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JULY, 1917 15 CENTS
POPULAR ELECTRICAL NEWS ILLUSTRATED

OLD U.S. BATTLESHIPS 1
TO THE FRONT '
SEE PAGE I 70
^ LARGEST CIRCULATION OF ANY ELECTRICAL PUBLICATION

MEN WANTED AS
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AFTER HOME STUDY

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Dept. 37,
CHIEF EXGIXEER.
439 Cass Chicago,
St.,
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Illinois.
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Chicago Engineering Works,
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Without obligation on my part kindly send at once, fully prepaid,

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For the next 30 days I am giving each student an Outfit of
Electrical Testing Instruments. Tools, Electrical materials, and
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this outfit is used in working out the lessons. Practical training
with the theory makes perfect. I am Chief Engineer of the Chicago
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,J^ >'^" ^^^ '" ^^»' earnest I want to send you my new Book—
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particulars of your complete Practical Home Study Course in Elec- | — It's different because it's practical — Write today.
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Name I CHICAGO ENGINEERING WORKS
j
Dept. 37 :: 439 CASS STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.
A<ldress
Town State
yon benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

July, 1917 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 161
V
Head tkii^Keinai^kablF Offei .'
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This is a very limited offer. It may be withdrawn at any time, due to the
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162 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July. 1917
MRTTMESGllfbr
More EleclViciang
Without the help of trained electricians on our battleships, in the army and in the thousands of man-
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President and Director
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Wicks Electrical Institute
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A. W. WICKS.
Wicks
B.S., E.E.,
EUectrical Institute
Director ^
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RUSH THIS COUPON
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I
Dept. 537
CHICAGO, ILL. \A at the earliest possible
trician's job.
moment to prove your patriotism by stepping into an Expert Elec-
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^ ALBERT WOOD WICKS, President and Director
if
^Sl.i.S.i'îi Jl
^ Wicks Electrical Institute
\ Dept 537 81 W. Randolph Street CHICAGO
'I4mjs^
You benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Expcrinn nhctt uriting to adierttsers.
— — :
Electrical Experimemiter
233 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK
PuMisht by Experimenter Publishing Company, Inc. (H. Gernsljack, President; S. Gernsback, Treasurer^ 233 Fulton Street, New York
Vol.V Whole No. 51 CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1917 No. 3
OLD U. &. UATrLESUll-S TO THK FRONT ...li..nt C . TL»T1N(^ RADIO LNITS WITH DUM.MV ANTENNA
From a paintinB by deorRC Wall By Frank C. Perkins 186
LOCATING AND UESTKOYING SUBMARINES WITH A REU 165
HOW RADIO BROUGHT THE NEWS TO THE FARM
I.HJHT UAV The story of Archie Banks 189
166
"nEVER' SEE^:
'.
WIRELESS ON THE AMERICAN SUBMARINE CHASERS
HOW lyE'sUBMARINE CAN'Hif 'a SHIP'lf
By H. Winfield Secor
'.
167 By Samuel Cohen 190
DOES RADIANT MGIIT POSSESS WEIGHT?. By A. R. McPherson 168 AN IMPROVED BURGLAR AL.\RM UTILIZING THE "STICK
WAR AND RADIO IN THE MOVIES..... ........... 169 REL.W" By Albert H. Beiler 194
U S BATTLESHIPS TO RUN ON LAND By H. Gernsback 170 CONSTRUCTING A '/,-T()S LIFTING MAGNET By J. Lwak 195
the" marvels ok RADIO-ACTIVITY MORE ABOUT THE "PERPETUAL" ELECTRIC CLOCK
v,'-;-
By Icrome S. Marcus — Part I 171
HOWTOMAKEIT DEPARTMENT
Bv Howard W. Lewis
'
196
199
BACK TO THE DAVS OF VOLTA 172
173 AMATEIK AND EXPERIMENTAL RADIO RESEARCH— PART I.
LVt^^rMNG—HOW^TirPROTECT' yourself" "if! i=^^^

'.'.'.'.'.
By Raymond Francis Yates 201
By W. G. Whitman 174 EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY— LESSON 14... By A. W. Wilsdon 203
THE SCIENCE OF SOUND • 176 WRINKLES, RECIPES AND FORMULAS. .Edited by S. Gernsback 204
SPEEDING UP VOTE OF CONGRESS BY ELECTRICITY Evi-leth 179 LATEST PATENTS DIGEST 208
••H\M" TONES— SCIENTIST By Harlan A. 180 PHONEY PATENT CONTEST 209
20.000 VOLTS DIRECT CURRENT
1S2 OUESTION POX 210
War and the Inventor

N
this great crisis, a word to our patriotic the way — the only way to proceed — Remember first, :
inventors will not be amiss. As I have that the Government receives daily thousands of useless
pointed out before, the average inventor is letters from inventors yours may be useless, no matter
a poor business man and a worse salesrnan. what YOU
think. Remember too that there is no greater
No matter how clever or how ingenious intoxicant than a newly born invention under its in- ;
he is, he will insist upon presenting his fluence you are in no condition to think straight, least
story in the worst possible manner. As a of all sending your invention to Washington. I have
rule he has labored for nights upon nights in solving an been intoxicated myself dozens of times in precisely
important problem every phase of the invention is so
;
this manner and I know whereof I speak.
clear and lucid to him that he becomes irritable and angry First you should take your plan to a trusted friend
if those about him do not at once grasp all the details. Or who is versed in mechanics or electricity. Invite crit-
else, in his enthusiasm, he will sit down and taking a icism. Obtain expert opinion. Remember you don't
piece of brown wrapping paper and a pencil, he will —
know it all no one does. Edison says he is just begin-
forthwith begin to write out a few often unintelligible ning to know a few Nothings.
phrases, garnished with incomprehensible sketches, the expert advice convinces you, that you really
If
which are supposed to clearly explain liis invention. He have a worthy device, then and only then begin to think
closes the missile by offering his device "free and gratis'' about Washington. Have someone typewrite vour idea
to the Government, puts it in an envelope addrest to the in a neat and clear manner AND MAKE
IT SHORT.
Secretary of the Navy, and then mails the letter, think- Long explanations hurt your cause. Use the telegraphic
ing that he has done a great patriotic act. Then if a style, just as if you had to pay for each word and don't
long ominous silence follows, the inventor as a rule be- attempt to make your own drawing, unless you are
comes embittered and hostile to the Government. thoroly familiar with drafting instruments. Find a
Now, this is no exaggeration. As Editor of "Patent
Advice" I receive from twenty to thirty letters a day, to
be transmitted to the Government, if in my estimation
the device is practical. And not two of these ideas are
draftsman who will make a creditable drawing in China
ink upon a liristol board.
address to BOTH
Then sign your name and
description and drawing, and mail the
two FLAT. Don't roll either manuscript or drawing.
m
submitted in a presentable or even an intelligent manner.- But use a piece of heavy stiff cardboard to keep the con-
Penciled letters prevail and often the sender forgets to tents of your letter from being folded in the mails. If
sign his name. And in Washington the War and Navy you do this I promise you a warm letter of thanks from
Departments are deluged daily with just this sort of the official who reads your invention.
mail, ninety-nine percent of which is discarded. And it Moreover, don't send your letter to your Congressman
probably happens once in a while too, that the Govern- or to your Senator, as many misguided inventors are
ment loses a really good idea simply because the one wont to do. At best it only delays it. Instead, address
submitted was unintelligible and in consequence found it to either the Secretary of War. or to the Secretary
its grave waste basket.

in a of the Navy, all depending upon what subject your in-
Now the at his desk in Washington is human
man vention treats. Last but not least don't worry our offi-
and consequently weak. Try as he may, he will pay more cials with torpedo or submarine catchers which depend
attention to a neatly typed letter, than to a scrawly pen- upon magnets. The majority of ideas submitted are
ciled note. A correctly drawn sketch will at least arouse based upon this popular delusion. Here are facts: If
a passing interest, whereas a misshapen free-hand pen- you had an electromagnet that would attract one million
cil design, will rarely fetch a spark of enthusiasm. ipounds (no such animal was ever built!) a steel torpedo
The inventor would not dream of running to the War rushing by it at a distance of 20 feet would not be devi-
Department in armsleeves. imkempt, unshaven and in a ated one inch from its course. For the largest electro-
soiled and torn shirt. Ijut he insists on sending the magnet exerts practically no tangible force a few feet
child of his brain just that way. away from its poles.
If you have an idea that you think is worthy, this is H. GERNSBACK.
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER ta puhli'^tit on the Irlth nf each monUv at 2^.3 contrilmtlons are paid for on publication. A special rate Is paid for norel exi>eriinenta
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drai,vn to ordi'r of THK KXI'KRIMKNTER I't'IlMSIIINO CO INC. If you chanKO your
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Patent Omce (VpvrlKht. ll'l". bv E. P Co.. Inc.. New York. The content! of this
address notify us promptly. In order (hat copies are not miscarried or lost. Br**" A magazine are copyrighted and must not be reproduced without giving full credit to the
wrapper Indicates expiration. No coplei sent after expiration. publication.
All rommunlratlonB and contributions to this Journal should be addrcet to: Editor,
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163
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It is not a detector in any form. 1391 SEDGWICK AVE. RADIOTEL, N. Y. plates. The maximum capacity is approximately .0OJ5 M. F.
YoH benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experivicnter" when u-riting to advertisers.

JHE. ELBCTRICftL
EXPERIMEMTER
H. GERMSBC^CK EDITC7R
H. W. 5ZZDR A550Z\UT£ EDITOR
Vol. V. Whole No. 51 July, 1917 Number 3
Locating and Destroying Subm arines with Red Light

ANEW
A NEW method due to Yankee
genuity and intended for locating
in- the high seas witli
with safety, so
marine attacks are concerned.
As may be imagined,
far as
the experiment-
sub- or taste a submarine over a mile distant,
so we are left only two of the senses
—
remaining the sense of the eye and that
submerged sub-sea boats at a con-
sideral)le range has recently been ers in this field are not willing to make of the ear.
worked out. It has been described public the actual experiments, details The microphone enables us to hear
by a retired naval officer and appears to and results accomplished, but the fol- more or less distinctly the engines of
have made a favorable impression on the lowing outline of the method now under the submarine when they are working
navy's experts. consideration will be of great interest at m.ore than slow speed, but this is not
If once it becomes possible to locate to the public. sufficient, as a submarine lying in wait
the presence of an enemy submarine, Inasmuch as the great advantage of to torpedo a vessel needs only to turn
Why Not Locate the Submerged, Yet Always Dangerous. Enemy Submarines by Continually Flashing a Powerful Red Searchllqht Beam
Back and Forth Thru and Under the Water. Asks a Yankee Genius. Once a "Bulge" Is Spotted (Day or Night) in the Light Beam, the
—
Observer on the Mast Signals That Fact to the Gun Crews. Consequence as Soon as the Periscope Appears the Already Trained Guns
Open Fire. The Spotting Range Is Over Two Miles, Day or Night.
then the greatest worry of cargo steam- the submarine over surface vessels is her engines over very slowly to main-
ship captains will be over, for when the the fact that it is hidden from view, tain her depth below the surface.
"sub's" location is spotted then the ves- if by some means the exact location A submarine vibrator operated by
gims will be trained on the spot.
sel's is made known to a vessel before she electricity has produced an echo from
As soon as the under-watcr boat comes approaches within the danger range (2,- an iceberg two miles distant, but it is
to the surface to take her sightings she 000 to 2,500 yards) of the submarine. doubtful if the system can be improved
will be met with a hail of shot and shell. the menaced vessel can invariably es- to efficiency in the case of the submarine.
The new method, holding great prom- cape. Now let us consider our remaining sense:
ise for the destruction of the submarine In seeking methods to be employed sight.
and its entire elimination as an efficient for certain purposes, inventors and ex- \\'hcn our ship approaches the danger
weapon of warfare is now being per- perimenters frequently turn to the five 7onc of the submarine the latter is main-
fected, and it is probable that within senses when beginning the solution of taining a heading which is nearly at
a very few weeks vessels may navigate a baffling problem. We
cannot feel, smell (Contiiiiird on f<agc 215)
—
Cold Light
WE are accustomed to
electric or other source of
seeing the
with unfeeling senses, i. e.. with-

out stopping to realize for one
light
substitution, the intermittent flashes pro-
ducing the effect of a steady light. Each
lamp is in consequence lighted for so short
a time period that the infinitesimal amount
luminous rays are concentrated in a ven.-
small point or space. The tungsten lamps
employed are of Dussaud's own design.
Some of them are only 0.8 to 1.6 inches
—
moment that while it is undeni- of heat developed is quickly dissipated.
The cooling interval is about twice that of
in radius. Groups of three are used in
some models. They are successively flashed
ably true that the modern electric light is
a masterpiece of scientific attainment, the light interval. The lamps, moreover, in the focus of a condensing lens, without
thanks to Edison and other investigators can in this way be operated on 3 to 4 times breaking down the filament or blackening
we are actually paying many times what the normal voltage, vastly increasing the the bulb. Indeed, it is said that the re-
efficiency and illumination of each filament sults produced are identical with those
we should expend for this human com-
fort. Think for one moment that only thereby. It is said that Dussaud has sue- obtained with an electric arc ten times more
intense.
S per cent of the electrical energ\- put into
a modern gas-filled, tungsten filament, in- For motion picture projection machines
candescent electric lamp is realized as use- the new cold light possesses wonderful
ful light : the balance of the energy is paid merits, enabling the operator to run the
for and uselessly dissipated in the form of film off as slowly as desired, and even to
heat and other radiation. stop the film for examination when neces-
The fire-fly is one of the greatest and sary. Dussaud, scientist, has projected mo-
absorbing wonders of all Nature. Why? tion pictures on a screen 15 feet square with
— because he knows how to produce prac- an electrical energy consumption of 150
watts, compared to the 5 to 10 kilowatt
tically a cold light. The illumination engi-
neers of today are studying the problem (5,000 to 10,000 watts) arcs now used. And
with all the resources at their command. the cold light machine, complete with gen-
—
There ought to be there must be a way in erator, could be carried easily in the hand.
Due to this rapid dissipation of heat, it
which to convert all or nearly all of the
electrical energy' into useful light The becomes possible to emploj- celluloid instead
electric motor converts electrical energj- of glass plates for ordinary lantern slides
into mechanical energy with an over-all with no danger of igniting the celluloid or
efficiency of 90 to 98 per cent. Suppose of causing it to shrivel up. Dussaud has
we had perfected an electric motor with an prophesied that with his cold light it will
efficiency of but 3 per cent how many
:
be possible to use celluloid films ^
of an
motors do you think there would be in inch by 1 inch in size instead of glass
use? Yet we are content, at least unti plates 3H by 4 inches. The celluloid can
Above — Complete DussaudExperimentaf

Above — The
"Cold Light"
Microscopic Projection of a
Beam as Devised by Prof. Dus-
"Cold Light" withGenerator and Current saud of France.
Measuring Meters.
be cut into long strips, perforated along
we know more about the subject, to use the edges so that it can be printed mechan-
electric lights with this almost unbelievably ically, as in making moving picture posi-
low conversion efliciency. tives. Indeed, he
claims that a single
One of the nearest approaches to man- operator can make twenty-five thousand
made cold light is that of Professor C. F. celluloid prints a day. These tiny photo-
Dussaud, French scientist and investigator. graphs can be made by anj' amateur at a
The accompanying views show some of the cost of not more than a cent, and can be
successful apparatus devised by him, also projected on the screen by means of small,
their applications. Dussaud has evolved a low-priced projectors.
very ingenious arrangement, which, altho By utilizing the marvelous cold light
not giving a true heatless light, yet pro- auto-chrome plates can be projected, which
duces light with a negligible quantity of otherwise suffer when exposed to the in-
heat. tense heat of the electric arc. Powerful
The elementary principle upon which this lights can be concentrated upon parts of the
so-called cold light is based is that of im- human body without danger of scorching
pressing at sufficiently close and intermit- them, with the result that foreign bodies
tent intervals an excess voltage of several can be located very readily in the muscles.
times the normal value to each lamp. To The cold light lends itself admirably to
accomplish this a number of incandescent the photographing of interiors. The incon-
lamps are arranged in a circle on a
Top Center View — A "Cold Light" Projector veniences attending the use of ordinarj- .
of the Dussaud Type Intended for Use by

rotatable disc as shown herewith. This disc Firemen and for Military Purposes. Center magnesium flash powder are well known.
may be rotated by hand or by an electric ^Rear View of "Cold Light" Machine. Powerful cold lights render it possible to
motor. The lamps have metal bases and
Lower —
Center A Three-Lamp Projecting make very brief exposures without filling
"Cold Light" Apparatus.
a metal brush contact is caused to press the atmosphere of the room with smoke
against one base at a time. All the lamp and fumes.
bases have one of their poles connected ceeded in obtaining 250 to 800 C.P. of cold \\ith a small electric battery and a sim-
to a common return contact, made in the light for several hours from a bank of 16 ple lens, a beacon light of long range can
form of a ring at the back of the disc, lamps rated normally at only 25 to 80 C.P. be cheaplv produced. Such an apparatus
against which a second metallic brush with an energy in-put of 50 to 160 watts. will be found serviceable on small sailing
boats as well as by soldiers. It is easy
makes contact. As seen it now becomes Professor Dussaud employs an optical
possible to rapidly switch one lamp after system with his lamps, in other words, enough with such a device to telegraph
the other into circuit, consecutively. The either lenses or mirrors. The result is optically for great distances. One of the
persistence of vision of the retina of the that while the heat effect of the electric views shows tlie microscopic projection of
human eye defies the detection of the lamp current is dissipated over a great area, the cold light.
July. 1917 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 167
How the Submarine Can Hit a Ship It Never Sees

By H. WINFIELD SECOR
German submarine has finally requires to sound the death knell of the at the receiving station, and which is set
Tl 1 !•;
lifcome a most menacing factor in

llic great world-war and now pre-
proud merchantman.
And sound it he does, for as soon as
into vibration by the sound waves or vibra-
tions in the water. Prof. Fessenden has
sents a tirst-class i)rol)letn to all he has the necessary data on your status succeeded in telephoning several miles by
the would-l)e and master inventors and position, he at once transmits it thru means of such sound vibrations propagated
— electrical, mechanical —
and fourth-dimen- the water by powerful sound waves to thru water. Thus we see how it is not
sion. Kememher reading now and then in one or more submerged sub-sea lighters only feasible, but entirely possible for a
the daily papers how "another" merchant lying in the path of the on-coming steamer. submarine to torpedo a ship without ever
vessel was torpedoed and the officers saw Knowing the location, direction and speed having seen it.
no submarine' Sank in 10 miiuitcs and of the unsuspecting commerce boat, the (The above-mentioned sound wave sub-
crew left in the water to lloat ashore or hidden submarine (or submarines) can dis- sea telegraph apparatus was fully described,
possibly to be picked up by a patrol boat. charge a torpedo sufficiently accurate to with photographs, in our August, 1915,
Yes, there have been a lot of such cases spell the finish of the "barred zone" prey. and February, 1916, issues.)
The Latest Reports Regarding Submarine Activities Frequently State that the Ship Was Torpedoed by an "Unseen" Sub-sea War-vessel.
This Can Easily Be True for, by Utilizing Telegraphic Sound-waves Propagated Thru Water (Fessenden System), a Relatively Distant
"Range-finding" Submarine Can Signal Her Hidden Allies as to the Position and Course of the Enemy. Thus the Submarine That Frres
the Fatal Torpedo Need Never Show Its Periscope.
as this and even more mysterious ones. The illustration shows this remarkable
For instance there is the case where the maneuver in a grafic manner. The mer- ELECTRICAL TREATMENT OF
ship's lookout remembers having seen an chantman may even fire on the periscope BRITISH WOUNDED.
enemy submarine miles ofif
several — much of the distant submarine, but as aforemen-
too far to be within torpedo range. More- tioned the chances of hitting it at a range In a recent number of the "Lancet," Dr.
over, nothing more had been seen of the of 1^2 to 2 miles are very slim. Besides, \V. J. Turrell describes various applica-
enemy after the first sighting, but sud- the spotting submarine may have been tions of electro-therapy at the Radcliflfe
—
denly a terrible explosion fairly lifted the watching the steamer for some minutes Infirmary, Oxford, England. One inter-
—
boat out of the sea torpedoed? Sure as before the latter's look-out spies the cun- esting point is the treatment of unclean
guns? But how? asks every(5ne, from Cap- ningly disguised and mottled periscope. woimds by ionization, produced either by
tain down : yes, how ? and in broad day- At the first shot from the steamship's gun the application of salt solutions traversed
light ! crew the submarine may disappear. Con- by an electric current, or by means of ultra-
—
That's the question and it now seems sider that the U-boat commander has the violet rays. .\s is well known, electric
that there is an answer. Possibly the range of the enemy; he at once dispatches currents are now much used in treating
reader has guest it by looking at the ac- the data by sub-sea telegraphy or tele- certain varieties of rheumatism.
companying illustration. At any rate here's phony, so that other U-boats lying sub- Of considerable importance is the appli-
a new aspect, and what is more, a thoroly merged or awash at the surface, will re- cation of mild electric "shock" to stimulate
practical one of the science of submarin- ceive the information on their sound wave the \ olimtary movements the treatment is
;
ing. Let us admit that the oflicers on apparatus. specially efiicacious in those cases of nerve
the merchant ship spot a periscope sev- All this may sound somewhat mytho- shock where the patient is under the de-
eral miles away, or even a mile and a half logical —l)ut it is not. Our own sub-sea lusion that he has lost the power of his
away. That's an almost impossible target fighters and war vessels are all equipt limbs.
to hit with any kind of gun and the with similar instruments. They are based However, the application of electric
chances are the submarine couldn't shoot upon the researches of Prof. Reginald methods to cases of "shell-shock" calls for
a torpedo once in ten times to hit the mer- A. Fessenden, the well-known American discretion. In some such cases the pa-
chantman at such a range. inventor and scientist, and involve the prin- tient is not at all benefited and, indeed,
However, the Clcrman sub-sea boat com- ciple that water will transmit sound waves exhibits "electrophobia."
m.inder doesn't have to worry about sink- remarkably well. To set up such sound Currents are also a valuable means of
ing the freighter with a torpedo from his waves of sufficient power to carry sev- testing the action of various muscles and
submarine. Not at all. Give him a few eral miles (in tests, this method of com- the powers of sensation, and in producing
minutes to draw a bead on your position munication has worked up to 20 miles) a movements which break down internal ad-
and your speed, as well as the course, with special heavy diafram is employed, which hesions or the binding of scar-tissue. The
his periscope and range-i'mding instru- is caused to vibrate rapidly by electro- static machine is considered specially use-
ments. That is all the information he magnetic means. A similar diafram is used ful in this direction.
Does Radiant Light Possess Weight?

