L 20...50 V
SUPPLY
8 14 N
~ +
7 15
6 16 B
RS 485 Serial
Rese t
Remote
Input
Comms.
5 17 A
+ 4 18 COM
Thermocouple
Linear (mA)
Linear (V/mV)
UNIVERSAL
- - 3 19 N/C
INPUT
Relay
LIMIT
+ + 2 20 C
PT100
- 1 23 N/O
24 22 21
N/O C N/C
RELAY
OUTPUT 2
09 4–Z 1
Input Output 1 Output 2 Output 3
1 Resistance thermometer 1 Relay 1 Relay 0 none
2 Thermocouple Limit 1 Relay
3 Linear mV 3 Linear 0-10 V
4 Linear mA 4 Linear 0-20 mA
5 Linear 0-5 V
7 Linear 4-20 mA
Versatility
Typical applications are in the fields of packaging machines, tool heating, plastics processing
machines, soldering units, food preparation, furnace construction, distilling and desiccation
installations, and bakery machines, among other things.
DISPLAY grado 905 High luminosity red LED-display for set and actual value
ON CONTROL
4 LED indicators:
Set-up: Unit in parameter mode
of operation (blinks)
AL: Alarm pending (blinks)
SP AL SETUP
or Alarm set value is displayed
SP: Setpoint is displayed
F ON CONTROL: Actual and set values
correspond (to +/- 0.5%)
DIMENSIONS
110 45 +0,5 –0,0
48
grado 905
ON CONTROL
45 +0,5 –0,0
48
SP AL SETUP
Dimensions in mm
PROGRAMMING
setpoint adjustment
▲ F ▲ F
> 3 secs > 6 secs at
▲ F power-up ▲ F
Configuration mode
Set up mode
The clear division of parameters into 3 operating levels (normal, set up and configuration
modes of operation) allows for easy operation and setting of the controller.
In normal operation mode the setpoint is adjusted by simply pressing the arrow keys.
On the parameter level only a few settings are necessary since the PID control parameter set-
ting occurs automatically.
The configuration level comprises the setting of the measurement range and of the type of
alarm.
output alarm 1
relay
C 2 8 C
AC line voltage
internally
DC voltage
N/C –
bridged
3 9 L
thermocouple
4 10 N
5 11 C output alarm 1'
PT100
6 12 N/O
ORDERING CODE
Type 0905 Operating manual
Temperature controller 0 None
(48 mm x 48 mm) Alarm 1 English
0 None 2 French
1 Relay 3 German
0905–Z 0 0 M
Output Operating voltage
Input
1 Relay 0 90 - 264 V AC
1 Resistance thermometer
2 Logic 2 24 V AC/DC nominal
PT 100 (mV)
2 Thermocouple
Soft Start
Setpoint
Soft start
Setpoint
Ramp rate depends
on the power limitation
Starting time
CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM
OUTPUT 3
Type 906, 916 RELAY
OUTPUT 1
Input –
heat-current
RELAY
monitoring
AC DC
Line voltage Voltage
Thermocouple
(optional)
INPUT
Alternating
setpoint value
Quick transfer
RELAY
OUTPUT 2 OUTPUT 2 OUTPUT 4
Output 3
DC linear
- +
RELAY
N/C C N/O
Optional
96 - 264 V AC
20 - 50 V AC
~
22...65 V
9 10 11 12 13
(Standard)
-
DC
28 14 ~ +
heat-current
monitoring
7 15
Input
6 16 B + Optional:
Dual setpoint or
- Quick transfer
25 17 A
RS485
4 18 COM
Thermocouple
- 3 19 N/C -
INPUT
Output 1
RELAY
+
SSR
2 20 C
PT100
1 24 23 22 21 N/O +
N/O C N/C
RELAY 24 23 22
Output 2
N/O C N/O
Output 2 Output 4
Optional: Dual-Relay
DIMENSIONS
grado 916
Dimensions in mm
09 6–Z
Input Output 1 Output 3
1 Pt 100 linear mV 1 Relay 0 None
2 Thermocouple 2 SSR 2 Relay (alarm 1 or
heat-current alarm)
3 Linear 0 - 10 V
4 Linear 0 - 20 mA
5 Linear 0 - 5 V
7 Linear 4 - 20 mA
The new grado RaPID temperature controllers were specifically designed to improve the sett-
ling response during start-up and in the event of process malfunctions. These controllers mini-
mize overshooting and significantly reduce start-up times.