By A. R. Mcpherson
THE study of light presents some very

interestingfacts in regard to that
mysterious force of Nature, which'
conception that the ether, instead of being
some mysterious form of non-matter, as
generally believed, is actually the lightest
to the theories of Einstein and Norstrom,
there should be a real influence of gravita-
tion on light. It is asserted that the spec-
permits man to view the visible ob- and the simplest of the elements, and a trum lines of two light-rays originating in
jects of this material world, and al- definite form of matter. He believes it to be gravitation fields of different strengths are
tho we are still in the dark, so to speak, as one of the inactive gases of the Argon fam- shifted relatively to each other. As Frem-
to the true nature of light, much progress ily of elements and he assigns to it the lech has now shown, the shifting is very
is being made which will perhaps, even in position 'X,' in the zero group of his re- well e-xplained, so far as its amount is con-
the present generation, reveal the facts vised periodic arrangement of the elements. cerned, by Einstein's theorj-. An influence
concerning light. The first theory advanced The atomic weight of the ether he concludes of an impulse proceeding from the sun, on
Is"ISgM"^ Material Substance?

I.. W
POSITION OF
LIGHT BEAM LIGHT RAYS
(normal -NO magnet)
HICOL PRISM
POWERFUL MAGNET POLES OEFIECTEO^-,

theory of "Lighi" wiiich says
!
RAY CAUSED
BY MAGNET
thai Ligh-t is caused hy electrically charged ,
egg-shaped particles revolving at enormous vel- Certain speciritm lines are aliered in position
ocity about their shorter axes. (Zeeman effect) by powerful ma-gne-tic field.
CROOKE'S RADIOMETER
LIGHT RAVS
"ALPHA RAYS--^VJg|^^'^'''B ETA HAYS"

^tlOCITY= (velocity-
2O.O0OMILES RADIUM MORE in«M loaoo.
PCRSECOND) MILCS PtRSECONt
Fremlech as well as Einstein and That "Li^f maybe a material

Norstrom. claim thai: the suhstaitce, having weight. Seems
Spectrum lines of two light rays possiile, as it has been prawn
originating la gravitation fielas The pressure cflight The total "Light that the above Hadium rays
of different sfrenpibs FiandFz has been measured pressure' on the are actually streams of little
are shifted relatively to each oilier It TVill spin the vanes earth has been cal- bodies having amass tvrice
tending to shcmrlhai hghi hasweight. of the radiometer culated at 70.000 tons that of the Hydrogen atom
as to the nature of light was the mate- to be one-millionth of that of hydrogen and shifting, cannot be the cause for in this
;
rialistic theory, which involved the idea that its atoms consequently travel with enormous case, single lines would be shifted in differ-
light was composed of material farticles of velocities. This extreme velocity explains ent degrees. But the measurements show
matter. This theory was rejected years ago, the all-pervading character of the sub- that the shifting of the lines, both in amount
but like tlie alchemists' dreams of the trans- stance." and direction, is the same for all, as Ein-
mutation of matter, which it seems is now Prof. T. J. J. See, a scientist whose re- stein's theory of the influence of gravitation
becoming a reality, so this materialistic searches are known thruout the world, re- requires. The shifting of the lines calcu-
theory is again coming into favor. cently made public the following statement lated with Einstein's formula agrees re-
The present generally accepted theory in regard to light
—
"Tlie whole tlieory of
:
markably well with the average observed
states that light is identical with electro- ether is abandoned as having no real exist- values. The influence of gravitation on
magnetic disturbances, such as are generated ence, light being caused by electrically light may now" be regarded as partially
by oscillating electric currents or moving charged particles, shaped like eggs, revolv- proved, and thus it may also be inferred
magnets but this must presuppose the ex-
; ing about their shorter axes." that light possesses zi'eight.
istence of an imaginary medium called It would thus seem that there is consid- From the above facts it may be demon-
ether, which is supposed to penade all erable difference of opinion about the na- strated and must also be proven that li.ght
space,and is in the interior of all bodies of ture of light, and the writer has endeavored exerts pressure, since it is a material sub-
whatever nature. It is thin, elastic, and to gather together some of the leading stance possessing weight. This peculiar
capable of transmitting vibrations with facts and theories which tend to throw some truth was proven mathematically as early
enormous velocity. Every luminous bod}' is "light" on the subject. as 1873 by Maxwell, tho it was applied
in a state of vibration and communicates If it can be proven that light has weight. then and still is to a certain extent in sup-
vibrations to the surrounding ether. This, it must necessarily follow that it possesses port of the clectro-magiietie leaz-e theory.
in short, is the electro-magnetic etlier theory material form and properties. Xo influence In 1901, Peter Lelidew actually proved and
which has been evolved in recent years. of any form of attraction on light had been measured the meehanieal pressure of light.
It is the belief of many, however, that noticed until about twent\- years ago, when The pressure discovered was small, of
ether, to exist at all, must be in a material Zeeman showed that a powerful magnet vis- course, but the minuteness of a thing is
form such as a gas, in order to harmonize ibly altered the position of certain lines in often an inverse measure of its importance,
with natural laws. To quote from "Xew the spectrum. as this light pressure has been found ade-
Knowledge" ".Mendelieff, the Dean of
: Xow it appears that gravitation has a quate to explain some of the earth's greatest
chemical science, has recently originated the similar, tho not the same effect. According {Continued on page 215)
War and Radio In the Movies

denounces her native land.
hero of the realistic Bhiebird crimes, learns of the plans of a group of vehenieiilly
TllF.
photoplav— "Treason," a (govern-
is criminals, who are supposed to be connected Paul Strong, perceiving in Mary's posi-
tion an opportunity to strike a telling blow-
ment telegrapher in the service of a with the murders, and in whose power the
girl who he loves was formerly held. to the "enemy," accordingly outfits a wire-
mvthical European country at war
The enemy having "captured" New York less telephone contrivance whereby Marv,
with its neik'lilfor. He is selected to
City, in Greater \"itagraph's preparedness thru her close association with the "enemy,"
po to the front, and this arouses the jealousy
spectacle "Womanhood," Harry Morey, who can inform him of their plans without in-
of his chief, who reuards it as a personal See left and lower
plays the part of Paul Strong, Director of curring their suspicions. (
affront. I'ettrus distinguishes himsell at the

iinalided
and Energies, U. S. .\., proceeds to evolve a center photos.) The copper gutters on the
front as a telc^;âphcr, is
plan by which he can be appraised of their roof of the Woolworth Building are used
home. IK- finds, instead of jiromotion, that
movements and act accordingly. as antenna. Mary employs a pocket radio-
he is degraded to the position of messenser. jilione instrument^ which she connects with
His chief has tampered witli a telegram, the improvised antenna, thru a secret switch,
orderiuK liim to spare I'cttrus as mucli as
cleverly hidden in the brass scroll work of
possible.
an electrolier on the side wall.
He feels deeply the neplect of his country,
and confides his feeliuKS to his friendv the
tobacconist, who in reality is a "spy." The ODDLY IDENTIFIED BY RADIO.
man sends information to the enemy (top American naval officers are highly
view) bv means of wireless ai)paratus con- amused over a recent "wireless mmance"
a trunk in his rooms, (extreme
cealed ill
cnniiccted with an American destroyer. The
rijjht plioto). He works upon Fettrus' re-
story well exemplifies traditionary sea cau-
sentment until he finally persuades liim to tion and hangs on the fact that by reason
steal the new code from the home of the of two Americans having been roommates
Head of" the Secret Service, with wliose
at St. College at .'\nnapolis years
John's
daughter I'cttrus is in love. No sooner has ago, information was confirmed at sea that
he done so, than he repents, and would give otherwise would have remained doubtful.
anything to undo his act. One man is a civilian doctor, who has
The Head of the Secret Service has been
Here You Have a Chance to See a Spy's

"Trunl<" Radio Apparatus at Work. An Ab-
sorbing IVtoment from the IVIaster Photo-
—
play "Treason."
watching the tobacconist,whom he knows to taken an important post in Great Britain,

be a spv. questions Pettrus, who
He now the other is a paymaster in the navy. .
finally confesses. The Head of the Secret Two days before the destroyers sailed from
Service helps him to recover the code. the United States these old friends ate a
There a thrillini; automobile chase, which
is farewell dinner. The doctor was to sail
ends in a terrificsmash o\er the side of a by a liner, but was ignorant of the ship's
cliff. The tobacconist is killed, and Pettrus name and date of sailing. The paymaster
seriously injured. In the hospital, he re- was under orders to join his destroyer.
turns tlie code to the Head, who promises When several days at sea the destroyer
that his act shall be a secret lietween tlien-i. got into distant connection one night with
The woman with whom his Chief has lieen
a certain vessel, and made a code inquiry
on terms of intimacy finds the doctored tele- as to the vessel's position, course, and speed.
gram, and in revenge for neglect, exposes No direct reply was made, the vessel fear-
the Chief to the Head of the Government ing a submarine trick and the possibility
telegraph department. The delayed reward of a stolen codebook. Instead of answer-
for Pettrus' services arrives, and the spite ing a demand was made to the destroyer:
work of his Chief is revealed. Top Center:— A Stirring Scene from "Trea-
son." the Great Photoplay of War. Radio and "Give the name of your ship in code."
The Universal serial "The V'oice on the Love. Center Scene:— A Moment from Uni- The destroyer complied.
Wire" is concerned with a series of mur- versal's— "The Voice on the Wire." Lower
Even this was not enough. second A
ders, committed in the same way, by an Center:— Paul Strong, Director of Energies.
U. S. A., in "Womanhood," Receiving a Re- wireless was sent out "What is the name
:
attack on the victim over his heart which the Enemy's

port from His Sweetheart i
of your paymaster who is the friend of
leaves a bruise the size of a human thumb. Stronghold (Extreme Left) Via Radio."
Dr. a passenger aboard this shipr"
No other clue is left except a message Irom ,
Then the paymaster of the destrover

a mysterious voice spoken over a discon-
nected electric wire, which warns the vic- His sweetheart, Marv \\'ard, played by was called into the wireless cabin and asked
if he knew Dr. "Sure." he re-
Alice lovce, is also the object of Prince
.
tim of his end, and exults over the detec- \\ e were

Dario's enamouration. Count Dario is one plied. 'He was my pal. best
tives, as each time they fail to circumvent
In the eleventh episode, a strange inven- of the commanders of the invading host and
roommates at college, and had dinner to-
gether two nights before I sailed. Where
it.
tion is introduced. This is a material de- the son of Marshal Prince Dario. tlie mili-
taristic Commander-in-Chief of the Ruri-
IS he?"
velopment of the science of mental tele- out another radio.
pathy. (In the "movies," they do it!) By tanians, the name given t!ie "encni\-." The destroyer sent
saying: "Paymaster the doctor's
Thru Count Dario's influence, Mary is
.
a wireless arrangement, the mind in control

friend."
can communicate with the mind it inllii- offered a position in the invader's headquar- oldest
located in the Woolworth After this corroborative statement the
ences, and the machine is made to register ters w-hich is
Mary seeing in this an oppor- vessel at last gave her position, course,
the thought. By its use (central view here Building.
shown) the investigator wlio is tracing the tunity to serve her country, accepts, and and speed.
U. S. Battleships to Run on Land

ByH. GERNSBACK
EVERY war brings out a host of

fantastic as well as ridiculous new
paralleling tracks, under a ship. This car,
after the ship was made fast to it in a
hind her mine
But the U.
fields and bides her time.
S. navy has a number o£
inventions which are supposed to suitable manner, was then to be drawn over- battleships of the pre-dreadnought type,
annihilate tlie enemy. Most of —
land over the present Panama Canal good ships as yet, obsolete as
but first-
these wild-cat schemes are of course —
route by powerful locomotives. line ships. I Ore-
refer to ships of the
as impractical as they are fantastic, and Lately other plans have appeared show- gon, lo'ii'a, Kentucky, Massachu-
Illinois,
while they look good on paper, the devices ing battleships running thru cities and over setts, Indiana class. These ships are fully
do not stand up in practise, either because equipt now, have good crews and good
of inherent defects or because science and guns. But the chances are that ten years
technic have not progrest sufficiently to from now they will be used as targets
do justice to the device. or otherwise will be relegated to the scrap-
Thus a submarine invented by no less heap. So why not send these ships to the
a genius than Robert Fulton, propelled by front? Briefly, the idea is this:
several men and which was actually run Let us send these ships, men, guns and
under water, was sanctioned by Xapoleon, all, to France. In the holds of the ves-
the inventors hoping to sink the blockading sels we pack channel irons and T. as well
English fleet. The submarine failed miser- as I steel beams, cut to the right length
ably, to Napoleon's utter disgust. Never- before sailing. These pieces are fashioned
theless the failure was not due to the much after the structural toy steel pieces
principle being inherently wrong. Rather
science had not progrest sufficiently to
— ^jou can make almost anything out of
them.
make the submarine a success one hun- When our battleship arrives in France.
dred years ago. Napoleon, if he were to it put immediately into dry dock, and
is
come back today, would certainly experi- the crew at once proceeds to make the
ence a radical change of mind, as to the wheels from the channel steel. These huge
success of the submarine. wheels measuring over 50 to 60 feet in
In the same manner, when John Ericsson height, are made on the plan of a Ferris
constructed the "Monitor" in 1862, he was wheel, light but strong. Of course to sus-
—
met with a good deal of ridicule at first. tain a weight of 10.000 tons or more, a
No one believed that his steel "cheese- set of single wheels won't do. Rather each
box on a raft," war vessel could do much wheel is fashioned of a number of wheels
damage, or even give a good account of from five upwards, paralleling each other,
itself, let alone winning a battle. The world as graphically shown on our front cover,
knew different after the "Monitor" defeated and the accompanying illustration. These
the famous "Merrimac." separate wheels are bolted or riveted to-
Makeshifts have been used in every war, gether by means of steel "I" beams run-
and every important battle has them. ning over the circumference of the sepa-
Sornetimes these makeshifts actually prove rate wheels. The latter are strengthened
decisive in a battle, perhaps for the simple
by additional cross-truss work, as seen in
reason, that insofar as they usually con- Thus a very light, as well
illustration.
tain the element of surprise, the enemv, not
as powerful wide wheel is formed. With
being prepared for the unusual onslaught
a little previous drilling, the crew should
is defeated.
be able to construct the
Perhaps the most famous ***** AAA A A A A A /> A necessary six wheels in less
instance where a big battle
was won with a makeshift
—
than one week yes, it can
be done providing the
;
was the Battle of the Mame, pieces are cut to the right
in 1914. No more impos- dimensions at home.
sible or ridiculous weapon Next the thirteen inch hol-
^ \ * * * 4
than an ordinary taxicab low steel shaft is consid-
could be imagined to launch ered. This, of course, has
a modern army, equipt with been brought from America
the world's best artillery. too. The hollow shaft, is
Nevertheless, when the de- advised, first because it
fender of Paris, General weighs less, and second be-
Gallieni, requisitioned every cause such shafts are equally
Paris taxicab, and flung as strong as solid ones,
these thousands of squeaky \\ ithin a reasonable propor-
vehicles, w h c h had never

i tion.
been designed for such work, The two wheels at the
against the German hordes, stern are "idlers," the same
V 'r yi V vW
they simply had to give way ; as the front wheels on an
and the taxicabs won. One of automobile. No power is
the world's greatest retreats Putting Wheels on Our Battleships
and How It Is Accomplisht. The Wheels applied to them, they simply
was mainly due to these Here Shown Are Fashioned of Angle and Steel Beams, on the Plan of Structural rotate on the shaft, extend-
I
peaceful fare-eaters. Per- Steel Toys. Such Wheels Are Tremendously Strong. Slow Running Electric I'nsr from one wheel tn the
haps taxicabs will never be Motors Coupled to the Steel Shafts Drive the New Monster Over Land.
other dear thru the ship
used again in such a man- The two small center
ner, but at any rate they did their full duty the houses, but no one volunteered to show wheels are also idlers. They serve to take
once. The experiment proved worth while. how it might be accomplisht. A battle- up undue shocks, which might break the ship
Therefore when I propose to run battleship weighs anywhere from 10,000 tons in two, when negotiating difficult terrain.
ships over land, I am fully aware of the —
upwards quite a respectable weight. How The two front (bow) wheels are the
ridicule I will be subject to. I am also then can we run such a monster on land ? ''drivers". Thej' are bolted solid to the
aware of all the objections that will be How can it be propelled ? shafts, two of the latter being used as
cited against the fantastic-appearing plan. Now that we are at .var, our first duty will become apparent at once. Our illus-
Nevertheless, I insist that the idea is not is to help our allies, and to help them tration shows that the two shafts revolve
half as impractical as it may appear at quickly. The time is too short to build in a common bearing ( which might be an
first. And at any rate I believe I have new colossal war engines which could be old reconstructed gun barrel). Each shaft
found a way showing how it may be done used at the front at once. Our army will in turn is directly coupled to a slow-run-
in a simple manner. I give the idea to the not be fully ready till a year from now. ning electric motor armature, as clearly
country for what it is worth. Our navy cannot help very much on sea. shown. And this, by the way. is the much
1 do not claim to be the originator of For if the British, French and Russian discust electrical drive, adopted in our
the idea to run battleships or other ships navies, which are at least four times as latest monster battle cruisers, now being
over land. That idea is old already. Twen- powerful as the German navy, cannot de- constructed. From this it becomes ap-
ty-five years ago there was published in a stroy the latter, the addition of our own parent how the land battleship is propelled
German weekly an idea to run a power- navy will not matter much one way or an- overland in a simple and practical man-
ful car, moving over a dozen closely spaced other. The German navy simply stays be- (Conlinued on pane 216)
—
The Marvels of Radio-Activity

By JEROME S. MARCUS, B. Sc. (Ch. E.)
Fint Paper of a New Series discharge electrified bodies, produce phos- Polonium is an element, but it accompanies
phorescence in certain otiier bodies, and the Bismuth in the ore, and is separated
THE siilijfct of
not only witli
licvc, liiit with
Radio-activity deals,
Kadiiim as many lic-
a wliole class of snh-
penetrate many things that ordinary light
would not. (Experiments on these
Fig. 1.
from it.
The discovery of these substances was
stances, the licst examples of which points will be later.) These rays
given made in 1898 and in 1899, M. Debicrne dis-
are Radium, L'raninm. Thorium, were named after their discoverer, "Bec- covered another radio-active material which
Actinium, and the chemical compounds of querel rays." It was also found that in he called "Actinium," and which follows the
these substances. Hadio-iUtnily is the name carrying these ray-emitting ûb^tiuices iron in the pitchblende and seems to be
given to the prop-
connected w i t li
~' Thorium.
the'
erty which these
suhstances h a v e
J"
It has been
of giving off or
shown by re.-ont
certain investigators that

emitting
radiations spon- almost a 1 sub-1
taneously, these stances in nature

are more or less
rays having the ^
power to pene-
'-i.
radio-ac-
trate thru matter
Among
tive..
which is opaciue these are freshly
to ordinary light.
fallen rain or
snow, many
History. spring waters,
Shortly after etc. From this,
the idea has been
the discovery of
X-rays and their advanced that
by radio-activity i s
properties
Professor Ront- due to certain
gen in 1895, many
radiations from
students of the sun itself.
physics began to These are sup-
the jiosed to be con-
investigate
different p h o s -
nected w t h the
i
Gold Bar, About the Size of an Ordinary Building Brick. Worth $18,263.53. Tube of Radium the appearance of the
phorescent bodies Size of a Match. Worth $18,000.00 (150 Milligrams at $120.00 Per Milligram). Photographed m the
to ascertain Mint, at Denver, to Show Relative Value of Gold to Radium. Aurora Borealis
\v h e t they
h e r and other phe-
would or not emit rays of the same char- around in one's pocket, burns which are nomena of atmospheric electricity. In the
acter. Professor Henri Becquerel, a Paris very hard to heal are caused, known as spring of 1903, Professor J. J. Thomson
physicist, discovered in 1896 that the com- ''Becquerel burns." discovered that waters from deep wells con-
pounds of Uranium which had a phosphor- Investigation of these radiations w'cre tained a certain gas which was radio-active,
escence (that is, they would glow in the dark immediately taken up, especially by E. and other substances are being found which
after exposure to daylight) would weakly Rutherford, then a student in the laboratory also possess the power of radio-activity.
« « *
affect a photographic plate. He then found of J. J. (now Sir) Thomson at Cambridge,
that salts of Uranium which were not phos- England. Their properties will be dis- Becquerel showed that the rays from
phorescent also affected a plate, thus show- cust later. Uranium, like the X-rays, were capable of
ing that it was the element Uranium which Mme. Curie, of Paris, made a system- discharging an electrified body, when
atic investigation of a large number of charged either positively or negatively.
substances to test whether they possest —
(Experiment A gold leaf electroscope is
the same rays as Uranium. At about the charged by touching to any source of static
same time, in 1898, she and Professor electricity, e. g., a glass rod rubbed with
Schmidt discovered that Thorium and its silk. An Uranium compound — any salt
compounds were radio-

active. Mme. Curie and
her husband then began
an exhaustive investigation
of the Uranium com-
pounds, and found that the
activity was an atomic
property, i.e.. it was propor-
tional to the amount of
Uranium present. While
working on this basis with
pitchblende, an ore from
Joachimsthal, Austria, which
contains Uranium, she found
that the activity was four or
five times greater than it
should be. This led her to the
conclusion that there must be
something else with stronger
properties than the Uranium.
The Austrian Government
placed a large amount of the
ore at her disposal, and she Remarkable Photograph of the "Alpha" Rays of the Ra-
set about separating the ex- dium Emanation. By C. T. R Wilson.
tremely small amoimt of this
then unknown substance. Her efforts W'cre purchased from a chemical house, the aii-
finally rewarded by the isolation of "Polo- thor uses Uranyl chlorid in his experi-
nium" and a substance of such intense ray- ments—is then brought near the knob.
Top: Discharging an Electroscope by Ra- giving power that she termed it "Radium." The leaves are seen to collapse. (Fig. 1.1
dium. Lower Illustration Shows a "Radium Riiduim bromide has about two million times This property of radio-active substances is
Light" Which Will Give Sufficient Illumina- the activity of Uranium. used as a delicate quantitative test for the
tion to Read By.
Radium has been found to he an element amount and intensity of radiation. .\ spe-
possest the peculiar ray-emitting property. of defmite atomic weiglit, and accompanies cial electroscope has been devised for work
It was then found that these rays or the Barium which is separated from the in Radium research, the rate of collapsing
radiations of Uranium, like X-rays, would pitchblende. It is not proved as yet whether {Conlinucd on page 207)
172 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July, 1917
Back to the Days of '^Volta''

knowledge, had him write essays on
VOLTA, batter}-,
inventor of the first electric
after whom the standard tricity for the great men of the day. as
elec- dium production companies employ this
method in testing their products. Fig. 1 also
International unit of electrical pres- people in general knew very little about this shows various plate condensers, invented
— —
sure the 'olt is named, was one mysterious force at that early period. by \'olta.
of the early, most brilliant and inde- The first formal scientific papers of \'oIta While professor of physics at Pavia, he
fatigable workers in the realm of pure elec- were issued in his 24th year and fourteen conducted experiments which led to the
trical science. He was
born in Como, Italy, years later there appeared his clcctroplwrus discover)- of the I'oltaic pile. One of the
house which had been the
Feb. IS, 1745, in a (see illustration. Fig. 1.) followed by his accompanying illustrations. Fig. 4, shows
homestead of the Volta family for over chctroscofc. The photographs here repro- one of the most remarkable historic docu-
3(X) years. Paradoxical as it may seem, duced show the now historic apparatus —
ments extant the original letter, written in
true genius is often linked with less brilliant built and used by \'olta in his laboratorv. French, of Alessandro \'olta addrest to the
c^-'-
J rr^^t^/ X'/irijI^^ nitU-i^t^: .1^
r4*v* iff- :(^f'"i':^ cm-j^ £^y

/» v»K/. nft ''jf^f ;i5 >*» r'f ^.
if"
FIG.2
Fig. 1— Alessandro Volta, Dean of the Early Electrical Inventors Con-
ducted Hundreds of Experiments witti Static Electricity. This Photo
—
scope. Etc., Used by Him.
—
Shows Several of the Original Apparatus Disk Condenser, Electro-
—
Fig. 2 Static Electric Apparatus which Belonged to Volta. The Appa-
ratus on the Right Served to Produce a Static Spark by the Friction on
a Strip of Parchment. As It Was Rapidly Reeled Up.
—
Fig. 3 Volta's Original Apparatus: At Right —
Device for Igniting Mix-
ture of Hydrogen and Oxygen by a Static Spark. —
Left Instrument
for Demonstrating Electric Theory of Hail.
—
Fig. 4 The Highly Prized Original Letter Written by Volta to the
—
Royal Society of London Describing His First Battery the "Voltaic
Pile."
traits of character,and as a child we are Fig. 1 shows a variety of electro-static Societe Royale de Londres describing his
told that Alessandro \'olta was very back- apparatus, including a static electric charg- new electric battery (\'oltaic pile), consist-
ward. Even to the point that he could only —
ing device the electrophorus, at extreme ing of alternate zinc and copper discs sepa-
speak one word "Xo," when he had reached left, and the detector of static charges —
the rated by dampened blotter paper sheets.
his fourth birthday. electroscope at extreme right. Both of these This formed the basis of present-day elec-
But, like many other great scholars of devices are still in use in electrical labora- tric batteries. There is no doubt that mod-
the world, he suddenly developed a great tories where the elements of pure science ern electricity really starts with this famous
affinity for philosoi)hy and became an are studied. Besides, the electricians of to- letter. For it was ^'olta's battery that pro-
earnest student of scientific subjects, espe- day have found many practical applications duced the very first electric galvanic mark.
cially the natural wonders of nature —
par-
ticularly electricity. When he was 17 years
for the electroscope, never even dreamed of It was \'olta who led the first galvanic cur-
by the illustrious \'olta. One important rent thru a wire. And it was his battery
old he had won prizes in philosophy and at commercial and highly important applica- that produced for the first time useful
18, the famous Abbe Xolet. strongly im- tion of the sensitive electroscope is in the dynamic electricity.
prest with the youth's superior and divining measurement of radio-activity. The Ra- (^Continued on page 212)
Lightning— HowWHITM-'VN,
to Protect Yourself From
Normal School, Salem, Mass,
It
By W. G. State
earth is fositkcly electrified and that the found that a difference of potential of
1IGHTNING, that awe-inspiring nat-
about 25,000 volts between battery terminals
ural phenomenon which compels the earth differs in electrical pressure from all
attention of child and adult alike, —
space around it by many possibly 150,000 will give a one-inch spark thru air.
The duration of a flash of lightning is
-i the cause of about 800 deaths volts. It is not constant, however; con-
is
ditions are always changing and the elec- usually under 1/50,000 second and may be
and of 1,500 injuries sustained by
trical tension is variable. Such a difference only 1/1,000,000 second. Because of per-
the people of the United States in a single
of potential as this is not sufficient to pro- sistence of vision we apparently see the
year. It also causes the destruction of
duce lightning. flash for a longer time. According to cal-
many millions of dollars worth of property
When clouds are rapidly formed by air culations made by Lodge, a discharge from
Yearly.
Lightnins is a more vital subject m the currents rising into the air, enormous quan- a cloud 10 yards square, fuHy charged, at
country and small village than in the city. tities of electricity are produced. We do a height of one mile, liberates 2,000 foot-
rare that lightning strikes in the large not know exactly how it is produced. The tons of energy. This energy is enough to
It is
towns or cities. The isolated building or latest theory, that of Dr. Sirnpson, explains warm 2^ quarts of water to the boiling
The subject the electrification as resulting from the point and then change it to steam in a
object is in greatest danger.
splitting of rain drops into smaller particles trifling part of a second. Such intense heat
is of varying economic importance
too in
different states. Records show that light- as they tend to fall thru a rapidly rising warms the particles of air to incandescence
current of air. In some way clouds do be- and is the cause of the flash seen. Heated
ning does more damage in Iowa than in
Maryland, Wisconsin, come highly charged with electricity. air conducts electricity better than cold air,
any other state.
Sometimes they are posithcly charged and so at times other flashes will follow in the
New York, Ohio and Illinois follow in the
amount of damage received from this sometimes ncgatwcly charged. When two path of the first one before the air has
clouds or a cloud and the earth are at suf- become cold. These multiple or oscillating
source.
That the harmless spark obtamed
, ,
. .
,
Ijy
,
rub- ficiently great difference of potential the flashes may continue for 1/1.000 to 1/200
second, but altogether
bing a cat's fur in
they apparently make
cold winter and the
but one flash to the
terrifying lightning
eye.
of a hot summer day
are closely related, The discharge of
this cloud, 10 yards
belonging as they do
square, gives enough
in the same family of
energ}-, in 1/20,000 of
natural phenomena,
a second, if properly
has never been sur-
directed, to hurl 1,000
mised by the average
I)arrels of flour 20
school pupil. In fact
many older people feet into the air. When
this energv' heats the
have not thought of
air in the path of the
them as related phe-
even tho lightning discharge it
nomena,
causes sudden expan-
Franklin proved their
1752.
sion with e.xplosive
identity in
violence and when the
Benjamin Franklin expanded air cools and
while e.xpcrimenting
contracts a vacuum is
with electricity formed, into which air
noticed certain resem-
rushes again with im-
blances between the
plosive force. When
sparks produced arti-
you blow up a rubber
ficially and the nat-
balloon to an exces-
ural lightning. Both
sive pressure, explo-
flashes were instan-
sion results with a
taneous gave intense
;
loud sound. Wlien an
light; followed a incandescent bulb is
crooked path pro- ;
broken, air rushes in-
duced noise; set com-
to the space, and when
bustible material on it meets it produces a
fire and killed animals. loud sound from the
Frotn observation of implosion. These two
the similar behavior cases illustrate the
of the two, he was led production of thun-
to a strong belief in der. One part of a
their identity, so he lightning flash may be
determined to per-
a mile farther away
form some experiment from you than the
which would prove nearer part. The
their likeness or un- thunder from the
likeness. And on July more distant part will
4, 1752, he sent a kite reach j-ou about 5 sec-
into the clouds during
onds later than that
a thunder storm and from the nearer part.
succeeded in bringing
Thus while a flash
electrical energy from
may be instantaneous,
the cloud thru the kite
the thunder which
string to a key at it-
}-ou hear may be of
lower end. This string considerable duration.
and key were insu- Thunder from several
lated from the earth
flashes may unite.
by a silk cord. Frank- Thunder may be re-
lin obtained sparks flected by one or more
from the key just like clouds. In these ways
Thousands of Cattle on the Great Farms of the West Are Annually Electrocuted by
those he had produced Un-
Lightning Discharges Which Charge "Ungrounded" IVletal Fences and Dernolish the rumblings, char-
in his laboratory, thus The Highest Authorities Recommend That All
rodded" Barns and Outbuildings. acteristic of thunder,
did he demcmstrate to Buildings Be Equlpt With Proper Lightning Rods.
are produced.
the world the fact that
lightning is an electrical discharge. resistance of the intervening air is over- Objects standing on the surface of the
The boy who shuffles his feet over the come and a discharge takes place producing earth become a part of it and are electri-
the common phenomenon of lightning. Sir callv charged the same as the earth. Stand-
carpet ani draws a spark from the water
Oliver Lodge calculated that a flash of ing' above the earth's surface they form
faucet or gas burner is a dynamo un-
lightning one mile long is probablv due excellent discharge points since the air gap
awares he generates electricity and dis-
from them to the cloud is less than from
;
charges it at a pressure of thousands of to a difference of potential of 5.000,000,000

volts, but it is generally thought now that the surrounding earth to the clouds, and
volts.
this figure is too high. Trowbridge has furthermore, the electrical density or ten-
It is iisuallv true that the air above the
— —
sioii isgreater at points, corners and angles ing of liK'itning rods is a very important ning will often jump oflF from a good con-
matter. They are l'ref|ueiitly connected to ductor at a sharp bend, even tho it must
than on surfaces. \\ hatever the object may
larê copper plates whicli are buried in a pass thru a poorer conductor.
be thru which the discharge starts, it in- There are two ways in which lightning
mass of coke at a depth which is below
stantly becomes the conductor thru which rods protect a house. First, they serve as
the permanent water level of the earth.*
electricity passes either to or from a large The metal cage or rods should have a conductors carrying the discharge harm-
area surrounding it. If an object only dis- numlier of high points extending above the lessly second, they tend to discharge the
;
charged an amount of electricity equal to level of the building; and should have few earth slowly. Often such an amount of
that which it held before the discharge, joints and no sharp bends. Our commer- electricity escapes by this slow discharge
there would be danger or violence, but
little cial currents will follow good conductors that a lightning stroke is prevented, or if not
when it becomes the conductor to carry the around any amount of curving, but light- prevented it is less severe. Occasionally a
electricity of a consid- rodded house is struck,
erable portion of the but the damage is much
earth about it, the large less than if the house
quantity of electricity had been unrodded. The
passing in so brief an idea that lightning rods
interval causes violence draw lightning, and are
and damage. a source of danger, is
A similar discharge unfounded even if the
of the earth occurs rods are poorly ground-
when an object on the ed. The majority of
earth is by a
electril'ied fires resulting when
near-by cloud by induc- lightning strikes rodded
tion and a discharge buildings occur when
passes between them. masses of metal, gut-
The discharges at the ters, pipes, etc., arc not
storm front are usually connected to the light-
the most severe. After ning rods or are not
the first few discharges grounded.
the air seems to become Sir Oliver Lodge
a better conductor and classifies lightning as
the lightning is less "A" flashes and "B"
severe. flashes. The A flashes
Any high object are less sudden and vio-
reaching above the lent, and are what the
earth carries the elec- Germans term cold

trostatic field nearer to
lightning. Lightning
that of the cloud, thus rods are effective pro-
increasing the possibil- tection against them.
ity of an electrical dis-
The B flashes are sud-
charge between
them. den and violent, and are
The tremendous heat what the Teutons term
cneriry which is pro- burning lightning.
duced from the electri- Lightning rods will not
caldischarge of a large always safeguard
cloud highlv charged is Actual Photograph Taken After a Severe Electric Storm Showing the Lightning's Toll in against these flashes.
sufficient to heat air Valuable Live-Stock. The Barn Was Unrodded, as May Be Surmised, for U Is Very Both the A and B
Seldom that Fatalities Occur Where Buildings Are Properly Covered with First-Ciass flashes are fatal to
particles to incandes Lightning Rods, Thoroly Grounded in Damp or Wet Earth.
cence, to melt minerals man. Ball lightning is
and metals, to vaporize solids and liquids produced when the B flashes strike the
The flashes are the more com-
with e.xplosive violence and to set fire WHAT TO DO IN A THUNDER ground. .A.
to combustible matter. It is little won-

mon. When
a storm is at such a distance
der that trees are splintered and buildings
STORM. that flashes of light are seen but no thun-
der is heard, the flashes are termed heat
set on fire when they make a path for the If you are out of doors in a very severe
lightning. The thunder may be refracted
—
lightning to the earth or from the earth
electrical storm, it is well to observe the
following rules for your own protection. above tlie head of the observer or it may
for it is believed that fully as many dis- 1. Keep away from wire fences. They
be at such a distance that its intensity is
charges are from the earth to the clouds may carry a dangerous electrical charge
long distances. Cattle in pastures are so decreased as to become inaudible.
as from the clouds to the earth. frequently killed from the neglect of If a person forms a part of the conduct-
Protection against lightning is needed on farmers to ground the wire of the fence. ing path of the discharge, he is likely to
2. Keep away from hedges, ponds, and
isolated buildings, tall chimneys, steeples streams. suffer and yet the stroke may not prove
and flag poles. Such protection is secured 3. Keep away from isolated trees. Oak fatal.
by use of a metal cage or series of rods trees are frequently struck; beech are The heart is the chief danger spot. It
seldom struck. It is safe in a dense
with high points and the whole thoroly forest. is not the voltage but the current which
grounded. The material must be of suf- 4. Keep away from herds of cattle and passes thru the heart which is the important
ficient capacity to carry off large quantities
crowds of people. thing. Tho with a given body resistance,
5. Do not hold an umbrella over you.
of electricity and it must not corrode 6. It is safer to sit or lie down in an an increased volta.ge causes an increased
readily. Copper and galvanized iron are open field than to stand. current to pass. It has never been deter-
7. Drivers should dismount and not
mined with accuracy just how much cur-
the two metals most commonly used for stay close to their horses.
8. Do not work with any large metal rent can pass thru the human body with
lightning rods. The lightning rods or con-
tool or implement. safety. It dotibtless varies with individuals.
ductors should not be insulated from the If you are indoors: High voltage causes paralysis which may
building because the object of the rods is 1. Keep away from the stove and
chimney. The hot gases from the chim- stop breathing, and even the heart's action.
to drain electricity from all objects about
ney may conduct the lightning to and First aid in lightning stroke should be arti-
or a part of the building. Conductors down the chimney. ficial respiration, the same as is used to
ought not to be placed near or parallel to 2. Do not' take a position between two
bodies of metal as the stove and water restore a drowning person.
an inside pipe, because the discharge might
jump thru the wall to it, causing fire, or pipe, for example. An exception to being No danger results when a comparatively
near metals is the case of an iron bed. large current flows thru the lower trunk
it might produce a powerful heating effect One of the safest places is on a mattress alone, but as low a pressure as 6.^ volts
in it, resulting from induction. safe- A in an iron bed. provided you do not touch
the metal. The metal surrounding you has been known to prove fatal, when it
guard against such a disaster is to connect makes a safe cage which will prevent the past thru the thorax.
the lightning rod system at the highest and lightning from reaching a person inside.
3. Do not stand on a wet floor nor d.-aw
The resistance of the skin varies with
at the lowest points with inside structural
water from the well or faucet. its dryness, moisture, greasiness, and by the
beams and water pipes. Sometimes gas 4. Do not stand directly under a chan- area which is in cont.ict with an electric
pipes are connected but because of the in- delier, near a radiator, nor on a register.
flammability of gas, many prefer not to 5. Do not use the telephone.
conductor. A
bare wire carrying our ordi-
nary lighting current at 110 volts or 220
connect them. All exterior metal work of
volts pressure may be handled safely if the
the building, as gutters, railings, etc., cither
•Specifications for installing liehtning rods are skin which the wire touches is dry or if the
should be connected to the lightning rod at
given in Technologic Paper No. .>'>. Bureau Stand- person's boots by which the current leaves
a level below their own or they should be ards, at 2<?c. procurable from Government Printing
grounded by a separate cable. The ground- Office, Wash., D. C.
{Continued on page 212)
The Science of Sound

phenomenon are enabled to present thru the courtesy of The tuning fork may be adjusted for dif-
SOUND
of nature
is that mysterious
by which ^ve are able to Prof. Miller, who is considered a verj' ferent frequencies when desired and in gen-
communicate intelligence to one an- high authority on the science and physics eral corresponds to the usual musical tuning
other, and by wb.ich it becomes pos- of sound, illustrate but a few of the hun- fork, except that a small electro-magnet
sible to accomplish many industrial dreds of extremely interesting demonstra- is placed between the two prongs. When a
and scientific wonders, and according to tions and peculiar devices which have been battery current is past thru this electro-
Professor Dayton C. Miller, of the Case worked out in the physical study of sound. magnet, it attracts the opposite leg and sets
School of Applied Science, Cleveland, O., One. of the accompanying illustrations the fork vibrating, the battery current be-
we may define sound as the sensation re- shows how laboratory apparatus may be ing interrupted at every swing of the tun-
W Sound Wave
C Sabine of Harvard University Has Made the Accompanying Remarkable Photographs Showing First— the Start of aRight
Prof
Into an Auditorium, (Left). At Center, the Sound Wave Photographed 3-100ths Second After Its Production on Stage. Echoes —
in a Theater Developed from a Single Sound Impulse in 14-100ths Second, Resulting in What Call 'Reverberation." We
suiting from the action of an external set up so as to cause a single taut string ing fork limbs by virtue of a platinum con-
stimulus on the sensitive nerxt apparatus of to vibrate in a single loop. In taking the tact mounted on the vibrating fork. The
the ear. In other words, it is a species of photograph of the vibrating string, a black string may consist of a silk cord.
reaction to this external stimulus, excitable background was provided, so as to show By simply changing the tension of the
only thru the ear, and dis- string so arranged, it can
be made to vibrate in va-
tinct from any other sensa-
rious sub-divisions corre-
tion. Atmospheric vibration
sponding to its harmonic
is the normal and usual over-tones. For instance,
means of excitement for the it may be caused to show
ear. This vibration originat- two-loop, three-loop and
ing in a source known as the five-loop formations, repre-
soiiiidinff body, which is it- senting respectively the first,
self always in vibration. For second and fourth over-
instance, the source of the tones.
sound may be constructed es- One of the most remark-
pecially to produce a certain able sound analyzing instru-
quality as in a stringed in- ments is Professor Miller's
strument, whether the string Pluinodi'ik. This instru-
is plucked or Ijowed, and its ment has been made in sev-
consequent vibration trans- ^ 1^ ^ eral different forms for es-
ferred to the wooden or Jr] ^^^ pecially analyzing and
studying the various funda-
other sound-board and which K^^Jj^l
in turn impresses the motion
^^^îB mental tones and harmonics
upon a larger mass of air. of musical and other sounds
The word sound is tised in the laboratory, but the one
Interesting View of a String Vibrating in a Single Loop, Co rresponding to here shown is probably of
by the scientist to designate Vi brated Tuning
a Simple Tone of a Fundamental Only. An Electrically the greatest interest to the
the vibrations of the sound- Fork Is Used in This Experiment.
ing body itself or those layman. By rneans of the
which are set up by the soimding body the loop of vibration more clearly. This projection type of phonodeik (here il--
in the air or other medium, and which single loop corresponds to a simple tone lustrated). Prof. Miller was enabled
are capable of directly affecting the £ar, consisting of a fundamental only. The to present some very startling effects
even tho there is no ear to hear; the sound string is secured at one end to a stationary in his recent lectures in New York
going forth just the same. support, and at the other to one prong of a City before the American Association for
The accompanying illustrations which we special electrically-operated tuning fork. the" Advancement of Science. When the
Many Valuable Studies of Sound Waves Can Be Made by Means of "Sand Figures." The Sand Is Placed on a Diafram Which Can
Be Vibrated at Any Desired Frequency or Note.
word "War" for instance was pronounced rarefactions which are projected thru that the music rever-
into the horn of the phonodcik, its tiny re- space with a velocity of 1,132 feet per sec- berates thruout the
volvinK mirror caused a narrow heam of ond fat 70° Fahrenheit), and for the tone auditorium.
hffht to dance wildly on the sta^c screen, "middle C," the distance from one com- A great deal of study
but when the word "I'cace" was spoken into pression to the next is about four feet. can be and has been
the instrument, the lisht beam smoothed It woulfl prove very desirable indeed to carried out in the realm
out remarkably, exercising a wonder id and I be able to actually photograph sound waves of sound studies by
truly remarkable psychological effect on the in air, but no practical means have as yet means of sand figures.
audience. been perfected for photographing waves These are known as
The operation of the phonodeik, which of this size. The accompanying photo- Chladnis' figures, and
is the result of many years' study, is based graphs of a cross-sectional model of a one of the accompany-
upon the use of a vibrating diafram. which theater showing the progress of a sound ing illustrations shows
is placed at the base of the horn shown. wave from the stage is due to the re- three interesting forms
The movements of the diafram due to searches of Prof. W. C. Sabine, of Har- produced by certain
vocal or musical sounds projected into the vard University. Photographs such as these, sounds. A
large num-
horn cause it, with its vibrating mirror, showing the sound wave at any instant, ber of patterns can be
to project a tiny beam of light, which fall- are taken by instantaneous exposures and formed by the various
ing upon a motor-driven revolving mirror, are obtained by the snapping sound pro- sounds, and which pat-
is thrown on to the white screen on duced by the electric spark discharge terns or figures are al-
the stage in the form of a long wave. The from a Leyden jar. The sound thus given ways the same for the
movements of the diafram are magnified off by a Leyden jar discharge consists of same note.
forty thousand times or even more, pro- a single wave containing one condensation As an example of
ducing a "light" sound wave on the screen and one rarefaction, the wave length of what has been accom-
which may measure ten feet in width and which may be 1/16 inch or less, and the plished in this direc-
even forty feet in length, suitable for a sound is relatively a loud one. Now if, tion, it may
be of in-
practical demonstration of the physics of while such a sound wave is past over a terest to state that, with
sound to an audience of any magnitude. photograph plate in the dark, the wave is a diafram of glass held
The projection phonodeik possesses many instantaneously illuminated by a single dis- in circular rings and
placed horizontally, the
vibrator being attached
to the under side when ;
sand w a s sprinkled
o\ er the diafram.
figures were obtained
as the diafram was
made to respond in suc-
cession to each one of
eighty pipes corre-
sponding to frequen-
cies from 129 to 12.400.
The characteristic no-
dal lines produced for
each frequency were
then photographed.
Our long, narrow il-
lustration carrying the
continuous undulating
sound wa\e as shown
at right is one of the
most remarkable rec-
ords of vocal music
ever obtained. It was
made in Professor
Miller's laboratory, and
The Marvelous "Phonodeik" Devised by Dayton
C. Miller. Which, by Extremely Delicate
Prof.
Electro-Mechanical Attachments. Permits a Lecturer to Project on a Screen the Undulations is part of a record of
of the Speaking Voice. Magnified 40.000 Times! Truly a Scientific Masterpiece and An world-famous opera
Invention of Far-Reaching Importance and Application. singers singing the sex-
tettefrom "Lucia di
remarkable «]ualities. among which we find taut electric spark, then the light from the Lammermoor." The
that, the revo'.ving mirror is kept sta-
if spark will be reacted by the sound wave white dots along the
tionary the spot of light on the screen which will then act as a lens and register edge of the record
moves in a vertical line as the diafram itself on the plate. The accompanying represent the time
vibrates tho these movements are super-
; photographs, due to Professor Sabine, show periods 1/100 of a _
p'osed,their extreme complexity is shown some of the work carried out by him in second a/'art. The orig-
since the turning points are made evident studying the problem of auditorium acous- inal photographic rec-
by bright spots of light. If we turn the tics.
ord of this bit of opera
mirror slowly by hand, then the production is nearly four times as
of the harmonic curve by the combination To make such sound wave photographs, long as the one here re-
of vibratory and translatory motions is a small cross-sectional model of the audi- produced. The particu-
demonstrated. By the aid of a simple torium is made. The photograph plate
first lar section of the rec-
is placed behind the model the sound is ord illustrated shows
tuning fork, the simplicity and wonders ;
of the sine curve are exhibited grafically.