RaPID controllers are PID controllers supported by fuzzy logic. To achieve optimal control cha-
racteristics, you simply start up the system using the usual automatic parameter checking
found throughout the “grado” family and then switch on the RaPID function with a simple key
stroke.
UNIQUE RaPID (Response-assisted PID) is a unique function based on fuzzy logic. In an on-line process,
RAPID FUZZY LOGIC the traditional PID parameters are continuously compiled by a fuzzy logic according to their
P, I and D proportions. Instead of providing computing functions, such as self-tuning, auto-
tuning, which await the end of the previous function, RaPID responds immediately, which
makes controlling significantly faster and prevents expansion of the interference amplitude.
The RaPID function allows non-linear response of the controller. Such linguistic descriptions
as ”warmer“ or ”faster“ are recognized and applied correctly.
Our illustration below shows a comparison of a standard PID controller in a load simulation
of 1st order, a time constant of 80 and 30 seconds and a delay time of 7 seconds.
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions in mm
External selection
of setpoint
V, mV, mA
External Poti-Max
input Dual setpoint
of setpoint V, mV, mA
Poti-Middle selection
Poti-Min
Universal
OUTPUT 1
input
Relay
SSR
Relay
OUTPUT 2
ORDERING CODE
Output 2 Options
0 None 10 RS 485 interface
1 Relay 30 Alternating setpoint
2 DC/SSR 02 Power supply 24 V AC/DC
3 Linear 0 - 10 V 12 RS 485 interface and power
4 Linear 0 - 20 mA supply 24 V DC/AC
Type 0913 (48 mm x 96 mm)
5 Linear 0 - 5 V 32 Alternating setpoint and
Type 0923 (96 mm x 96 mm)
7 Linear 4 - 20 mA power supply 24 V DC/AC
09 3–Z R
Output 1 2nd Analog input
Input Output 3
1 Relay R1 External setpoint
1 Pt 100 linear mV 0 None
2 DC/SSR DC Linear mV
2 Thermocouple 1 Relay
3 Linear 0 - 10 V R3 External setpoint
3 Linear mA 2 DC/SSR
4 Linear 0 - 20 mA DC Linear mA
4 Linear V 3 Linear 0 - 10 V
5 Linear 0 - 5 V R4 External setpoint
4 Linear 0 - 20 mA
7 Linear 4 - 20 mA DC Linear V
5 Linear 0 - 5 V
R8 Alternat. setpoint
7 Linear 4 - 20 mA
switching
R9 Potentiometer
Grado indicators are ideal if you wish to indicate temperature, pressure or other analog mea-
suring values. They offer universal measuring inputs combined with low costs and excellent
readability.
Enhanced flexibility is ensured by a multitude of different options.
A plug-type modular design allows customized use, i.e. costs depend on application-specific
requirements. Grado can be operated and configured from the front panel or by means of the
configuration software (via the standard socket at the PC).