produced on the stage at the right, and the voice undulations
the resulting wax e is propagated out into the and variations of Mme.
By using two tuning forks, it becomes pos-
auditorium with a velocity of 1,132 feet Tetrazzini and Signor
sible to demonstrate before a large audi-
ence, the combination of sine curve waves.
per second. The second view shows the Amato, I. r., soprano
period just before the main sound wave and baritone voices
Also the relations of loudness to ampli-
reaches the balcony, and the final photo siiii/iny softly. This
tude, and of pitch to wave length may shows the wave 14/lOOths second after the particular section of the
be fully demonstrated. As the sound production of the original sound on the voice record has a dur-
changes phonodcik apparatus, the
at the
stage, when the main wave has reached the ation of .80 second, and
light wave followsin consequence, and the
back of the gallery. It will be noted that is for a single note.
projected image on the screen undulates
a large number of echo waves appear, and
rythmically. and in a most remarkable man-
which seem to come from many different The Voice Record at the
ner. Right Shows the Undu-
directions, but which are actually generated
Three interesting illustrations are pre- by the one original impulse. The multiple
lations Occurring When
Tetrazzini and Amato
sented herewith which show the progress echoes continue to develop with ever in- (Soprano, and Baritone)
of a sound wave in a theater; the wave creasing confusion until finally the sound Warble a Note from
gradually swelling out into the auditorium diffused thruout the auditorium, when
"Lucia di Lammer-
is moor.'" Each Dot Is
until the main wave has reached the back we have the condition known as ri-,'i-rhrr- 1-100th Second Apart:
of the gallery and been reflected. alion. This explains the effect occurring the Time Period of the
Sound waves, according to Prof. Miller, when we hear anyone say Record Shown Is .80
in a theater, Second and Is for a
consist of alternate condensations and that the singer has such a powerful voice "Single Note."
—
TELEPHONE AND RADIO IN WAR- many thousands can be found just back dreds, even thousands of men. He
TIME FRANCE. of the battle lines. The
telephone, tele- must not make a mistake and his
The .French army has perhaps made graph and radio stations are often located instruments must always work so long —
greater use of all electrical means of com- in the basement of a once beautiful cha- as his antenna stays up.
municating intelligence than any other teau or church.
NEW INVENTION 'PHONES
POLICE— "THIEF'S HERE."
Burplar detection is made a matter of
certainty and simplicity by means of a
device invented bj- Lee A. Collins, of Louis-
ville, Iventuck\', Patents are pending on
the invention.
With the installation of the alarm, a
burglar in forcing or gaining an entrance
sets in motion the mechanical device, which
then summons the police, giving them the
name and address of the person whose
home or office is being entered.
Another type of the device does not
operate with a phonograph attachment, but
instead has a buzzer which warns central,
who in turn reports the matter to the po-
lice. Another t\-pe of the invention has
a bell which is controlled by thermostats,
and gives fire alarms as well as burglar
alarms.
The alarm does not cease if a window
Here We See Two Interesting French War or door is closed immediately after be-
Pictures. At Left
Headquarters.
— Telephone
Right —
Switchboard in.g opened, but continues at work until
at Radio Station
I
Near the Battle Front "Somewhere in the connection is cut off. The device is
i
France." simple in construction, and can be attached
to any telephone. A
special attachment
makes it possible for bank or express com-
pany cashiers to start the mechanism by
militar\-organization of the present time. The central telephone switcliboard shows pressure of the foot or knee in the event
The herewith show a central
illustrations how cable lines are brought in from every an attempt is made at a hold-up. Two
telephone switchboard at army headquar- important army division. By means of dry cell batteries operate the entire sys-
ters and a typical radio station, of which the flexible cord and attachment plug con- tem. If the bank cashier is held up, for
nected to the wall telephone instrument seen instance, he simply obeys orders and throws
TORPEDO NOW USED AS LAMP- in the picture, an officer of the command- up both hands if he deems it best, but
POST. ing staff may instantly ring up any divi- his foot is busy meanwhile, and when the
The accompanyiui:
illustration sliows an sion commander and transmit orders or foot operated trip-switch closes, the Col-
odd lamp-post in use at Xewport,
electric receive a special report as to the progress lins automatic telephone alarm immedi-
R. I. It is formed of a one-time danger- of a battle at any certain part of the front. ately .sets busy. It raises the telephone
ous torpedo, whicli was captured in the The head telephone set lying on the hook (in another room, so the thief will
Spanish-American War. The torpedo has table is used to
listen in secretly
into run-
any line
ning from the
trenches to head-
quarters. Thus
the officer in
charge may know
at once if unau-
thorized talk i~
going on.
But to the radio
operator comes a
full share of mys-
tery, romance and
action. He sit3
with his head re-
ceivers clamped
tight against his
ears while from
out of the bound-
less ether there When the Bank Robber Appears Now, the Cashier Simply Presses a
comes the news Button with His Foot. This Causes a Special Device in Another Room
to Lift the Telephone Hool< and Start a Phonograph Which Gives
of victory or de- Central the Call for Police.
feat — the call for
reinforcements —
messages of every descrip- not become desperate) and simultaneously
tion and from many points along the battle starts a small phonograph located near the
front. Needless to say the military radio telephone. It carries a special record, an-
operator holds a most important position nouncing the bank's name, the location
an importance \yhich the peace-time and the news that the "thief's here!" It
operator never even dreams about. In repeats the message over and over again,
his hands there may lie the differ- notifying Central, who at once informs
ence between life and death for hun- police headquarters.
been securely anchored in the ground and

the electric feed wires, supplying the lamps A trap drummer has
discovereo that elec-
at the top with current pass thru the hol- tric lights inside his drums keen
installed
low shell. The relative size of the torpedo the moisture out and makes the drumheads
may be judged by comparing it with the tight.
marine standing beside it. Rather an ex-
Photo Coi-yright by Press Illustrating Servict-. pensive lamp-post, as lamp-posts go. this The new battleship Tennessee will use
particular one having cost about $7,000 27,500 electrical horsepower, enough power
A One-Time Formidable Torpedo. Captured
in the Spanish-American War, Now Serves originally when the Spanish torpedo factory to furnish heat, light and power for a city
as a Lamp-Post at Newport, R. I. turned it out. of 100,000 inhabitants.
!
Speeding Up Vote of Congress by Electricity
Instead of Wasting an Hour and a Half in Which to "Call the Roll" Alone in the House of Representatives at Washington, a Newly Pro-
posed Electric Voting System Will Cut the Time Down to a Few Minutes, Resulting in a Savmg of Thousands of Dollars Annually.
HAVE you call

ever been present at the roll
of the U. S. Senate or House of
there is some rcas<in why other legislative
bodies have not adopted it.
nated,
''I
it could be quickly photographed.
believe the time will come when all
Representatives? If you haven't then Mr. Lewis goes on to say: "It occurred legislative bodies will be equipt for voting
is perhaps dillicult to realize how much to me while listening to the debates in the in this expeditious way, and that the same
it
valuable time is lost by calling the roll of

House, followed by such interminable roll method will be adopted by engineering and
calls, that a vote on any question had bet- other bodies that have no time to burn.
such august bodies. Mr. W
ilfred Lewis was
ter be 'seen than heard,' that the old max-
quite surprised not long ago, as perhaps
im should not be applied exclusively to
"You can readily estimate the cost of
some of our readers will be now, to learn the voting done by 500 or LOOO high-priced
children. The talk, of course, will go on
that it takes generally no less than an hour forever, but with a little preparation the
men day after day and year after year
and a half to get a vote of the House of in the present absurd way. The cost of
vote might be flashed instantly on a screen
Representatives, using the tedious and installing effective voting machinery in Con-
back of the Speaker in full view of every
antiquated process of calling the roll. In gress might be considerable, but it would
memlier and be photographed by an oper-
favorite form of filibustering in This soon be saved at the rate of perhaps $2,000
fact, a ator in the gallery near the clock.
an hour in the cost of legislation and more
the House is to keep demanding roll calls procedure would require that every member
:
time could also be given to the consider-

on every question that comes up, some of of the House have a lock-bo.x in front of
ation of the bills presented."
them introduced for the purpose. It oc- his seat which, wdien opened, would cause
curred to Mr. Lewis that in this- electrical his name to- appear in a certain space on The illustration we present herewith
age some more efficient method might be the wall or screen. When a vote was called shows President Wilson addressing a joint
adopted, and he proposes a far more ac- for, he would press a button showing 'Yes' session of Congress in the hall of the House
curate one, which he thinks might accom- or 'No' opposite his name, or simply vote of Representatives, with an automatic elec-
plish the same result in half a minute or 'present' by doing nothing. The number or tric vote-recording bulletin, as suggested
kss. Such a 'device has been in use in the title of the bill would be displayed at the by Mr. Lewis, mounted on the wall above
Russian Duma for years, and presumably same time and if the record was illumi-
;
the Speaker's chair.
The U. S. Signal Corps Wants You

In addition to operators, men must be ob-
FOR the information of applicants
Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps, we
all in "Equipment for all men enlisted, such as
uniforms, bedding, messing utensils, etc., tained who have had technical training, or
give below the general plan of the will be available for issue at the camps of who have had an education which will
training and preparation the new units of instruction. Each man enlisted will from enable them to quickly grasp the mechanical
Signal Reserve Corps are to receive before the time he reports receive the same pay and electrical work incident to the opera-
they are fitted for work in connection with and allowances as the corresponding grade tions of a Field Battalion Signal Corps in
other arms of the service. in the regular army. They are also entitled active service. The men must, in addition
"In the first place," says Major Carl F. to transportation in kind and commutation to above qualifications, be strong and ath-
Hartmann, of the N'ew York Headquarters, of rations at .'>0 cents per meal for the time letic, and preferably horsemen.
"we have attempted to enlist only such men of actual travel from their homes to places ".•V Field Battalion of Signal Corps is an
as are technically qualified to carry on the to which ordered for active service. If organization for which college and techni-
usual functions of the Si.cnal Corps without transportation in kind is not furnished from cal men are especially adapted. The work is
additional technical training. expect toWe their homes to place ordered for active active and interesting. It is necessary
give them additional training concerning the service, they are entitled to reimbursement everywhere, on the battlefield as well as on
use and operation of equijiment directly for the actual necessary cost of such trans- the lines of communication to the bases.
pertaining to Signal Corps Battalions, also portation. The Signal Corps' drills involve the prin-
an intensive course of military training "The term of enlistment is for four years. ciples of nearly all the other branches of the
which will make our organizatitm an elh- However, the President of the United States Army, in addition to the interesting ap-
cicnt military unit for active service. has stated that the Reserve Corps will be paratus necessary for the transmission of
"Our advice to men wlio enlist is to con- held in active service only during the period information. We are prepared to follow
tinue their ordinary pursuits until they re- of the emergency. the cavalry at whatever gait they desire to
ceive the call from the President, then report "It is proposed, in the Eastern Depart- take. We work in conjunction with the
imnie<liately to the place designated. In the ment, to organize ten (lO) Field liattalions. artillery, and the infantry rely on us for
meantime it will be well for them to notify Signal Reserve Corps, and the proper mate- their information.^ The Signal Corps has
their employers that they will be subject to rial for these organizations appears to be been termed the "Nerves of the Army," and
the call of the President, and must leave scarce. is a very necessary branch of the service.
his employ when they are notified, other- "These Battalions will require men who At this time, due to the unusual expansion
wise their status with him will be the same have technical ability. Most of all, we of the Army, promotion should bo rapid
as it has been formerly. want operators, both Morse and Continental. (Continued on page 214)
! !
"Ham" Jones— Scientist

EVELETH By H.\RL.\N A.
HENRY
DUKE
ALFONSO
JOxXES, alias "Ham"
MARMA- Come ripht in and make j'ourself at home."
And with that he gave me the "glad hand" upon
"Ham"
my
on a light, and there-
turned
opened wider and wider
eyes
as I gazed in mingled awe and ecstasy
Jones, was a \outh of seventeen and a pat on the shoulder.
summers, awkward and lanky, "The pleasure's all mine!" I replied; I, upon the vast accumulation of multifarious
with auburn hair and freckles, alias "Spin" (short "Spindle") being
for electrical equipment which adorned the
and blue eyes which imbibed the beauties modeled somewhat along the graceful lines four walls and portions of the ceiling and
—
of nature several sat near him in "Latin of a Geissler tube. floor of the laboratory; a bewilderment of
1" — thru the lenses of omnipresent,
"Ham" was some boy.
iron- "Come right up stairs," chirped "Ham,"
so I trailed along behind him, up two flights
coils of wire, switches, bells, insulators and
instruments of every type and form imagin-
rimmed spectacles.
He had attained a wide reputation among of stairs to a hall leading to the laboratory able —and surmounting the whole, a crudely
his fellow students as a wizard of wire- in the attic. lettered sign bearing the ominous warning:
y/AV>iil
" .... He Picked Up a Fine Wire from the Floor, Fastened It to tiie Coll and Prest the Key. Suffering Cats! My Shoes Became ! !
Full of Carpet Tacks and I Leapt so High that My Head Nearly Hit the Ceiling. 'Hen' Got to Laughing so Hard He Could Not
. . .
Keep His Stick on the Key."
less telegraphy and as an authority on all "There's mj' room, you can open the
door and step right in," gurgled "Ham."
the intricacies of "hook-ups" and electrical
phenoinena pertaining thereto; in fact, the "I left something down stairs, I'll be back DANGER
pages of his "Caesar" housed innumer- in a moment."
able and priceless diagrams of diagrammatic
data, while a rear view of this assemblage
"All right," I said, innocently, and then
grasped the knob of the door. I had
150,000 VOLTS
of students disclosed the existence of a pushed it about half open when the knob All Persons Entering This
secret service system of communication suddenly turned red-hot, or something, and Laboratory Do So At
whereby others who desired information of would not let go of my hand for all
Their Own Risk
it
a teclinical brand could obtain the same I could do to persuade it to. "Ham"
direct from the hand of the renowned stood on the stairs, with his hand beneath
scientist, "Ham" Jones. Thus it was with the railing, and laughed so hard that he
a great feeling of joy and expectation that finally sat down on the steps to keep from
1, a humble member of the secret service tumbling the whole length thereupon the ;
"Hen," I said, in a plaintive tone, as
organization, accepted the magnanimous in- knob turned "cool" and I yanked my hand if about to ask him for a job. "I guess
I'll stand over near the doorway." I was
vitation of "Ham" to devote an evening away.
of my leisure time among the electrical "You big boob !" I yelled, for I was careful to call him "Hen", for I feared
paraphernalia of bis far-famed laboratory. scared and about ready to choke. "Do dire consequences if I should offend his
you want to kill a feller?" dignity.
I ascended the steps of the front porch
of "Ham's" abode with faltering steps that "Aw forget it. You have to get used "No, )'0U stay right where you are,"
memorable night, and I pushed the push to shocks if you're going into the wire- he retorted. "Tliere will be no danger as
of the push-button with the end of an ink less business." long as vou keep your hands off the wires."
eraser; for I had heard rumors of "big "Yes —well, will vou let me trv it on "But iiow about those 150.000 volts?"
sparks" and unexpected shocks, and rub- you?" "Don't you w'orry about them. They are
—
ber is an insulator "Ham" had told me "Perhaps, later on, but I've got lots to Tesla coil volts, and they won't do more
so. show }'ou —
and besides, it's a waste of than knock you down. I'll save the fire-
"Hello! quoth "Ham," as he

'Spin'," 'juice.' Come in and I'll show you my works for the' last, so that if you get
swung the door open. "Glad to see you junk." So in I went. killed you won't miss any of the show."
;
"Uh huh!" I gasped; then wondered it —

her 'O. S.' to 'B. H.' Hear that low spark? "Yes," I said, "1 can hear people walk-
I liad not better make a break lor the That's 'H. A.' shooting the baseball scores. ing around. Keep quiet a moment." The
1 had the chance.
door wliile Gee 1 wish I could copy him, but I can't,
! hissing and scraping noise gradually died
"Take a scat," said "Hani," "and I'll he's using Morse. I guess you have heard down, and then there came to my ear a
show you the wireless." So I gingerly enough. Take the receivers off and I'll series of distorted words to the effect that
took a seat, after first turning upside-
it go on with the show." ,". I am sick and tired of the com-
. .
down to discover the of any

jiresence So I did as commanded, thanked him pany which Henry continually brings to
diabolical mechanism which might be con- for the demonstration, and told him, in this house they are a nuisance
. . .
cealed in the cushion. earnestness, what a remarkable person he . . . . he is failing in his Latin . . .
"\ow, 'Spin'," he said, with a wave of must be to comprehend the technique of some night . . . throw his old wireless
his hand, as he assumed a professional atti- such complex mechanism. out of the window ." Whereupon I . .
tude, "that apparatus over there on your "Say, 'Hen' " I inquired, noticing the dropt the receiver and said to the un-
right is called the transmitting set. It is contents of a box reposing in the corner, suspecting "Hen," "It's getting pretty late.
hard for me
to explain the function of "where did you get all of those fuses?" I think I had better go home."
the various instruments in terms whicli "Fuses? Those are all burnt out. I "Hen" urged me to stay. "I will now
will be understood by the layman, so I'll bought them at a nickel apiece, and there's show you the Tcsla coil. I can't operate
try to use simple language. This instru- about two dollars' worth there in the box. it very much
the evening, for it blinks
in
ment here is called a transformer, and it I threw another dollar's worth away last the lights and is apt to cause trouble in
takes the 110 volts and cuts them up into night at a couple of cats. About a week the family." He tinkered with the switch-
pieces until there are fifteen thousand volts. ago 'pa' served me with an ultimatum to board, made new connections, then prest
That is thirty times as many volts as run the effect that I was to buy no more fuses, the key with a yard-stick and blandly con-
the electric cars, so it is a very danger- so I have hit upon a scheme whereby they tinued, "The sparks I am about to show
ous current to fool with. From the trans- won't burn out so easily. I take the top you consist of over one hundred and fifty
former the volts flow into this condenser, off a burnt fuse and fill it with tin-foil, thousand volts. They electrocute men over
which piles 'em up like sardines, until then force it back onto the fuse, and be- in Sing Sing with two or three thousand
there are so many that they jump across hold, I have a new fuse which lets more volts, so you can imagine what a danger-
this spark gap. That coil of wire is called current thru than it did when new You ! ous current this is. That's it," as I backed
a heli.x. The volts get going around it so need not tell anybody about it, for I am away, "stand on the rug there and you will
fast that some of them shoot off into the thinking of getting the idea patented." be safe." "Ham" Jones punched the key
aerial, and from there into the ether. That's with his stick and long, purple sparks shot
about all there is to it. The code is made off from the knobs of the "Tesla coil,
by punching this key." flicked about like the fangs of a boa con-
"That's a pretty complicated affair, all ARTICLES IN THE AUGUST strictor and snarled and crackled like a
right," I ventured to say, "but there's one "E. E." wounded "rattler." I stood on the rug in
thing I don't understand. What do you have a luimhcr of fine things in
ll'c mute admiration of this exhibition of arti-
mean by saying the volts go into the ether? store for the Atiyust issue of The ficial lightning, ever fearful of an impend-
I took ether when I had my arm broken, Electrical Experimenter. Among ing death. "Hen" let the sparks play over
but I don't see what it has to do with the 125 articles already scheduled for his hands and even pulled sparks from
M-ireless." the August number the Editors take conspicuous portions of my anatomy.
"Haw ! Haw The
wireless ether is not
! pleasure in announcing the follow- Surely, he was a genius, a second Edi-
a liquid, it's a substance, er 'incon- ing:— son, a great engineer to be I told him so,
ceivably attenuated which is supposed to be "The Unsinkable Ship" A solu- — but he only laughed and told me to wait
;
coextensive with infinite space.' That is tion to the submarine problem by a moment and he would show me some-
the only way I can describe it. I don't. Hiram Maxim himself. A feature thing better. He picked a fine wire up
know much about it myself. However, article of the highest class. from the floor, fastened it to the coil and
these instruments over here are for re- "The Radio Bomb" — A thrilling prest the key. Suffering cats shoes ! ! My
ceiving. The messages come down the wireless story that will keep you became full of carpet tacks and I leaped
aerial, and then pass thru those tuning guessing every minute by C. M. so high that my head nearly hit the ceil-
coils, the receivers and the detector. The Adams. ing; then down I came again on that red-
detector lowers the rate of vibration of "Standard Time" —In which our hot carpet, and thus I danced in agony un-
the incoming current so that you can hear friend, Thomas Reed, discourses in his til "Hen" got to laughing so hard that
the signals, while the tuner regulates the inimitable style on the use of spider he could not keep his stick on the key.
wave-length." webs and electricity in checking stand- was mad clean thru, but what could
"I think I understand, but can I hear ard time. Don't miss it Readers. — I
I do with "Ham'' leaning against the wall,
a message?" Selenium, some ne'n> electrical and so merry that the tears fairly rolled out of
"Sure thing! I've got two, good (get scientific aspects of this little known his eyes?
that), one-hundred-ohm receivers and substance by Albert W. ll'ilsdon. In about ten minutes the "Wizard" re-
we'llhave one apiece." The Marvels of Radio-Activity. gained his former dignity and proffered an
We clamped the receivers on our head, Part // by Jerome S. Marcus, B. Sc, explanation of his ingenious trick. "L'n-
and "Hen" monkeyed with the switches and (Ch. £.)" derneath that rug on which you so kindly
the detector and slid the contacts up and A Homc-Made Arc Searchlight for stood." said he. "are a couple of square-
down the tuning coil as if he was sawing the Amateur by Frank M. Jackson. yards of chicken-wire. I connect it with
wood, but the only thing we heard was An Electrolytic Interrupter for Low the coil by means of this fine wire, when-
the test buzzer. J'oltages by C. A. Oldroyd. ever I desire to pass the spark into the
"There must be a loose connection some- Making An Electric Clock by feet of whoever is standing on the rug.
where," explained "Hen", as he made a Thomas Reed. It works better on the ladies, for the soles
minute examination of the wiring. Finally The Present Status of the Audion of their shoes are not as thick as men's.
we heard a series of loud buzzes which by Dr. Lee de Forest. I W'Orked it on our Parson the other day,
suddenly broke into a long dash. "Hen" Complete Details for Building a and the sermon I got from 'pa' a few
worked the tuner for all he w'as worth, 20,000 Meter Undamped Radio Re- hours later was sure brief and right to the
but could not tune the station out. ceiver by ll'm. Burnett, Jr. point."
"There's no use tr>ing, it's another one Amateur and E.rperimental Radio
Research. Part II by Raymond Fran-
" 'Ham' —
'Hen,' that's a pretty clever
er,
of those Hams who sits on his key for the stunt, even if I was the goat." I ventured
pleasure of hearing his spark. Those fel- cis Yates. to say. "Those big sparks of yours are
lows make me sick they have a habit of ; more interesting than the wireless.- but I
"
doing it just as I start to listen to don't understand the peculiar way in which
Just then "Hen" lifted his elbow and the "That is a good scheme, all right," I re- the)' seem to work. I don't see why they
noise stopt. He didn't say a word; just marked. "I will say nothing about it; but should jump into my feet when I do not
"
looked a bit foolish and sawed his tuner what is that arrangement over there on have a second connection
harder than ever. Finally he jumped up, the wall?" "Of course you don't," interrupted "Hen."
stuck his head and arms out of the win- "That is a contrivance of mine
little "I can't explain the reason in simple lan-
dow and did something which suddenly whereby I am
enabled to listen to con- guage. Now if you will step over here
made the buzzes come in at a great rate. versation which takes place on the first near the bed I'll show you some more in-
"I guess that's one on me," said "Hen." floor. It consists of two microphones, a teresting ideas. Before retiring I pull the
"I forgot to open the ground switch. Now battery and a telephone receiver. I in- shade, shut the door and turn on the elec-
listen. Ah There's Colon keep quiet
! — stalled the microphones last Sunday when tric light. -Ml three of these are arranged
—
now, don't talk hang it all. there's that the rest of the family were at church to be worked electrically from a series of
fellow who sits across the aisle from me one is located behind the boiler in the push-buttons located near the head of my
in Latin one; he's always hutting in on kitchen and the other beneath the radiator bed. Step over here and I'll show you
me when I am trying to do long-distance in the parlor. Hold the receiver up to how the curtain works."
—
work listen There's the 'R. B.' giving
I your ear and see if you hear anything." (Continued on page 217)
182 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July, iqi7
20,000 Volts Direct Current SEVENTEEN PICK UP FALLEN

WIRE.
When, a sufficiently high
potential dif- These machines are divided into two sets The human race knows
curiosity of the
ference is imprest between two parallel of ten machines each and one set of twen- no limit. In one of our large Eastern
wires, or a wire and concentric cylinder, ty machines, each set being driven by a cities, says the Au Sable Nezcs, some men
separated by air or some other gas, this belt-connected continuous-current shunt were at work installing a new wire on a
gas which for low potential gradients is a motor. The generators are mounted on in- busy street. For some reason the part of
the wire that was already in place broke
near one of the poles and fell to the
ground. As the work of erection was not
yet completed, the circuit was not in serv-
ice and the wire was deaQ-=-but this fact
was known only to the employees of the
electrical company. One of the men, know-
ing the danger to the public from fallen
wires, but also knowing that this partic-
ular wire was harmless, stood near by to
note what action the passing throng would
take. In fifteen minutes approximately
200 persons past this point, and of this
number twenty-two showed some curiosity
regarding the wire. Of the twenty-two
who stopt seventeen, all adults who might
reasonably be supposed to know •better,
stooped down and took hold of the wire,
or at least touched it, and then, finding it
harmless, past on. If the wire had been
charged to a high potential, the first of
the seventeen "doubting Thomases" would
have been killed.
HOW BEES BECAME INTERESTED

IN TELEPHONY.
W. Weston, manager of the Port
If C.
Byron (Xew York) telephone company, had
been in the honey business he might have
welcomed the visit of a full sized swarm
of bees which took refuge in the company's
terminal box located on the main street of
the village. After faking council with the
local physician and druggist, and receiv-
ing no satisfactory advice, Mr. Weston's
One of the Most Remarkable Electric Generating Plants Ever Built. It Is Used for Special mind wandered back to the old days on the
Test Work and Comprises Forty 500 Volt D.C. Dynamos, Which. All Driven and Connected
Together, Develop 20,000 Volts Direct Current! farm where on one occasion he had been
compelled to test conclusions with several
verv good insulator breaks down and be- sulating bases and the shafts of the sepa- skunks. He procured some bi-sulfate
conies a partial conductor. The phenoinena rate machines are connected by insulating of carbon and with it saturated a handful
connected with this character of conduc- couplings. In the newer part of tlie instal- of cotton waste and packed it in every
tion thru gases are known collectively by lation one terminal of each machine is per- aperture of the terminal box. A careful
the name corona. The failure of the gase- tiianently connected to the frame of that and cautious examination was made the
ous dielectric separating the metallic con- generator, in order definitely to limit the
ductors is made evident by a flow of cur- strain on the machine insulation to the
rent from one conductor to the other, by a voltage generated in one armature.
power loss and, in practically all cases, by The field of each machine is connected
the appearance of light at either one or directly across the artnature terminals, a
both conductor surfaces. In some cases single-pole knife switch being included in
light appears in the intervening space. the circuit in order that the machine may
Since the present theories as to the mech- either be made to generate or to run idle
anism of corona formation do not satis- at will. These switches were operated by
factorily account for all of the observed means of a hard rubber rod appro.ximately
phenomena it was decided to carry out fur- eighteen inches in length, since they may
ther investigations, says G. \V. Davis and be 20,000 volts above earth potential. The
C. S. Breese in the Proceedings of the generators were run somewdiat below rated
.A.T.E.E., in hope that when enough
the speed in order to limit, to a safe value, the
data wtre accumulated some theory based voltage generated with no external resist-
on fundamental principles and explaining ance in the field circuit.
the ol)scrved phenomena might be evolved.
With this purpose in mind it was attempt-
ed to simplify the conditions of corona READING BY WALL PAPER IS
formation.
A wire and concentric cylinder were used
THE LATEST INVENTION.
in order to make the field radial and to
Two-wheeled automobiles and torpedoes
get away from the secondary effects due to with mcclianical ears to chase ships by
the high intensity electric field surrounding sound waves are brain products of Pro-
a second wire. Hydrogen w-as used as the fessor ^lontraville M. Wood, w'ho gave a
dielectric in order to minimize the effects demonstration of his inventions at the
due to changes in the chemical constitution Union League Club recently.
of the gas. When air is used as the dielec- By radioactive paints he asserts an ex-
tric the formation of ozone may produce pensive mural decoration may be manu-
marked changes in the voltage necessary factured which will furnish so much light
for corona formation. Continuous poten- a perron may read by it. Bee-lines and Telephone Lines May Not Have
tial was used in ordei* to separate the ef- "Within ten years." he said, "there will Any Comn-.on Bond Existing Between Them,
But These Bees Evidently Thought So As
fects accompanying a discharge from a be plenty of nonskidding automobiles run- They Calmly Proceeded to Build a Home In
positive wire to a negative tube from those ning on two w'heels. built on the principle a Telephone Cable Terminal Box at Port
of the monorail and retaining their e(|ui- Byron, N.Y.
which are characteristic of the discharge
from a negative wire to a positive tube. librium liv means of the gyroscone."
The continuous f direct current") voltage The"listening torpedo." of which Pro- next evening, when it was found the deadly
used in these investigations was obtained fessor Wood is the inventor, is fitted with fumes had done their work. The accom-
panving cut shows the dead bees. Xote
by means of a battery of forty 500- volt. delicate mechanical devices which record
the comb started in the top right hand cor-
2!i0-watt. continuous-current, shunt-wound the sound waves made by a .shiii's screw
generators connected in series. and draw\s the torpedo in that direction.
;
July. iqi7 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 183
A COMPACT ELECTRICAL ball posts at the c.xtreme right hand arc A NEW TELEGRAPH TEACHING
HOSPITAL. used- for connecting the apparatus used in MACHINE.
Elcctro-thcraijcutics is steadily claiminp; the production of the X-ray. Each pair of The instrument here illustrated is intend-
terminals are controlled by an individual ed to simplify the details of telegraphy. It
the attention of the present-day electrical
switch. .Apparatus for applying the gen- is operated without the aid of an instructor.
engineer, owins to the rapid strides lieinj,'
erated ozone may be seen in the u|)per All that the beginner nas to do is to follow
left corner, and this consists of a the chart and execute the dots and dashes
special glass tube fitted with a fine as they are printed thereon. It was in-
nozzle. vented by Mr. George J. Little and is called
The generating and main instru- the Simplotjraph.
ments are contained in the lower por- The object of having a key for each let-
tion of the cabinet. Amotor-driven ter is to allow for the use of both hands si-
suction pump is utilized for the pro- multaneously if desired. This gives the
duction of mechanical vibration and beginner plenty of finger exercise. This
the device which is applied to the pa- instrument is claimed to represent distinct
tient is noted on the left
side of the cabinet. It con-
sists of nothing more than
a rubber tuljc placed in a
special receptacle and con-
nected to the pump by
tneans of another rubber
tube. A second pump is
used to force out the gen-
erated ozone. This is made
in a glass tube hung on the
door of the cabinet seen at
the right. The terminals
are connected to the high
frequency circuit by means
of brass clips when the
door is closed, while the
ozone is past thru a rub-
ber tube to the pump, and
finally to the glass bottles
as above mentioned. —
Four The "Simplograph" An Attempt to Make the Learning
of the Telegraph Code as Simple as Possible. A Buzzer
high tension condensers are Sounds the Signals for Radio Students.
employed and these are
placed in each corner of the lower advantage over the single key or other me-
compartment. The Leyden jars con- chanical devices that are now on the mar-
tain salt water as the interior coat- ket. A dry cell or two, connected up to
A Remarkable Electrical Outfit of Extreme Com- ing, and connection is made thru a the keyboard here show^n, causes the buz-
pactness WInich Yields Practically Every Form
of Current the "Doc." May Require. It Is Rated
carbon rod. The Tesla transformer zer mounted thereon to respond every time
at 5 Kilowatts. is placed on the door of the cabinet the keys are deprest. Incoming signals are
and its connections are terminated received on the buzzer also. The key be-
made in this field, competition acting as at copper jaws which interlock on metal fore each letter on llie chart must be de-
the all-important stimulant. lugs when the door is closed. The prest the proper number of times for the
Formerly, the electrical laboratory of the high tension current is supplied by a S- corresponding dots and dashes. The device
physician was littered with various appara- kilowatt closed-core transformer and this should prove of value lo students.
tus, of no real consequence save to occupy is placed in the base of the cabinet. Its
space. But these conditions have been rap- against the front contact, permitting cur-
secondary terminals are led to a special
idly overcome, and to-day we find that the rent froin a small alternating current trans-
rotary spark gap which is placed in the
modern physician insists on his apparatus, rear.
former to energize a winding on a lamina-
where electricity is employed, shall lie as ted iron core. On opening the main line
compact and yet as complete as possible. A TELEGRAPH SOUNDER THAT and consequent demagnetization of the re-
Various equipments have been devised and WORKS ON A.C. lay the armature makes contact with the
introduced but none of these compare with Telegraph sounders all operate on direct back stop, thus energizing one coil of the
that illustrated herewith which was de- or continuous current, such as that from transformer. The sounding lever of the
signed and built by Harry Rosenttial, an a battery. But here is one that clicks away transformer, fulcrumed on the center or
electrical engineer of Xew York City. common leg of the laminated core of the
The applications of these instruments are transformer, is alternately held in contact
numerous a few of which are here menwith adjusting screws kept continuously
tioned : X-ray work, high frequency, Tes- magnetized by a permanent magnet. The
la and cautery currents of all intensities. function of the magnet is to prevent chat-
Ozone generation for liquid saturation ter and hum of instrument and renders the
apparatus for the production of mechanical telegraphic sounds uniform.
vibration and air suction for skin treat- The small transformer case (including
ment; also, the apparatus for the produc- secondary voltage regulator) measures 3x6x
tion of a remarkable new therapeutic ray, Ayi inches high. This transformer is ca-
namely, the Rosenthal R-ray. pable of operating fifteen or twenty sound-
The construction of such an equipment ers simultanecvusly. Energy taken by the
requires a fine degree of engineering skill, sounder is approximately four watts the :
considering the numerous apparatus to be magnetizing energy taken, by transformer

fitted' into the smallest possible space. is so small that the primary may be left in
Commencing at the top. of the cabinet, circuit continuously, as the ordinary inte-
the two X-ray terminals will be noted, grating watt hour meters will not indicate
which are used to connect with the the energy coiisumed.
X-ray tube. A milliampere meter The function of the contacts on
is stationed on the left, which is trans-former is to adjust voltage to
used for measuring the current best operation o-f sounder. I'nder
sent thru the tu1>e when in opera- proper conditions it is practically
tion. The control switch-board impossible to tell whether the
consists of two white mar.ble pan- sounder is connected to an alternat-
els. Vario,us binding posts are ing or direct current circuit. .A.
placed in front of the panel, each trial equipment in a- railway tele-

pair being used for a defmite pur- Somethiiin New in Telegraph Sounders—One That Actually graph office has operated success-
Works Efficiently On Low Voltage Alternating Current From fully on a sixt\- cycle circuit, hut
pose, and the connections are made a Step-down Transformer.
thru flexible copper conductors. the device operates equally as vvcll
Levers and switch arms are stationed at a merry pace on alternating current! ivithout any change on twenty-tive cycles.
about the panel suitable for controlling the In brief, the current from the line thru the A loud, clear sound is obtained by a move-
many kinds of currents supplied. The two main line relay keeps the arnuiture norniall" ment of but S'llTin inch of the leveV.
l84 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July, IQ17
A 36-INCH SPARK TESLA COIL ELECTRIC UNA-FON MAKES keyboard is connected thru a ten-foot flexi-
FOR LECTURERS. MUSIC TO BEAT THE BAND. ble cable.
Probably the most amazing and spectacu- The electric L'na-Kon here illustrated is electric musical instruments such as the
lar of all electrical apparatus is the Tesla played from a keyboard, the keys of which Xylophone, Marimbaphone, etc., as these
or High Frequency Coil and no electrical are exactly the same as those of a piano. can be played from the same keyboard.
.\o previous experience is necessary for its The third unit of this instrument com-
successful use and any piano selection can prises a small, light battery case for hold-
be played on it, both harmony and melody. ing dry cells of standard size, wliich is
The instrument is said to mark a new de- :onstructed with fastenings so that it may
parture in tone quality, it having been lik- be attached to any part of the machine that
ened by some to the I 'ox Humana of a is found convenient. The three parts of the
pipe organ. The Una-Fon may be played apparatus are connected by a single ca-
either soft or loud and is equally adapted ble, of such length that the whole apparatus
to use in theater or in the open. In street can be instantly attached to any of the
work, tinder fair conditions, it may be heard standard instruments now in use.
several blocks it has wonderful volume and
;
carrying capacity. On the water its clear, RADIO IN DENMARK.