DISPLAY
1
2
Alarm status indicators
3
SET
DIMENSIONS
grado 918
Dimensions in mm
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
22...65 VDC
Type 918
-
+
20...50 V 50/60Hz RS 485 Interface
OUTPUT 1
90...264 V 50/60Hz
External reset
RELAY
Neutral
COM
Line
N/O
N/C
C
A
B
Transmitter power supply
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
N/O
N/C
-
+
12 22
OUTPUT 3
OUTPUT 2
RELAY
RELAY
DC
C
11 23
N/O C
-
N/C
+
10 24
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PT 100
T/C
-
+ +
Linear (V/mV)
-
Linear (mA)
–
+
Universal input
ORDERING CODE
Output 2
0 None Options
1 Relay 10 RS 485 interface
3 Linear 0 - 10 V 02 Power supply22-50 V DC/AC
4 Linear 0 - 20 mA 30 External (remote) reset
5 Linear 0 - 5 V 12 RS 485 and 24 V DC/AC
7 Linear 4 - 20 mA 30 External (remote) reset
Type grado 918 and 24 V DC/AC
0918–Z 1 J
Input Output 1 Output 3 LED colors
1 Pt 100 linear mV 1 Relay 0 None 0 Red LEDs
2 Thermocouple 1 Relay 1 Green LEDs
3 Linear (mA) 8 Ext. transmitter
4 Linear (V) power supply
DIMENSIONS
48 mm 100 mm 45 mm
+ 0,6-0,0
22,5 mm
25 mm
+ 0,3-0,0
ca.10 mm
Dimensions in mm
Resistance thermometer
(Pt100) Line voltage
Thermocouple and
DC (mV) 24 VAC (optional)
DC (mA)
12-30 VDC (optional)
universal input
Note
ORDERING CODE
Display and supply voltage
0 Green display Line voltage 230 V AC
Type 0932 (48 mm x 24 mm) 1 Red display Line voltage 230 V AC
2 Green display Electrical supply 24 V AC/DC
3 Red display Electrical supply 24 V AC/DC
0932–Y M
Control output and Manual
Option
alarm output 1 0 None
0 None
00 Undefined (indicator) 1 Operating and
1 Alarm output 2: relay
12 Control output: Relay installation instructions
2 RS 485 interface
Alarm output 1: SSR drive output (3 languages)
Modbus protocol
21 Control output: SSR drive output 2 Operating instructions
Alarm output 1: Relay (3 languages)
Universal input
Input: Thermocouple
Input: Pt 100
Input: DC linear voltage or current
The grado 964 is one of the most powerful profile controllers for its size available anywhere,
offering unrivalled ease-of-use. In addition to a 4 program, 16 free-format segment profiling
capability, it also features the proven RaPID (Response assisted PID) fuzzy based control algo-
rithm, which provides faster and more accurate control, with simple set-up and use.
PROGRAM SOFTWARE
CONFIGURATION SOFTWARE
The PC software is installed under Windows. The connection from the PC to the process con-
troller is made with a special RS232/485 adapter cable. The parameter values can be confir-
med by clicking them or tipped in directly through the push buttons. It is possible to jump from
the programme level to the configuration level. Both windows can remain open on screen to
have a constant overview of the controller configuration.
DIMENSIONS
48 110
grado 964
48
RUN At EVT
RUN
45 +0,5 -0,0
+0,5 -0,0
Dimensions in mm
45
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
Type 964 OUTPUT 3
RELAY
N/C C N/O
TRIAC
~
SSR/DC +
-
1 16 17 18 7
OUTPUT 1
SSR/DC
~
RELAY
C
2 8
DC voltage
N/C -
3 9 L -
+ - -
4 10 N +
Linear mA
Linear mV
Thermocouple
+
INPUUT
+
PT100
5 11 A -
External
-
6 13 14 15 12 B + RUN/HOLD
+ -
SSR/DC
~
TRIAC
N/O C N/C
RELAY
OUTPUT 2
ORDERING CODE
Output 2 Options
0 not fitted 00 90...264 V 50/60 Hz
1 Relay 10 RS 485 interface
2 DC for SSR 30 External input Run/Hold
3 linear 0…10 V 02 line voltage 24 VAC/DC
4 linear 0…20 mA 12 RS 485 interface and
Type 0 964 5 linear 0…5 V line voltage 24 VDC/DC
(48 mm x 48 mm) 7 linear 4…20 mA 32 External inpout Run/Hold and
8 Triac line voltage 24 VDC/DC
0 96 4 –Z
Input Output 1 Output 3
1 Pt 100 linear mV 1 Relay 0 not fitted
2 Thermocouple 2 DC for SSR 1 Relay
3 linear mA 3 linear 0…10V 3 linear 0…10 V
4 linear V 4 linear 0…20 mA 4 linear 0…20 mA
5 linear 0…5 V 5 linear 0…5 V
7 linear 4…20 mA 7 linear 4…20 mA
8 Triac
Solid state relays (SSRs) are suitable for frequent switching of resistive loads (thermal loads).