brilliant tone carries great distances. The Denmark has organized at Svenborg a
maintenance e.xpenses is kept at a low fig- school of radiotelegraphy with the ob-
ure by reason of the storage battery sup- ject of giving complete professional in-
plied with each set, cutting the operating struction allowing pupils to obtain the
cost down to two or three cents an hour. necessary certificate to operate wireless
Each tone-producing unit is a patented stations.
special alloy, nickel plated, concave steel
bar, mounted over a special resonator on a LARGEST STORAGE BATTERY IN
solid oak frame, with an electric playing UNITED STATES.
action attachment. It remains in perfect The Detroit Edison Co.. has in service
adjustment, produces a fast vibrating stroke in its Congress Street Sub-station the larg-
and wields a large composition mallet that est storage battery in the United States.
brings out the full beauties of the tone. The This installation is of interest, not only
instrument is not affected by atmospheric on account of the high capacity of the bat-
3 Kilowatt Tesla Coil in Full Activity, Giving
36 Inch Sparks. The Sparks May Be Taken conditions, and retains its tone at all times. tery but also as showing the most recent
Into theBody as Their Ultra-high Fre- The various electric actions are firmly practise in storage battery engineering as
quency Renders Them Harmless. This Is aj,plied to urban direct current lighting
the Class of Apparatus with Which Our
Pseudo-professors of the Stage Are Wont to systems.
Over-awe and Mystify Us. This battery is kept fully charged and
connected to the bus bars at all times in
laboratory or lecturer's outfit is complete order to insure against an interruption of
without such an equipment. It is most as- fc.rvice. In case of failure of the custom-
tonishing to be able to draw coiling, flam- ary sources of energy the battery is in-
ing sparks from a few inches to several stantly available for use.
feet in length from j'our body to the coil The 'batterj- consists of ISO large E.xide
without the slightest injury or discomfort.
Hundreds of other interesting and strange
'M^^^^Hjat cells having a capacity of 25,200 amperes
at 110 volts for one hour and 80,000 am-
experiments may be performed, such as peres fc^ ten minutes.
lighting large numbers of vacuum or Geiss- Elaborate endcell switches and battery
ler tubes of various brilliant colors bj- control switchboard are employed for prop-
merely holding them in the hand near the erly switching in the ce!!s, charging them
coil without any wires whatever. The or- A Novel Electric Musical Instrument and regulating the counter electro motive
Which Is Played from a Keyboard Ex- force of the battery.
dinary incandescent lamp will glow with a actly Like That of the Piano.
pale green light when held near the coil or Many of the largest central power sta-
connected to it. Various minerals and tions are equipt with storage batteries sim-
many precious stones will glow and fluor- mounted on solid oak cross-pieces on nick- ilar to this one, for the purpose of helping
esce with unusual lights and colors under el plated floor rack that occupies minimum to carry the peak load, which may last
its influence. Its sparks when occurrii.g space and can be moved anywhere. The onlv an hour or so, and which does not
over large flat areas produce a large quan-
tity of ozone. A
wire bent in the shape of
the letter "S" and balanced on the point
of a pin from its center, will rotate as a
static motor with flames shooting from its
ends, when the pin is connected to cê pole
of the machine. .•\11 of these experiments
and hundreds of others may be performed
without the slightest danger, as the fre-
quency of the current is so high as to rend-
er it harmless. Vou cannot even feel the
spark if it is allowed to jump to a piece of
metal held in -the hand, but where the spark
jumps directly to the skin it gives a slight
pricking sensation only on the spot where
the spark strikes. The coil has a movable
contact on the primarv for tuning it to the
secondary. Proper tuning between primary
and secondary is important for satisfactory
results.
The Tesla Coil rated at H
K.W. will give
a purple flame about' 9 inches long when
operating in proper iune or resonance, and
when the electrodes are separated to a
greater distance each is surrounded by a
fan of coiling sparks several inches in
length. It requires a condenser of ap-
proximately .01 M.F.
The coil shown in full activity is produc-
ing 36-inch high frequency sparks and is
excited with a 3 K.W. radio transformer. The Gigantic "Standby" Storage Battery of the Detroit Edison Co., Said To
Be the Largest Storage Battery in the United States.
a spark gap and a high-tension condenser
of .03 microfarad capacity. These outfits
operate from 110 volt. 60 cycle -X.C. cir- Special octave couplers produce a twen- warrant the installation of additional dy-
cuits and form an excellent apparatus for ty-piece brass band volume. The detacha- namos to carry the mean average load, plus
the lecture and stage platform. ble keyboard enables the addition of other the peak load.
: :
GRAFITE-SELENIUM CELLS. justed to within one-twentieth of one per A VERTICAL TABLE FAN.
The new Selenium Cell here il-
ty|)e of cent accuracy. Each unit will safely carry The advantages of the new electric table
lustrated aiul hrouKht out in I'^nKland. pos- a load of 2 watts which will produce a tiiial fan shown in the accompanying illustration
sesses distinct advantages over all for- temperature rise of SO'C. lie in the fact that it can be used on a
mer types, chiefly owint; to the use of tl'.e These resistance units will be found of dining-room table or a top desk without
flat
non-oxidizalile grafite in place of copper, great convenience for obtaining any desired disturbing the pa-
gold or platinum for the electrodes bridged resistance value. (The desired value is pers or articles
over by the selenium. quickly obtained by series, parallel, or on the desk's or
These cells are series-parallel combinations of the units) : table's surface.
claimed have great
to
for shunting a galvanometer to make it The breeze is dis-
critically damped, or to reduce its sensibil- tributed in a strata
staliility, and should,
ity; making up the ratio coils of a slide- of about one foot
with proper treatment,
remain effective for wire bridge or a Kelvin double-bridge: mul- above the table
many years. As no tiplying the scale of a voltmeter or watt- level, and has a
wire is used in their meter by increasing its resistance: building radius of six to
construction, short-cir- up a "volt bo.x" to use in connection with a ten feet. There-
cuiting is excluded, potentiometer and for building up resist- fore, everyone
'i'licir etticiency, meas- ance combinations to teach students to cal- seated within that
culate and measure the same. radius, receives a
ured by the useful current obtainable
continuous breeze
on illumination, is well above that of the
best previous types. This claim, put into
A PRECISION TYPE OF RHEOSTAT. instead of the in-
figures, as follows
is It is often desirable in electrical work, termittent and
With a sensitive selenium surface of 5 especially when making delicate measure- often annoying
ments, to have available a finely adjustable strong blast of the Table Fan for Use on
sq. cm., and a voltage of 20, the additional Dining-room or Li-
ordinary oscillat- brary Tables to Give
current obtainable at various illuminations
ing fan. All-around Breeze.
is as follows
metre-candle
1 milliampere H ELECTRIC TAG MARKER SAVES
50 metre-candles 1 milliampere
500 metre-candles 2 milliamperoN TIME.
The cells are constructed under the su- The marking of price tags in dry-goods,
pervision of Dr. Fournier d'Albe, A.R.C. and department stores particularly, is a
Sc, the inventor of the Type-reading Op-' slow and tedious task if done by hand.
tophone, and are made in two standard The simple motor-driven tag marker shown
patterns. Type .\, suitable for working changes all this. By its use 2,400 tags can
relays: resistance about 10,(XJ0 ohms. Type be printed in an hour.
B, suitable for use as Pliotophone Receiv- The mechanism of this tag marker,
ers, or for otiicr applications of intermit- which is driven by a 1/20 h.p. motor thru
tent light: resistance about 100,000 ohms. a worm and gear, consists of a set of
Type .\ has a sensitive surface of 5 s(|. cams, which move an endless chain of
cm., and is guaranteed to yield the currents aluminum trays beneath a miniature type
above specilied. Type B has a sensitive chase. The tags are printed as they move
surface of 0.3 sq. cm., and is guaranteed along on these trays. The trays are hand
to detect an intermittent illumination of fed. .\ tag is placed in each tray beneath
25 metre-candles with a sensitive telephone a clip which holds the tag in place from
receiver and a battery of 20 volts. Larger the time it is fed into the machine until
patterns are constructed by special ar- marked by a downward movement of the
rangement. The size of standard cells is type cliase. This insures uniform regis-
2x2x1 inclies overall and weight 2] 4 ounces. ter of tlie marking. When the tag is
printed it is automatically released from
HANDY RESISTANCE UNITS. the clip and discharged from the tray at
Something every electrical man wants at
the end of the n:achine.
some time is a standard resistance unit.
The machine will accommodate any size
Each resistance unit of the type illustrated or shape of tag up to l-'4 inches wide, of
ismounted in a block of hard wood with any thickness from thin paper up to cards
shellac finish. The terminals of the resist- A Precision Type of Rheostat of Par-
ticular Value in All Fine Electrical 3/32 inch thick. The type chase is ad-
ance are attached to spring binding posts. Measurements. justable to adapt it to various sizes of
The resistance unit blocks are l-j4 inches type and is capable of marking as many
square and 2,' j inclics high, and can be ar- as seven lines with fifteen small characters
ranged togetlicr like blocks in various com- resistance such as the one illustrated. This
particular rheostat is of English manufac-
or nine large characters on a line. The
binations. The resistance wire is wound type commonly used is of metal, full twelve
bililar on a large diameter spool which is ture and comprises a metal tube covered
point (',', inch high). With the usual set
concealed in the block. All units are ad- with insulation and over which many turns
up of the chase, it is possible to print both
of closely wound bare resistance wire are
the tag and the stub with the words Lot,
placed.
Si~i', Price and some other word if needed.
By means of the usual hand wheel
projecting at the right and the geared
worm, it becomes possible to move
the adjustable spring contact very
accurately along the resistance coil.
In order that this movement shall
not require too many turns of tlie
hand wheel, tlie pitch of tlie thread
on the worm shaft is ipade quite
long or about one-half inch,
particular precision rheostat
trated is designed to be
mounted on the rear of
a switch-board panel and
the regulating knob or
wheel only projecting
thru on the face of the
panel. It should prove
ideal for all kinds of elec-
trical measuring circuits,
as well as wireless circuits.
The Electric Tag Marker Prints 2.400 Price or Other Tags
an Hour.
The new battleship Ten-
New Form of Handy Resistance nessee will use 27.500 electrical horsepower, This tag marker
is compact, portable,
Unit. It Is Supplied In Any operation due to the worm
Size Desired. enough power to furnish heat, light and vcrv quiet in
power for a city of 100,000 inhabitants. drive, and only weighs 45 pounds.
III1IIIIIIIIIIIIIII1III1IIII1II iiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiir
Notice to All Radio Readers

As most
of our radio readers arc undoubtedly az^'are, the I'. S. Gofcnuueiit lias decided that all Amateur, Wireless Stations,
xvhcther licensed or unlicensed, or cqiiipt for receiving or transmitting, shall be closed.
This is a very important consideration, especially to those v.4io arc readers of ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER, THE
for the reason that ice desire to continue to publish valuable articles in the tvireless art from time to time, and which may
treat on both transmitting and receiving apparatus. In the first place, there are a great many students among our readers
who will demand and expect a continuation of the -usual class of Radio subjects, which we have publisht in the past four
years, and secondly, there ivill be hundreds and even thousands of new radio pupils in the various nazal and civilian schools
thruout the country, who will be benefited by up-to-date wireless articles treating on both the transmittiinj as well as receiv-
ing equipment.
Therefore, and in t'it'it' of the foregoing e.vplanation, zee feel sure that every reader zi'il! thoroly understand that alllw
articles on transmitting, as well as receiving, apparatus may appear from time to time in tliese columns, he is not permitted to
connect up any radio apparatus whatsoever to any form of aerial. The Editors. —
Testing Radio Units With Dummy Antenna

By FRANK C. PERKINS
''
AHE accompanying illustrations, are likely to disturb the ether for hundreds Sixty-four kilovolts driving 250 amperes
I figures 2 and 3, show the equip-
1, of kilometers in all directions. A
need in quadrature would develop 16 megawatts
I ment used for testing radio units of arises, therefore, for a dummy antenna, or of reactive power.
-*-
the Federal Telegraph Company a radio load for testing radio generatc-s, It is pointed out that an active power
with a ihiinmy Antenna, as utihzed which shall not seriously stir up and vex rating of 200 K.W. woidd thus only de-
at the Palo Alto, Cahfornia, laboratory. It the ether in the vicinity. The problem is mand a little more than 1 per cent of dissi-
was possible, with this antenna, to repro- to load the generator but to suppress the pation factor. It is evident that this dum-
duce practically anj- antenna found in com- output beyond a short ran,ge. This is a my has large dissipation possibilities. In
mercial radio telegraph stations, and there- problem in radio inellicienc)-, and is just making radio units of larger capacity than
have heretofore been attempted,
it was found necessary to pro-
vide a dummy antenna which
could be used for testing Fed-
eral-Poulsen Arc converters of
various sizes. Because of the
large units contemplated, and
since interference with nearby
commercial stations had to be
avoided, the type of construction
shown in theaccompanying il-
lustrations was developed.
It ma}- be stated that this af-
forded capacities up to 0.031
microfarad, and by being of such
construction as to have a low
effective hci.ght, caused a min-
imum of interference. The an-
tenna consists of five parallel
layers of wires spaced 5 ft. apart
vertically. The wires in each
layer are 2 ft. apart horizontally
and there is a 10 ft. clearance
between the ground and the low-
est point in the bottom layer.
The bottom layer, which is
grounded, 136.5 ft. wide, with
is
The Accompanying Views Show a Colos- a maximum length of 262.5 ft.
sal "Dummy" Antenna Erected by a
It is of interest to note that
Large Radio Concern in Palo Alto. Cali-
fornia, for the Purpose of Testing Out the other layers, insulated from
Large Poulsen Arc Generators Now Being ground, are 20 ft. shorter and
Extensively Used by Uncle Sam. The An-
tenna Is 262.5 Ft. Long by 136.5 Ft. Wide. 41 ft. narrower. The insulated
la\ers have fifty-one wires each
and the grounded layer sixty-six
fore observe the performance of the wire- the reverse of the ordinary problem of the w'ires. The two outer wires on each side of
less sets under practical operating condi- radio engineer, which is to load his gen- the four top layers are size No. 2, because
tions. eratdr as efficiently as possible, so that the the edge wires are not shielded as well as
The Arc Radio Transmitters are now effects may be manifested at a great range. the others and it was desired to prevent the
produced for commercial uses in ratings The dummy antenna at Palo Alto con- corona which would otherwise appear at the
from 5 to 500 kilowatts, and the 350 K.W. sists of a series of horizontal galvanized edges of these layers. With this exception.
unit has an overload rating of 500 K.W. iron wires in five layers, so arranged as to No. 14 galvanized telephone wire was used
It is pointed out that wlicn electrical en- be capable of forming an air condenser of in all layers, and the wires are fastened at
gineers test a dynamo they are not likely adjustably variable capacity up to about each end to 1-in. stranded caliles. Altho
to disturb •engineering operations in otlier one-thirtieth of a microfarad. With such galvanized wire is not generally considered
buildings, or even in other parts of the a capacity carrying 250 amperes, at 20,000 good practise in radio work, it was never-
same building. When, however, they test cycles per second, the voltage, neglecting theless used on this antenna because with
a radio plant of considerable power they all losses, would be approximately 64,000. the large number of wires employed the
resistance could be kept within the usual lenîth so as to secure the paraliolic curve San Diego, Pearl Harbor and Cavite.
limits. in the l-in. cables. Two short posts,
For convenience the five parallel layers exactly 200 ft. apart, were set up on the RADIO IN PERU AND SPAIN.
of the antenna are numhered from the top site with several intermediate stakes be- Measures have been adopted by the Peru-
down. Layers Nos. 1 to 4 inclusive are tween. The wire was unwound from the vian Government authorizing the construc-
well insulated, and a lon.e length of halyard reel near one of the posts and run out with tion of a teleîraph line between the cities
fii lea and Castrovirreyna at a cost of 6,300
I'eruvian pounds ($30,659), and the installa-

tion of wireless stations at various points
in the basin of the Amazon at a cost of
10,(X)0 Peruvian pounds ($48,665). El
f'cniaiia also notes that a new telegraphic
code has been compiled by the Department
of Telegraphs and Mails, and a commission
)f Government officials has been appointed
to e-âmine the code and to make a recom-
mendation as to its adoption.
The new postal building at Madrid, Spain,
is to be fitted with wireless telegraph and
telephone apparatus of the latest pattern.

The transmitter will be of the same type
;is that which made possible the transmis-
-ion of the human voice from New York to

Honolulu and Paris. From the central
tow cr, 90 metres hii;h, wire will be stretched
to the three other posts, of which two arc on
the front and the other on the back of the
building. The receix ing apparatus will com-
prise a certain type of telephonic relay al-
lowing the intensity of the feeble current
received to be amplified 500 times.
WOMEN RADIO OPERATORS TO

THE FRONT.
The National League for Women's Ser-
vice has enlisted its first wireless oper-
ator. She is Miss Helen Campbell and
Wonderful Night Photograph of Dummy" Antenna m Full Activity. Note the Corona she is an expert in receiving and sending.
Glow on the Wires Caused by a Charge from a 300 K.W. Federal-Poulsen Arc Generator. She entered the service of the League on
May 8th. Women in all parts of the coun-
between the insulation and the supporting a "come along'' grip to the desired length try are taking up the study of telegraph
towers was provided in order to permit of bevond the second post. and radio operating in earnest, as these
putting in moreinsulation with suitable There was steel tape with its zero on the vocations hold undeniable proinise for those
corona shields in case this became neces- second post stretched out beyond it with aspiring to fill positions of responsibility
sary at a later date. Obviously, if this the wire and the end of the
were done, only layers Nos. 1 and 5 could wire was placed at the exact
be used, because the large diameter of tape reading before signaling.
shields necessary with such a long string Having the end of the wire
of insulators would otherwise interfere, the held firmly in place on the tape,
layers being only 5 ft. apart. a man near the reel put
It will be observed that provision was steady tension in the wire
also made for the installation of corona by means of a "come along"
shields on the insulator strings now used, grip until the wire was just
but no trouble of this sort has been experi- raised above the intermediate
enced thus far and these shields have not stakes, and then, upon signal
been added. Beneath layer Xo. 5 are two from the man at the tape, the
single wires which are normally connected wire was cut with pliers at the
and have a separate lead running into the firststake. After cutting each
laboratory. These have a capacity of 0.002 individual wire the crew, con-
microfarad. By various combinations of sisting of two men at each
these wires with different layers of the end, proceeded at once to fas-
antenna, a considerable number of capaci- ten it in place on the l-in.
ties are available, the maximum being ob- cable which had been previous-
tained when layers Xos. 1, 3 and 5 are ly stretched, to remove twists,
connected as the earth side of the system- and laid out on the ground in
and Nos. 2 and 4 are connected with the position for hoisting. In cut-
two single wires as the high potential side. ting the wires. 1 ft. over and
With this combination the capacity is 0.031 above finished dimensions was
microfarad. allowed for connections.
The jumpers used for connecting the There was then a point 6 in.
various layers consist of lî in. copper tube from each end measured otT
provided with suitable clamps and fittiufjs with a rule, and this i)oint was
so that shifting to different capacities is an kept at the inner side of the
easv matter. The capacities most com- cable while the end of the wire
monly used are 0.006. 0012, 0.017 and 0.024 was given two turns around the
microfarad. Many others are available. cable and sufficient wrapping to
Before deciding upon the exact lengths of secure it. The antenna as a
the antenna wires, it was noted that with whole reaches the corona point
evenly spaced crjual loading the l-in. cables with an undamped high-fre-
to which the wires are attached would as- quency current of 250 ampere-
sume a parabolic curve. The lengths of the at a frcfiuency of 20,000 cycles.
wires in each layer were calculated accord- The accomjianying night photo-
ingly, and thus a uniform tension is secured graph. Fig. 3, shows a layer of
in the individual wires of each layer with- the antenna at the corona noint
out excessive pull on the pole supports. during the test of a 300 K.W. IVIiss Helen Campbell Has Successfully Mastered the
Intricacies of Radio-Telegraphy. She Is an Expert in
Prexious to the tests, it was desirable to Federal-Poulsen .\rcgenera- Sending and Receiving Radio Messages.
tabulate the length of each wire, which was tor. The dummy antenna was
calculated to the nearest 0.01 ft. A con- used at the laboratory for testing the high and service to the Nation. Besides, there
venient scheme was tlien devis-ed for cut- power anparatus which the company has will be plentv of opportunities after\the
ting the large number of wires to exact constructed for the United States Navy at war for radio and telegraph experts.
— — — —
HOW THE GOVERNMENT SEALS U. S. CALLS FOR TELEGRAPH AND "Telegraph operators in the army and
APPARATUS.
RADIO RADIO OPERATORS. navy occupy preferred positions both as
Uncle Sam's radio inspectors have been The wars demand for telegraphic com- to rank and pay. Young men who take
extremely busy the past few weeks seal- munication has increased so much that an up telegraphy, but who do not enter the
emergency call has been Government employ will still render pa-
issued thru the War triotic service by relieving those who de-
Department for young sire to enlist.
men and women of the "The tremendous demands upon the
country to present operating forces of the country during
themselves to be trained
as telegraph operators. A HUMAN RADIO OUTFIT!
Arrangements have
been made with the
Western Union Tele-
graph Company to train
2.500 n e w operators.
These are to enable the
Government to handle
its war telegraph busi-
ness without taking any
more operators for the
Signal Corps from the
present railroad and
commercial t e e - 1
graph forces, and with-

out seriously interfer-
ing with vital communi-
cations.
The War Depart-
ment's appeal fol-
lows :
"Several thousand
young men and women
are needed for tele-
graph service, either in
the Signal Corps of the
army, or to replace
those in commercial
work who are leaving
positions to join the
colors. These young
people must be trained.
For this purpose the
\\ estem Union Tele- Radio Fiends and Bugs
graph Company has Please Take Notice of the Master Incarnated
Wireless Vampire. This Photo, Which Came
& Herbert. N.
placed its facilities at to Us Anonymous — by Wireless of Course
the disposal of the Gov-
1
Shows How the Fiend Is Gradually Turning
Our Uncle Samuel Seals Up Wireless Apparatus Tight When He ernment to train twen- into a Radio Outfit. His Legs Already Are
Does the Job. A Heavy Wire Is Run Thru All the Binding Posts Long Switch Levers, and Before We Go to
and Sealed as Shown, and Woe Be Unto Anyone Who Maliciously ty-live hundred oper- Press. His Brain Probably Will Have Turned
Breaks the Seal. ators, and the training into an Ether Wave! Here at Last We Have
a Radio Enthusiast Who Loves His Set Well
ing up all radio apparatus not in actual will be conducted by
its experts. Enough to Get Married to It!
use by the Government. "It is that there are more
estimated
Hea\y wire is wrapt around the poles than 30,000 amateur wireless (sending) this period of intense activity the —
of the spark gap and the ends of this operators in the United States. These mobilizing of all the resources and ener-
wire are joined with wax bearing the great j-oung men now have an opportunity gies of the American people have taxed —
seal of the United States of America. perhaps the only opportunity of their lives the present telegraph forces to the ut-
Heavy prison penalties are provided for —to contribute materially to their country's most and necessitate the immediate re-
cruiting of hundreds of volunteers for this
the breakage of this seal. The wire short- welfare in an hour of need by volunteer-
circuits the spark gap and makes it impos- ing for this work. At the same time they service. The Government needs telegraph
sible to secure a spark. The impression will be mastering a trade in which stable operators for its Signal Corps.
of the great seal is made in red wax on employment can almost always be secured "Amateur wireless operators, women
an ordinary piece of paper. in any important city. typists, and all other competent young
men and women possessing
MANUFACTURING the fundamentals of grammar
and high school education and
WIRELESS APPARA-
TUS FOR SUBMA- not already employed in service
RINE CHASERS. contributing to the national wel-
Radio manufacturers arc- fare, are urged to apply to the
offices of the Western Union
now working night and da>-
building apparatus for the U. Telegraph Company to take up
S. Xaval vessels. The photo telegraphy training. By so doing
shows quenched spark gaps they will serye their countr>- in
being machined. a ver>- practical and patriotic
These spark gaps are bras? wav."
discs with silver centers, and
thev must be accurate to CORRECTION NOTICE!
1/10.000 of an inch. Measure-
ment is made by the small In the article appearing in the
dial above the pin which Mav issue and entitled "Receiv-
shows the accuracy. If the ing" the Marconi 300 K.W. Sta-
spark gaps are inaccurate they tions on the Oscillating Audion,"
must be sent back to be ma- by S. Curtis. Jr.. an error was
chined to the proper dimen- niade in stating that Dr. White
sions. Sixteen of these discs of the General Electric Com-
are installed in each set for pany's research staff had suc-
submarine chasing purposes. ceeded in getting an Audion t>'pe
of oscillator to operate at wave
A new radio station has re- lengths as low as li meter. This
cently been erected at X'iacha. should have read 6 meters, which
near La Paz. Bolivia. Com- FlKto by Kadcl & Herbert
wave length of oscillation was
mercial .service was estab- only obtained with a perfect
Manufacturing Quenched Spark Gaps in New York City for U S. Naval .
lished on Oct. 20th. Vessels. The Gap Plates Must Be Machined to 1 10.000 inch Accuracy. non-gaseous bulb.
How Radio Brought the Ne\vs to the Farm

WEATHER tions
reports, market quota-
and world news daily by
Farmers who live near Mr. Banks did not
have to wait for the belated newspaper
east and west. Passers-by who would stop
at the Banks' home to read the bulletin
wireless telenraph, sucli is the which the K. F. U. carrier delivered to see board, or to inspect the wireless plant,
innovation which makes the farm what the weather would likely be the ne.xt bought honey and thus came to be regular
and the work of Archie Banks, few hours they were not caught unprepared
; customers of the apiary, adding to a side-
of Delmar, Iowa, of more than ordinary in- by any sudden and unpredictcd change in line income, which has already begun to as-
terest. Tlie last vestit;e of isolation and temperature; a minute at the rural tele- sume large proportions. There was no
aloofness from the world has been banished phone, to secure proper connections with thought of the business possibilities of his
from the farm by this young lowan. Back the Banks farmhouse, and the weather fore- wireless service when it was first inaugu-
of his achievements lies a story of deter- cast was known by them as promptly as it rated, but there is a close connection be-
mination which should be an inspiratiim to was known by the man in
all. the city, with the daily
Eight years ago Archie Hanks was a six- ])aper laid on his desk but
teen-year-old boy, living on the farm of his a few minutes after it had
father, a well-known live stock farmer. The left the press.
boy had always been interested in machin- This is not all, however.
ery and mechanical matters, l)ut met with ."Vs one drives toward or
little encouragement along this line from from Delmar, along the
his parents. He might never have had an road which leads by the
opportunity to develop his latent talents had Banks home, he comes sud-
it not been for an accident. One day, in denly upon a large sign
working about lier household task, the boy's stretched across the road,
mother knocked off the telephone batteries. a board sign eight feet long
"Central told her how to connect them and two feet high, upon
up again and she did so," says Mr. Banks. which is painted, in large
"I happened to come in then and slie told words, this placard "Eat :
me what she had done. Of course, I wanted honey, For sale here. To-
to see if she did it right. I was promptly day's weather report by
told to run along and that wdiat I knew about wireless on ne.xt curve.
telephone batteries wouldn't bother anyone. Archie Banks." A few rods
Well, I made up my mind I would know further on, at the first turn
something about tlicni, and I set to work in the road stands the large
studying everything I could get hold of- bulletin board, eight feet
books, magazines
and catalogs. In a
year 1 had the
house wired from
cellar to garret,
and lighted with
electric lights run
from batteries.
Two years after-
ward I had a small
w'ireless built, but
it would not work
well. All I could
do was to talk to
Delmar, a mile
away. I deter-
mined to do better,
and so I set to
work again."
This second time
the boy was more
successful, so that
today he has in-
stalled in the
twelve-room farm-
house, a mile from
Delmar and about
eight miles from Now That the Country Is in a State of War and AM Amateur
Maquoketa, Radio Stations Are Ciosed, IVIr. Archie Banl<s, Owner of the
a com- Elaborate Wireless Station Here Pictured, Has Offered His Sta-
plete wireless tele- tion and Services to Uncie Sam. Before the War He Used to -"^-^w
graph outfit, by Receive the Daily Weather Reports and Other News, Which Was
which he receives Posted on a Bulletin Board in His Home Town Delmar, Iowa. —
weather forecasts
and news bulletins twice a day from the high by five feet broad. Upon it Mr. Banks tween the two, without a shade of doubt.
wireless stations connected with the Illinois used to post the weather forecasts and the Xor must it be thought that Archie Banks
State Agricultural College, at Springfield, news bulletin, each day, just as soon as they is not a genuine farmer; he is in love today
and the Iowa State Asricultural College, at were received. V\ hoever drove by the Banks' with farm life and with the beautiful farm
Ames. (Prior to the war of course). home got the news of the world as prompt- which he bought of his father, with the big
Weather reports are sent out by these sta- ly and as accurately as the city man got it twelve-room house set in its grove of maples
tions every day at noon, while news bulle- from reading the bulletin board of the and elms 100 feet back from the road, witli
tins and the events of the world are sent metropolitan newspaper office. one room given over to the wireless outfit,
—
twice a day at noon and again at 8 :3() in .Ml this is not without its business effect. which brings that particular farm into touch
the evening. Mr. Banks (now twenty-four years of age with the outside world.
all
But Mr. Banks did not stop with tliis. and farming for himself) owns and operates "The wireless station is about as com-
He did not believe in being selfish. He had a farm of 160 acres, carrying on a general plete as I can m:die it," says Mr. Banks. "I
this news scr\ ice himself; why not share farming business. He has two particular have copied messages from Darien, Pana-
it with friends, neighliors and passers-by? —
hobbies, however electricity and bees. Prior ma; Hanover, Germany; Mare Island, and
-Accordingly, the weather forecasts and the to December 10, he had sold almost 3,000 San Diego, California; Guantanamo Bay.
news bulletin were telephoned from his pounds of honey last year; he could sell Cuba; .\rlington. \"irginia; X'ew York City,
farmhouse to whoever desired receive to much more if he had it. for his honey is of an<l all over the world. I received New
them, the climatic changes being known for good, uniform quality, and Delmar is in ^'ork messages so loud that the signals could
a radius of ten or fifteen miles, long in ad- the midst of a rich honey section, many car- lie heard all over my house, which is of
vance, by means of this excellent service. loads being shipt from there to all points twelve rooms."
Wireless on the American Submarine Chasers

By SAMUEL COHEN
THE greatest task of the United

States in the war against Germany is
that in overcominsj the under-sea
transmitting set is seen on the right and the
apparatus comprising the installation con-
sists of the followinj; and all of which are
obtained with a primary excitation of &
volts, obtained from a stora.ge battery. The
current consumed by the primary of the
monsters, the SUBMARINES, which mounted on a Bakelite panel. The source spark coil is indicated by the two lower
have proven to he a constant and of high tension current for charging the meters the one toward the left indicates
;
rapidl)- increasing menace to both the Allied condenser is derived from a special spark amperes, and the one toward the right,
and American shipping. coil, stationed behind the panel. An inde- volts. The simple-pole double-throw switch
below the two meters is used to throw in
either 6 or 12 volts onto the primary of the
coil ; the latter voltage must naturally be
derived from a 12 volt battery or other gen-
erating source. Terminals for the current
source are located below the switch. The
plug towards the right interconnects a key
with the coil as perceived while the plug
;
on the left is employed for connecting the

receiving apparatus with the antenna and
ground, thru the change-over switch which
is located directly over the voltmeter.
The oscillatory circuit of the equipment
consists of the secondary of the induction
coil generating the high tension voltage
which is used to charge a moulded type con-
denser, thru an inductance and a quenched
gap discharger, the latter being visible in
the center. Annular grooves are cut on the
surface of the outside plate for rendering
greater cooling facilities to the gap. A
radiation ammeter is also furnished and this
is placed on top of the panel.
The receiving equipment consists of a

standard cabinet outfit, with cr\stal de-
tector which can be seen to the left of
the transmitting panel. It is comprised of
an inductively coupled tuner which has a
fixt coupling coil, linked with a variable
capacity for tuning to different wave lengths.
This condenser is mounted in the center.
A short and lontj wave change-over switch
is employed and this is placed at the center
upper corner. The detector is of the mineral
type and is mounted below the condenser,
while the buzzer, for test work is just be-
low the detector.
The complete outfit has been found to be
Fig. 1 —Space Is at a Premium on the "Submarine Chaser." For Such Radio Service There very satisfactory and efficient and it will no
Is Available the Extremely Light-Weight Transmitting and Receiving Set Illustrated. It doubt prove to be highly serviceable to
Utilizes a Spark Coil with Independent Vibrator for Batteries. Uncle Sam's mosquito fleet.
In addition to the excellent transmitter
This problem is now in the hands of our pendent vibrator is employed and this is above described a very efficient and an all-
most prominent scientists, inventors and mounted on the panel, and may be seen di- around receiving outfit has been designed
marine experts, and one solution to this task rectly to the left of the antenna switch, and built by Messrs. L. G. Pacent and A. H.
seems to have been found in the building of which is the right circular knob. A number Grebe for the submarine chasers, and this
hundreds or even thousands of high-speed of important features are incorporated in outfit is illustrated in Fig. 2. This equip-
armed motor-boats to be used in fighting this independent vibrator, ri:., a high-tone, ment consists of four units, viz., a main
the U-boats. corresponding to a 500 cycle .generator, is tuning cabinet, loading cabinet, detector
One of the most important details in
equipping these "submarine chasers" is that
of radio-communication apparatus to be
used for notifying near-by vessels of sub-
marine attacks and the like. The marked
development in the art of radio-telegraphy
in recent years has demonstrated that every
vessel to be used for the above named work
should and can be equipt with a suitable
light-weight, yet highl.v efticient radio trans-
mitting and receiving outfit.
A considerable variety of such apparatus
have already been designed and built and
we give below descriptions of several types
of transmitting and receiving sets which
will prove very effecti\ e for the work in
question. The accommodations offered by
submarine chasers are few and for this rea-
son the radio engineer must comply with the
accommodations as much as possible before
he undertakes the designing of the equip-
ment. Space is a vcr\- important factor in
consideration, and for this reason the ap-
paratus herewith described have been chosen
since they are of the most compact type ever
built for the el1icienc\' which they have
shown.
The of these outfits is illustrated at
first
Fig. 2 — An Excellent Audion Type Radio Receptor for "Mosquito Fleet" Service,
Fig. 1. set was designed and built bv
This It Is Fitted with "Radiumiz ed" Dials That Glow in the Dark.
Mr. A. B. Cole, of Xew York Citv. The
:
cabinet, and an emercency

The main timing cabinet
crj'stal detector.
tbe largest of
is
A Medal of Honor to be Awarded by the Insti-
ibc tbrcc ami comprises an inductive coup- tute of Radio Engineers
ler, coupled with variometers, the latter of
which are controlled by two handles, while The Board of Direction of the Institute recognized standing and must be in actual,
tlie center one operates a variable condenser of Radio Engineers has decided to award tho not necessarily commercial, operation,
linked in the secondary circuit. The handle annually a 'Medal of to Honor" However, preference is to be given to
on the left side is used to control the sec- such persons who have distinguished them- widely used and widely useful inventions.
ondarv coupling. The two-point switches
are employed for regulating the inductance
of the primary of the inductive coupler.
The cabinet on toj) of this is the loaduifr
bo.x which contains the proper coils for aid-
ins the regenerali\e .\udion circuit; the
center knob is the coupIiTig handle, while
the two side knobs are the inductance con-
trol handles. The cabinet to the right is the
detector box in which the vacuimi detector
is housed. An opening fitted with a slidnig
door is used to note the illumination Inil-
liancv of the detector bulb. The switch to
the right is the filanicitt sw itch while the one
to the left is the "H" battery control switch.
A variable resistance is secured to the side
of this cabinet (not shown here) and tliis is
used for regulating the current consumption
of the filament. The emergency crystal de-
tector is hooked up to the set thru binding
posts at the bottom of the main tuning cali^
inet.
Oneof the most striking characteristics

of thisreceiving outfit is that which has
been overlooked by all of our radio en-
gineers designing apparatus intended for
warfare purposes. This is the application
of the wonderful properties possest by
radium of giving forth light when mixed
with certain phosphorescent materials. .AH Presented by the Institute of Radio Engineers Each Vear to ttie
of the graduated dials of tliis erpiipment
New "Medal of Honor" to be
Person Who, During the Two Preceding Calenda-- Years, Shall Have Made Public the Greatest
are painted with phosphorescent radium Advance in the Art of Radio-Communication,
paint which glows in the dark, and which
facilitates working operations of the oper- selves by unusual advances in the fields of The advance may also consist in a scien-
ator when he is ordered to have his den radio-telegrafihy and telephony. It has tific analysis explanation of hitherto
or
I'itthdark during certain engagements in been felt that some way should be found unexplained phenomena of distinct import-
war. This will certainly be appreciated by whereby valuable work in these fields of ance to the radio art, altho the application
the radio operator who has to operate this great and rapidly growing importance may not be immediate. Preference will be
receiving set. All connections of the vari- might properly be recognized by an au- given to analyses directly applicable in the
ous pieces of apparatus are made by means thoritative engineering society. As is well art. In this case also publication must be
of square shaped aluminum wire which has known, the Institute of Radio Engineers, full and in approved form.
been found to lie very eflfectixe for wiring with more than 1,000 member5_ here and
purposes, as it is easier to wire and at the
The advance, furthermore, may consist
abroad, and -with sections in New- York,
in a new system of traffic regulation or
same time gives a better appearance to the Washington, Boston, Seattle. San Fran-
finished instrument. It also reduces the control, a new system of administration
cisco (with others in contemplation'), is
weight. of radio companies or the radio service
the leading technical and scientific society
It is therefore rec-
of steamship, railroad or other companies,
The illustration. Fig. 3, shows a well- in the wireless field.
built set designed by Cutting and Washing- ognized that a "Medal of Honor" from a legislative programme beneficial to the
ton. This outfit utilizes a new principle in the Institute will be a goal worthy of at- radio art, or any portion of the operating
radio transmitter design involving the use tainment by any investigator. or regulating features of wireless. It must
of a special spark gap, by means of which The appearance of the medal is as fol- be described publicly in clear and approved
powerful oscillations and a hy-note signal lows : The front is a symbolic represen- form and must, in general, be actually
are produced in a very simple manner with- tation of electromagnetic waves, indicating adopted in practise. In all cases, marked
out a transformer. The antenna wave the interlinking of the magnetic and elec- preference is to be given to advances made
length can be changed with this set by alter- tric forces in their rapid path thru the in the preceding year.
ing the secondary of the oscillation trans- depths of space. The reverse side bears The medal is to be awarded under the
former only, the primary remaining fixt. the inscription: following conditions
"To ,..;., At least thirty days before the April
in Recognition of Distin-
meeting the Board of Direction will call
guished Service in Radio from a number of members and fellows
Communication" followed
of the Institute, whom it may choose to
(
hy the date), the inscription- This

consult, for suggested candidates.
being surrounded by a lau-
wreath. provision will be waived wholly or in part
rel
The medal is the work of for 1917 only.
the well-known sculptor. In deciding upon the award, the Board
Edward Sanford, Jr., of at its April meeting, thru those actually
New York. present or voting. by mail, will nominate
The award w'ill be made at least one, but not more than three
can-
yearly at the April meeting didates, in order of preference for the
of tlie Institute to the per- award. The names of these candidates will
son who, during the two then be sent to each member of the board,
preceding calendar years, who will have the privilege of returning
shall have made public the a vote for one candidate. Four weeks after
greatest advance in the the .\pril meeting the ballot will be read,
art of radio-communication.
and the candidate receiving the most votes
The advance may be a will become the recipient of the award.
patented or unpatented in- presentation of the medal
vention, but it must be com-
The official
to the successful candidate or his repre-
pletely and adequately de-
scribed in a scientific or sentative will occur at the May or June
Fig. 3— Particularly Efficient Radio Set Well Adapted to
meeting.
"Mosquito Fleet" Service. engineering publication of
— , -
EL.
AMATEURS!
ATTENTION!!
Now we are for the time
that
being, deprived of using our
Radio outfits, it behooves us to
become proficient in learning
the Wireless Codes. Operators
who know the Code are, and
will be, in ever rising demand.
The army and navy need thou- No. FX5I7
sands of operators right now.
Can you qualify? Can you send and receive at the required speed, when your country Selenium Cells
calls vou? Everj'bod.v has read about
The Radiotone Codegraph the only instrument made that will send such
is positively the e-\periments of telepho-
Radio Station, that it has baffled experts,
of a high pit ch tography {sending photo-
an unbelievably close imitation graphs over a wire hundreds
The outfit replaces the old-fashioned learne r's outfit, consisting of key and sounder. The of miles) made by Professor
Radiotone Codegraph comprises our famous Radiotone High Frequency Silent Buzzer, a Korn and others. It Is also
known that if the problem of
special loud talking receiver with horn, and a key all mounted on a base. Operated on
tele-vision is ever solved, the
one or two dry cells, the phone will emit th e characteristic high pitch sound, which while selenium cell will play an im-
not harsh, is heard all over the room. With little trouble you can learn the code correctly portant role. At present we
are the only concern in the
in 30 days United States selling these
AND THAT IS NOT ALL: cells.

sitive
They are the most sen-
ones made.
Better send for a cell to-
Connect two of these outfits together for intercommunication work and you and your day and try making an elec-
friend five or fifteen blocks distant can converse over a NO. 36 WIRE, so fine that no one tric dog that will follow a
will see it. Or you can use instead of the wire, a metallic fence and the ground. Or you lamp, or an electric burglar
alarm. It's very instructive
can communicate over your 110 lighting line, using no extra wire, only the ground. Full and great fun. (See Novem-
directions how to do this are furnished with the instrument. DEALERS: This Is the 20th ber, 1916, issue "Electrical
Century instrument that will sell like WILDFIRE. 600 sold in New York in 10 days. Get Experimenter.")
No. FX5I7 Selenium Cell,
our proposition today!
Radiotone Codegraph complete as described, each, tfj l Qff Shipping \Vght., 4 oz. $6.00
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1 —
m e?N5TRUQT2R
(
————— ———— ———— ———
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II II 1
An Improved Burglar Alarm Utilizing the " Stick Relay."

By ALBERT H. BEILER
MANY electrical experimenters

have at one time or another in-
stalled a burglar alarm in their
noticed that once AI is opened, its subse-
cjuent closing
again, unless
teill not energise the relay
O is closed.
indicated in Fig. 3.
move
Now
temporarily re-
the entire armature from the tele-
graph sounder and file the end down half-
homes. Most of the burglar Fig. 2 shows how this principle is used way. (Fig. 3.) Drill and tap a hole as indi-
alarms constructed by amateurs in the burglar alarm. The relay instead of cated. Screw the piece B, on to it so as to
are of the ofcn-circuH type, and have there- having only one front contact has two, one form a half lap joint. Insert adjusting
fore several disadvantages, the most im- for keeping its own circuit closed as just screws with lock-nuts into the end holes of
portant of these being, that, whereas the described, and the other to close a circuit B, and then replace the armature in its
opening of a door or window causes the for ringing an alarm bell. The relay, which frame.
alarm to ring, the closing of the door or by the way, is only wound to 4 ohms, oper- The small brass pillars A, should be
window will stop the alarm again. To keep ates on 110 volts in series with a lamp or screwed onto the base in such a position
up a steady ringing requires a different type lamps, which are connected in parallel with that when the armature is pulled down, the
of circuit than that usually employed. This one another. Thus when the alarm starts, adjusting screws hit the centers of the
may be of either the closed or open type. not only will the bell ring, but the lamps pillars. The screws must be exactly ad-
In the former, the current flows continu- will light and assist friend burglar towards justed so that each makes contact with its
ously and the opening of the circuit causes a hasty departure. The relay may be made pillar. If one is screwed down too far, the
a relay to release its armature which touches to operate from batteries if the builder other will not touch its pillar or front
the rear contact thereby ringing the alarm. desires to dispense with the lamps ;indeed contact. This should be thoroly tested by
The latter type is an electric circuit.
seen in the continu- The magnets when
ous ringing bell, energized should
with which most of draw the armature
us are no doubt down so that both
familiar. There is front contact circuits
another open-circuit are closed. Lamps
device, however, or bells may be used
which is less known, to test the continu-
called a stick relay ity of the circuit at
arrangement. It is the contacts.
this last one which T w o additional
we shall consider in binding posts will be
detail. needed as shown in
The stick relay
Fig. 4. The wiring
used extensively
on the instrument
is
the interlocking
proper is made as
in
indicated.
machines for rail-
way signaling. Its The reader will
mode of operation see the advantage of
insures the follow- this type of burglar
ing result a cir- :
— alarm over the con-
cuit may be closed tinuous ringing bell,
at a switch but not because the alarm
opened again at the may be immediately
same point ; it may shut off by a switch,
be opened at a sec- and be ready for
ond switch but not another alarm an in-
closed at this latter stant later, whereas
point. To illustrate with the continuous
this a little more ringing bell an
clearly, let us refer armature must be
to Fig. 1. lifted bj- hand and
When the main the alarm reset.
switch M
is closed, A f e w auxiliarx-
but the open circuit contrivances a y m
door or w n d o w Working Drawings and Diagrams for Constructing a Really Reliable and Particularly
i also be made in con-
switch O
kept open, Effective Burglar Alarm Apparatus, Employing the "Stick Relay" Principle. Many Other nection with the
no current can Applications of This Relay Will Suggest Themselves to the Experimenter. burglar alarm. The
travel thru the simple burglar alarm
relay, and its armature will be drawn away the same source of current that rings the may be set from inside the house. When
from contact C by a retractile spring. If bell ma\' be used to operate the relay. a person leaves, and opens the door it will
switch O is now closed, either by opening Since double contact relays are rather ex- ring, but stop when he closes it. This, of
the door or the window, electro-magnet R pensive, a good substitute that will cost course, cannot be done with the alarm de-
will draw its armature towards it. then A
very little, will now be described. Secure a scribed herein, and a means must be em-
touches C, and the current has two paths telegraph sounder (or the equivalent parts ployed to set the alarm after the person has
to travel, i.e., one by way of the open-circuit from a large electric bell also the parts closed the door and is outside.
;
The main
door switch, and the other by branching off may be easily made), one wound for 4 switch may be put outside the house and
at B, going tliru contact C and the arma- ohms is best if the lamps are to be used, closed when leaving, but this is sometimes
ture, thru the magnet and back to the posi- also a piece of 5/16" square brass, 2!4" undesirable where there is no good means
tive main. Should O now be opened, it will long, and two pieces of ^" brass rod 1" of concealment.
have no effect on electro-magnet R, since long. The two pieces of rod should each The aut'ior has devised a little contriv-
R still has a path by which it obtains its have a hole drilled and tapt about half-way ance wherein the alarm is set from the out-
source of current. The current can only be thru them longitudinally. The 5/16" square side if/ieii the key is turned in the lock, in
shut off by main switch M, but it will be brass should have holes drilled and tapt as conjunction with another device which rings
: —
the alarm as soon as tlic key is aRain turned setting the alarm*. When the door is FLY PAPER.
in the lock to open the door. Thus not only opend hy the key, A will move to the left Resm 8 parts
will the alarm rinj; wluii the door is actual- without carrying the switch lever with it, Castor oil 6 "
ly opened, Init tlie turning; of the key will thus insuring the continuity of the circuit, Glycerin 3 "
'i'hc knoh II is used for push- Dissolve the resin into the other two
ing the knife back against A, mgredients by the aid of heat. When they
when the door has been opened. become a liquid spread on parchment paper
W hen the author installed his by means of a brush.
alarm the greatest difficulty
was to get people to set it. "MOSQUITO CHASERS."
To prevent anyone forgetting Oil of pennyroyal 1 oz.
to close the main switch, a very Castor oil 3 "
simple but effective device was Alcohol 6 "
linally resorted to, so that the Mix together and apply to parts of body
alarm is ahways set, can be shut exposed to the mosquitoes and they will
off when it rings, and still, a not bite or come near it.
moment alter having stopt Contributed by
ringing, it is set again. The ROBERT THOMPSON, Jr.
main switch, instead of being a
knife type, is a two-way snap
switch, connected as illustrated
in Fig. 6. When the alarm the spool and tied or pasted in place, fit-
rings and it is desired to shut tmg length-wise with the spool centers and
it off, the switch need only be up along the inner side of both flanges.
turned once. For an instant The coil (for 110 volts D.C.) will re-
quire about 7 lbs. of Xo. 20 gage wire, sin-
tlie time it takes for the piece
gle cotton covered, or 7 lbs. of Xo. 23 gage
C, to snap from contacts BE
to AD — the circuit will be
wire for 220 volts, D.C.
In starting, about 1 ft. of wire must be
opened, which is enough time
for the stick relay's armature to allowed for a magnet lead which is past
be raised. The switch is imme- thru a hole near the center of one of the
diately closed again which, flanges. Each layer should be insulated
however, does not start the with a heavy coat of thin shellac. When
the winding is finished, about 1 ft. of wire
alarm as previously explained.
must be left for the other lead. The strips
The reader can, with a little of tape can then be brought over and pasted
ingenuity, arrange to have even
together to hold the coil in shape and in-
the turning of the door knob
sulate it from the magnet body. Several
start the alarm. This should turns of the tape are then wound around
have a separate switch, how- the outside of the coil. The coil may then
ever, so that it may be put in
be left in a w-arm oven for about a day to
operation only at night, whereas let the shellac harden.
the rest of the alarm may be in
The magnet leads are spliced to a piece
operation all the time.
of heavy lamp cord. A ;'.s inch hole should
Since no circuit is directly be drilled in the top of the magnet casting
opened or closed at the pillars for the cord and bushed with a fibffr in-
Special Arrangement of Interlocking Switches for Con-
trolling "Stick Relay" in Burglar Alarm System Here and since consequently no arcs sulating tube. The coil should then be
Described. are formed, the use of platinum placed in the magnet body: if it has any
contacts is unnecessary. play, several extra layers of tape can be
start it. The reader can arrange to ring wound on the coil to keep it sufficiently
tlie alarm by so much as inserting a key in * The switch need not necessarily be the main tight. The brass plate is then fastened in
switch it may be any switch in series with the place.
the lock, if he has a contact insulated from lint:
the lock frame, and which will touch the To suspend the magnet, three equal
frame by means of a circuit thru the key. lengths of chain are attached to a sup-
This latter is simple, but the two formerly A i^-TON LIFTING MAGNET. porting ring: the loose ends are fastened to
mentioned are slightly more complicated. An electro-magnet that is capable of lift- the screw eyes to keep the magnet level.
The bar A
(Fig. 5j is pivoted to B, B is ing about 1.000 lbs., may be easily made. The cord is then attached to a plug to make
pivoted to C, while C is fastened to a base Its current consumption is about 5 amperes a connection with a 110 volt direct current
M by pin P. If A moves to the right or on 110 volts. circuit. It is not adapted lor operation on
alternating current circuits.
left B moves to the right or left. The The body of the magnet consists of a cir-
movement of B causes C to travel in an cular piece of wrought iron or steel 7J4 Contributed by J. LWAK.
arc of a circle. The upper part of C en- inches in diameter and 2 9/16 inches thick.
gages a stifT spring S, in its travel, but only The bottom of the body should be machined
for a moment for when
; A
has moved as true and a circular groove turned out in it ffo/e for cord. ' h/rought iron
far to the right as it can, C will be in a to fit the magnet coil. The outer end of the
position to the left of S, and S. which will groove is counterbored 1/16 of an inch L
have ceased engaging C, will spring back deep by l-}4 inches wide, to fit a brass ring
to normal. When A
is moved to the left, which keeps the coil in place. The ring is
C will turn clockwise, again engaging spring held in position by eight small flat-head
S and carrying it to contact Q, causing it to screws. When fastened in place, the screws
touch Q. This closes the alarm circuit; and brass plate sfiould be slightly below
only for an instant it is true, but long the surface of the magnet body.
enough for the stick relay to operate. To support the magnet, three screw eyes
The part A
is rigidly attached to the lock of 3/16 inch stock should be provided and
lever of the lock, so that when the latter fastened in three tapt holes equally spaced
moves, A
will move with it. When the door in a 5 in. diameter circle, or one ^s inch
is locked by the key, C moves counter- stock screw-eye may be placed in the cen-
clockwise and engages S so that S does not ter as shown. For winding the wire coil.
touch Q. Upon opening the door, however, a wooden form or spool must be provided. It
S touches Q
and the alarm is rung. These is made with a cylindrical core .>'_• inches
parts should, of course, be firmly covered in diameter by I'j inches long and slightly
over with a steel junction box attached with tapered, so that the coil may be easily re-
blind screw's. moved when finished.
The method for closing the main circuit The flanges of the spool are 7's inches in
by means of the door key will now be de- diameter wooden disks fastened on the
scribed. In Fig, 5, it will be seen that the cylindrical piece so as to be easilj' removed.
upper part of A engages a bar which is The spool is mounted on an axle or between Something Everyone Finds a Need for at
attached to the lever of a switch, K. When Some Time Is a Good Lifting Magnet. Here
both centers, to allow it to rotate while for Building an Efficient
Are the Details
A moves to the right it will earn,- this lever winding the coil. About a dozen strips of i/2-Ton Electro-Magnet for Use on D.C.
along with it. closing the main switch for insulating tape are equally spaced around Circuits.
:
196 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July, 191 7
More About the "Perpetual" Electric Clock