In order to achieve reliable and constant switching properties of the indicated load current,
the relays must be fitted with appropriately dimensioned heat sinks. To protect them against
short-circuits within the load circuit, they must be equipped with super-fast-blo fuses.
Ordinary automatic fuses are totally unsuitable and much too slow to protect SSRs.
Therefore, we strongly recommend that you use the fuses and fuse holders for C-rail moun-
ting listed below.
Design:
INTERFACE CONVERTERS The SCIA 485 interface converter can be used to connect one or more controllers with RS
485/RS 422 interface to a system with an RS 232 interface (e.g., PC, PLC, etc.). The required
direction control is effected automatically.
BLIND PLATES Blind plates are used to cover vacant panel cutouts or any cutouts that remain after inserting
a smaller controller type into a given aperture.
Description:
The cover plate and spring-type clamps are made of black plastic. The spring-type clamps are
pressed onto the adjusting pins in the cover plate.
AUXILIARY CONTROLLER BOARDS Further technical information can be obtained from the ordering information of the requested
controller type.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS Current transformers are to be connected directly to grado type 906 controllers.
Accuracy The controllers have a measuring accuracy of 0.25% (always related to the span of the
measuring range)
→ Input span
Actual value Display of the measured signal after digital filtering and offset.
This displayed actual value rules all related parameters, e.g. PID parameters, alarm parame-
ters, etc.
Analog interface If output 3 is a linear output, it can be allocated an actual value or setpoint. This signal can
then be processed by other systems (e.g. PC, recorder, etc.).
Band alarm Dependent on the setpoint value. Becomes active if the process variable exceeds the set value
plus alarm value, or if the process variable is less than the setpoint minus alarm value. Can be
configured as an ON or OFF function in the event of an alarm.
Compensating cable Extension cable for thermocouple connections, consisting of a material that exhibits the same
properties as the thermocouple up to a temperature of 200 °C.
Compensating cables are less expensive than comparable thermocouple cables.
Configuration Hardware adjustments and parameter settings for the desired application
Continuous-action controller The control output of the linear controller is a current or voltage signal that can assume any
value between 0 - 100 %.
Continuous-action output Also described as analog or linear output. Current or voltage output which can assume any
value between 0 - 100 %.
Control The control function is used to monitor the production process as compared to a predefined
value (setpoint value) and to automatically eliminate any deviations or malfunctions.
Control loop Controllers can only fulfill their tasks in a closed control loop. The sensor acquires the process
temperature and transmits it to the controller input. The controller compares this actual value
to the adjusted setpoint value and, by means of the adjusted PID-parameters, calculates the
control variable. This control variable determines the power supplied to the process via an
actuator. The process response is recorded by the sensor and the control loop is thus closed.
Control loop alarm Special alarm which detects errors in the control loop by continuously checking the influence
of the actual value on signal changes at the outputs.
The loop alarm time is twice the value of the integral time constant (for PID control), or is set
as a parameter value (for ON/OFF control)
Controller Instrument which compares an input signal (actual value) to a predefined setting (setpoint
value) and adjusts the control output (control variable) after performing a calculation (PID
algorithm).
Deviation alarm This alarm is dependent on the setpoint value and becomes active if the alarm value has been
exceeded (positive prefix) or fallen below (negative prefix). It can be configured as an ON or
OFF function in the event of an alarm.
Digital interface Bus-compatible RS485 interface. A simple ASCII protocol allows reading and/or writing all
control parameters.
Dual setpoint This option allows setting two setpoints and to change over between these values externally
by means of a potential-isolated contact.
Dual setpoint This option allows the setting of two setpoints values and then can be selected by a external
potential free contact
External setpoint The external setpoint is a current signal or voltage signal which is externally transmitted to
the controller. Changeover between internal or external setpoint is possible.
Filter Digital filter for the suppression of interference pulses and/or for smoothing the measuring
signal
Initial setting Factory-adjusted parameters or settings adjusted after a change in the controller configura-
tion or after strong impact of disturbances.
Input code Four-digit code for selecting the desired measuring range.
Entry via the configuration menu.
Input span Span extending from the lowest to the highest input value.
Example:
Input span for Ni-CrNi thermocouple
(measuring range from - 200 °C to +1373 °C) = 1573 K.
This value rules the accuracy and proportional band parameters.
Input type Four different input types are available for configuration:
Thermocouples
Resistance thermometer Pt 100 (or mV signal)
Measuring transmitter with voltage output
Measuring transmitter with current output
Linearization Thermocouple sensor signals or resistance thermometer signals are non-linear to “temperature
values; therefore the controller software includes a linearization” function.
Locking The parameter setting environment (menu) is protected against unauthorizedaccess by means
of a four-digit, variable code number.
Manual parameter setting Control parameters (PID and others) are figured out and adjusted by the user.
Modes of operation “Manual operation: The control loop is opened; the user selects the output” power manually
by means of the arrow keys.
“Automatic operation: The control loop is closed; the output power is” calculated by the con-
troller .
ON/OFF Controller Switches off when the setpoint value is exceeded and switches ON again when the setpoint
value has been fallen below.
“Adjustable ON- OFF hysteresis. Fluctuations of the actual value in the range of” the setpoint
value are normal and function-dependent.
Operating elements Front panel keys for selecting functions and adjusting parameter values.
Operating strategy Determines the type of information and adjusting options available to the user during normal
operation.
Optional boards Small boards (or modules) by means of which the controller hardware can be upgraded or con-
verted within its technical specification
Output One distinguishes between the output function (control output, alarm output) and output type
(relay contacts, SSR control, continuous current/voltage, etc.)
Output power The output signal calculated by the controller is the output power variable. It can assume
values in the range of 0 -to +100 % (two-point controllers) or -100 to +100 % (three point
controllers).
The value of the control variable currently returned by the continuous-action or quasi-conti-
nuous-action controller is the output power in %.
The max. value of the control variable can be set by means of the output power limit para-
meter.
Overlap This parameter can be used to influence the transition of the control outputs of a three-point
controller (heating/cooling). Positive values lead to overlapping, which means, heating is still
ON and cooling starts at the same time. Negative values result in a dead band zone, which
means that the heating process is stopped and a “dead band zone” follows before cooling is
started.
Parameter setting Parameters are set in a protected parameter software menu (protection by means of code num-
ber) in order to adapt the controller to its specific control application.
PID controller Controller which enables wide-scale adjustment of the control parameters proportional band
(P), integral time (I) and differential time (D). The PID control algorithm is suitable for a mul-
titude of processes.
Process alarm This alarm is independent of the setpoint value and adjustable within the entire input span. It
can be configured for deviation high alarm or deviation low alarm and can also be configured
to include an ON or OFF function in the event of an alarm.
Product code Composed of the model description and Z—-number. The model description defines the instru-
ment size and function, e.g. grado 911 industrial controller in an 48 x 96 DIN case (the Z—
number defines the hardware version), e.g. Z1234/10 input Pt 100, output 1 SSR, output 2 0-
10 V output 3 0-20 mA, interface RS 485
Proportional time Time required by an active output for one switching-On and one switching-Off cycle
Ramp function This function can be activated in order to prevent temperature shocks. The ramp rate is an
adjustable value per hour (°C/h).
The setpoint value changes internally at the adjusted ramp rate.
Scaling Adapts the display of controllers with standard signal input to the actual physical magnitude
by means of a starting value, end value and decimal point parameters.
Self-tuning The control parameters (PID) are monitored by the self-tuning function and readjusted as
necessary.
Setpoint This is the parameter to which the application process should be controlled
Setpoint limits This parameters limits the range of setpoint adjustments in normal user operation
Three point controller The controller has two control outputs and can have three conditions e.g. Heat - OFF - Cool
Two point controller The controller has one control output and can have two conditions e.g. Heat - OFF