By HOWARD W. LEWIS
Chairman Stanford University Branch of .\. 1. E. E,
THERE appeared in the June, 1916,

Electrical Experimenter, a de-
(lulum rod attached a flat link with a
is
hook on its outer end, which engages with
standard seconds pendulum costing several
hundred dollars.
scription of a proposed perpetual the ratchet-wheel and turns it one-sixth The original design of "Perpetual Motion"
August of the
electric clock and, in of a revolution for each alternate stroke Clock involved the action of a swinging
same year, an explanation of why of the pendulum. A
copper leaf brush permanent magnet, which, as it swung into
the same would not operate indefinitely. bears against the commutator from below. the coil, was supposed to develop sufficient
That the plan is entirely feasible, provided When the plunger is moving away from energy to keep the clock going forever.
a small amount of energj' be supplied from Upon request of the Editors, the author
some outside source, may be seen from the made a quantitative electrical measurement
following description and illustrations of a upon this device. For one thing he soon
similar device recentlj' constructed at Stan- discovered that operating it upon batteries
ford University. was too expensive, as it is now in con-
In connection with some research work tinuous service eight, and often more hours
in Aerodynamics, need arose for an in- per day. It is now operated thru the me-
strument which would close a battery cir- dium of a bell-ringing transformer. The
cuit momentarily secondary circuit
at one second in- which it operates
terzals. As a sub- is energized by
s t u t e for a
i t batteries, how-
standard seconds ever.
pendulum, an The point was
electro - magnet- raised as to the
ically actuated magnitude of the
clock was built induced current
which is capable in the coil.
of performing the In order to an-
desired service swer this ques-
very satisfaction the author
torily. made a simple
The photo- test which con-
graphs show the vinced him that
In Connection with
con s t r uc tion Some Research the transient phe-
clearly. The de- Work in Aerody- nomena referred
tails may be seen namics Need Arose to are inappreci-
for an Instrument
from the draw- that Would Close able c o m
p a red
ing. The frame a Battery Circuit with either the
is of small iron at One Second In- normal current
tervals, the Appa-
pipe and the table ratus Shown Hav- thru the solenoid,
of thin steel ing Fulfilled the or the current in
plate. The pendu- Requirements Very the secondary
Satisfactory. A s
lum consists of a a Test It Was (battery) circuit.
round steel rod Run for 24 Hours
with Deviation
These experi-
with two attached a ments were as
of a Few Seconds
weights. It is Only. follows
hung on thin (A) Solenoid
flexible steel entirely discon-
springs from die nected from the
short piece of angle iron shown, thus being the solenoid and the hook is consequently source, then connected directlj- to the ter-
free to swing with a minimum of friction. reaching forward to pick up the next tooth minals of D. C. milli-ammeter. Xo effect
The period, that is, .the time of one of the ratchet-wheel, this brush rests on a was produced on ammeter needle when the
swing of a pendulum, depends upon its fiber segment and the circuit thru the coil plunger was rapidly moved in and out of
length and the distribution of its weight. is open. On the return stroke, however, the solenoid. Same absence of effect noted
Near the bottom of the pendulum rod is the hook pulls a live (brass) segment when telephone receiver was used as cur-
a large iron cylinder (part Xo. 7) which under the brush and current flows into the rent detector. \'ery slight deflection when
may be moved up or down. The upper coil, which thus exerts a powerful pull on sensitive ballistic galvanometer was used
end of the rod is threaded to receive the the plunger. Before the plunger reaches as current detector.
nut, 16. Coarse or fine adjustment of the the end of its travel, a dead fiber) seg- ( This is exactly what might be expected,
periodicity is thus secured by shifting one ment rolls under the brush, the solenoid since there is no field produced by the
or the other of these weights. releases its pull on the plunger, and the solenoid, as there is no exciting current
On top of the plate is mounted a \'eeder pendulum swings back to repeat the cycle. thru it. I take it that what small current
stroke counter, actuated thru links from The relative positions of the ratchet-wheel there is induced in the solenoid is due to
the pendulum rod. This device, together and commutator are adjustable on the the rapid motion thru it of the minute
with a stop watch, facilitates the calibra- shaft, so that the time of excitation of the remanent field in the plunger. However
tion and adjustment of the clock. solenoid can be placed at any desired point as this is composed of a bundle of fine,
A solenoid consisting of 2,700 turns of in the stroke of the plunger. An adjustable soft iron wires, this residual magnetism is
Xo. 26 B. & S. gage insulated copper wire condenser of several microfarads' capacity very small.
is attached to the lower part of the frame. is used to eliminate the spark between (B) Solenoid connectly directly (without
To the bottom of the pendulum is fast- commutator and brush. ratchet wheel or commutator) to D. C.
ened a bundle of closely bound iron wires. The secondary circuit, for whose opera- source; current in the circuit as indicated
This curved plunger moves in and out of tion clock was built, is closed once
this by milli-ammeter was 0.26 amp. Plunger
the solenoid as the pendulum swings. The each cycle between a phosphor bronze rapidly moved in and out of the solenoid
coil is energized from either the 110 volt spring and the pendulum. The duration of by hand. Effect : When plunger was
lighting circuit w ith a lamp in series there- the closure of this circuit can be adjusted forced in, current decreases, while the
with, or from 3 dry cells without the lamp. bv turning the screw (see details, part No. plunger was moving, about yi milli-ampere.
It is necessary, of course, to have some 19). \\ hen the plunger was drawn out, current
arrangement which will close the circuit Considerable time and attention was increased, ivhilc the plunger was moving
thru the solenoid when the plunger is mov- given to designing this mechanism along about 'j milli-ampere. As soon as the
ing toward it, and open the circuit when correct principles and it has been very plunger was stopt from moving, or as soon
the plunger is moving away. Accordingly, carefully constructed. The results attained as it had moved out of influence of the so-
a six-tooth ratchet-wheel is fitted on a justify the trouble involved. After a pre- lenoid, this transient current increment or
short horizontal shaft, and a commutator liminary adjustment, a continuous run of decrement stopt and tlie current returned
having the same number of brass and of 24 hours' duration showed a deviation of to its normal value in the circuit, as de-
fiber segments of equal width, is placed be- only a few seconds from a standard clock. termed by Ohm's law, i. e., 0.26 amp.
side it. The shaft is mounted in plain Furthermore, it closes the secondary cir- This again is exactly in accordance with
bearings on top of the plate. To the pen- cuit at regular intervals, quite as well as a the theoo' involved, that h, when the
plunder was movinj; into tlie solenoid the drawn out of the solenoid along a very containing crushed chalk should also be
ihix threading the latter was increasing at similar line of thought. It is exactly anal- kept handy in case any quantity of strong
a rapid rate, dnc to the decreasing reluct- ogous to the arc that follows the opening acid is spilled.
ance of the magnetic circuit, tiie magneto- of a switch in an inductive circuit. The Contributed by H. J. GRAY.
motive force meanwiiile remaining con- collapsing magnetic field induces a volt-
stant. This cliange of llnx indnced a voltage in the coil wliich tends to maintain MULTIPLE TELEPHONE AND
age in the tnrns of the solenoid which the current.
(O/ cuitrsi' if the moving core had been
TELEGRAPH "PHANTOM-
tended to oppose the E.M.F., which was SYSTEM.
forcing the current thru the coil; in other of steel, puiverfiilly }iHi(/neli:ed, the effects
noted would have been much more pro-
By L. R. W. Allison, Assoc,
di
words it is the well-known law L = - .
nounced. —
El).]
A. I. E. E.
dt The complementary relation between the
It exactly analogous to
the similarly telephone and telegraph system is particu-
is
induced coimtcr E.M.E. which arises in a WHAT TO DO WHEN ACIDS ARE
coil to oppose the How of current therein
SPILLED.
when the coil is lirst connected to a source The safest course is not to spill the acid;
of continuous voltage. Due to the tact, the next best is to apply an alkaline solu- ^lephooe
however, that the movement of the plunger tion at once, or cover with chalk. It is
could not under any conditions compare in a good plan to keep a jar of strong wash-
rapidity with the rise of current in an ing soda solution always ready in case of
inductive circuit, this counter E.M.F. is emergency. The reason for using a jar TekpAeoe
undouhtedly very much smaller than it instead of a bottle is that the solution can
would be if the solenoid permanently sur- be poured over the spilled acid more
rounded the core and the current were quickly. Aloose cardboard cover the lid —
then estalilisht in the coil. —
of a box will serve to keep out dust, and
ê/eohane
A moment's reflection will explain the more water can be added when necessary
observed phenomena when the plunger was to make up for evaporation. A
cocoa tin
Schematic Diagram Showing How Three

Telephone and Eight Telegraph Messages
Are Transmitted Simultaneously Over Two
BCB Telephone Circuits. The A. T. and T. Co.'s
Method.
Steil spring ^^
larlyinteresting and instructive. The ac-

companying diagram shows the method of
wiring for multiple telegraphy as arranged
by the American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, indicating two telephone circuits,
totaling four wires, which provide for the
transmission simultaneously of a ma.ximum
of three independent telephone conversa-
tions and eight distinct telegraph messages
without any interference with each other.
The telephone circuit consists of two cop-
per wires of approved construction, ar-
ranged in specific relation to each other and
transposed at frequent intervals to reduce
the inductive effects to a minimum. This
pair of wires forms a metallic circuit,
equipped with auxiliary apparatus, loa<ling
coils, etc., connected with a switchboard.
As will be noted from the diagram, one
wire of each pair is employed to form the
third telephone circuit.
The telegraph circuit comprises one wire,
grounded to the earth to make the neces-
sary return, and which may be divided into
several distinct circuits for tlie transmission
of messages.
Each of the four telephone wires is ca-
pable of providing for a telegraph circuit at
the same time the lines are being used for
r telephone service. The telegraph circuit is
n^^ _ _„^J' thus superimposed, and can be divided into
a duplex system of two, four or eight
f
for screw
\^ «" (D \ working telegraph circuits, each of which
may be employed for the transmission of
telegraph messages. The telephone circuit
(^îscr,. proper can only be used for telephonic pur-
m -^3
>•
•> fi
1-'
))
poses by the two parties in direct communi-
cation, during the period of connection, as
will be readily understood.
.t
/
•.,* rron
1
This complementary relation between the
.n
tclephiMie and telegraph shows that tele-
I
1
phone toll and li>ng-di<tance lines mav he

used for telegraph purposes, but existing
telegraph lines cannot be employed for tele-
phone .service until reconstructed and ar-
ranged in the manner indicated in the dia-
gram.
In connection with this effective wiring
arrangement it is interesting to note that
this possible interchange of system and serv-
ice brings about greater economv in the
use of joint facilities of both telephnne and
telegraph plants, including both lines and
/ QCi fitp9 terminal stations. Quite naturally, there
are great advantages to be derived thru
the use of a joint "wire plant," utilizing for
® both telephone and telegraph the operating
Details of All Parts Necessary to Build a Standard Seconds Pendulum for Use In Closing facilities that would ordinarily be employed
a Secondary Circuit at Exact Intervals, Et Cetera. for a single purpose only.
: ^
A "GEISSLER TUBE" EASILY ELECTRIC IGNITER FOR FIRING above the spark coil, and be sure the wires
MADE. A CANNON. are carefully insulated from each other.
Now that Geissler tubes are hardly pro- After having some experience with firing After the box is made and put together
curable at aiw cost, I think that this article a cannon by fuses, lighting paper, and sev- give it about 5 coats of shellac to make it
will prove of interest to all who have eral other methods used, and getting a taste damp-proof. Shellac both inside and out-
wanted a Geissler tube. Below are full of powder at one time, I decided to make side.
Before fastening the spark coil inthe

box be sure the coil is adjusted to best
its
secondary output when connected to the
batteries which are to be used.
Up to about 75 yards this will fire a

cannon with one side of the secondary
WAX grounded and the other secondary wire run
through the air. This wire is supported
by insulated wood sticks stuck into the
grounds. Have the cannon grounded and
the end of the wire about y% from the
one side of the fuse hole with powder
around it. Then if everything is arranged
as described, when the button is presst
the powder will go up in smoke. For firing
a cannon more than 75 yards from appa-
ratus run one wire along on the ground
FIG.I /ô and the other through the air. Connect
tlie ground wire to the cannon. Fix the
'SPARK COIL air wire as described before. This you will
find is a very safe way to fire a cannon.
NEEDLE Code to Drawing
A, batteries B, spark
: ;
coil ; C, push button

on top of cover D, ;
primary circuit E, secondary circuit

; F, ;
secondary binding post on top of cover;

WAX G, partition separating batteries; H, parti-
tion separating spark coil; K, spark coil
\ ibrator.
FICE In using this apparatus to fire a cannon
with, make it a rule not to have the sec-
ondary leads over 20 to 30 feet long. These
spark leads should be well insulated (at
AIR SPACE least one of them) and the primary push
button wires can be of any length desired
up to 50 or 75 feet, but 20 feet is usually
Details for Making a Home-IVIade Geissler Tube from an Incandescent Lamp and Appearance sufficient.
of Completed Bulb When Excited from Even a Small Spark Coil.
Some constructors make their cannon to
accommodate a standard gasoline engine
directionsfor making such a tube from something which would be entirely safe spark plug at breech. Others arrange an
a burned-out lamp bulb, providing the and sane. insulated wire as shown in the accompany-
vacuum is not destroyed. This" apparatus costs but little, to which
Takea piece of sealing wax and soften is added the fact that it is safe. It is a
it so that it can easily be prest into a good thing to be used at a camp when fir-
shape somewhat like that in Fig. 1. Then ing a cannon for the raising and lowering
hollow out tlie center as in Fig. 2. Stick of the flag, and is a safe way in which to
a needle thru the wax and while still soft fire a cannon on July 4th.
and hot press the wax firmly against the
The apparatus can be placed as far as 75
side of the bulb as in Fig. 3. taking care
yards away from the cannon. The things
that the wax* is air-tight. Then connect needed would be 1 push button, 3 dry cells,
one terminal of a 1 inch spark coil to
2 binding posts, a small ('4" spark) spark
the needle in the wax and the other ter-
coil, about 4 square feet of I/2 inch poplar
minal to the base of the lamp. Turn on
or pine, some shellac, screws and wire. I
the current and the spark will puncture
would recommend a section of a Ford coil
the glass and the effect produced will be
which can be bought for a reasonable
that of a high grade Geissler tube. The amount. 25-7S feet/eac/i Pushbu/Zan^
purpose of the hollow space in the wax is
as follows The measurement of the box should
inside
be 13'1." by 8^:;" by 3", the compartment
This space is filled with air and when
for the batteries A, A, A, being 8;4" by
the spark punctures the glass, the air in
this space rushes inside the bulb in this
;
bVi" by 3" separated by a partition, and then
a compartment 6':." by 3'/2" by 3" or any
.—Z> — ] ^
way regulating the amount of air in it.
suitable size for the spark coil which you
Different colors are obtained with differ-
ent air holes, that is, the larger the hollow
have. The bottom and top should be made -3
about Vi" larger than the outside size of the
space in the wax, the more air in the bulb.
box for the sake of appearance. When I .T_L
When inserting the needle thru the wax, putting the box together all joints should be
take care that it just touches the glass of made by painting them with shellac and be- ®
the light bulb. fore it dries screw it down tight so it will
I have used this methcid of making be water-tight and damp-proof. When An Electric Igniter for the Toy Cannon
Geissler tubes for years and I have found connecting the batteries leave plenty of Which Will Save Fingers, Mis-Fires and
Premature Explosions.
that it never fails to produce the desired wire for connections. The push button C,
results as good as any tube I have bought.
; which is to complete the primary circuit to
As the cost of each tube is very slight, and operate the coil, should be fastened on the ing sketch. This apparatus has been used
every tube made produces a different color, cover above the compartment whicli has ver\- successfullyby the Erie Y. M. C. A.
I have found it very interesting to make nothing in it.
and the Erie Boys' Club of Erie, Pa.
a great number of them. The secondary binding Contributed by
posts "F" in the
Contributed by DAVID GOODMAN. diagram should be fastened on the cover GILBERT CROSSLEY.
July, 1917 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
mm
This cUpiirlintnt will award the following monthly piizis; First Prize, $3.00; Second Prize. $2.00; Third Prize, $1.00.
The purpo.se of this department is to stiinulate experimenters towards accomplishing new things with old apparatus or old material,
and for the most useful, practical and original idea submitted to the Editors of this department, a monthly series of prizes will be
awarded. For the best idea submitted a prize of $3.00 is awarded; for the'" second ""
best idea a $2.00 prize, and for the third best prize of
$1.00. '" make the
The article need not be veiy elaboiate. and rough sketches are sufficient. AVe will •• mechanical drawings. Use only one
side of sheet. Make sketches on separate sheets.
FIRST PRIZE, $3.00 SECOND PRIZE, $2.00 THIRD PRIZE, $1.00
AN EFFICIENCY PLIER KINK. A GAGE THAT INDICATES RELA- A SUBSTITUTE FOR SWITCH
Nature i)ruvi(lfs tor average conditions TIVE MAGNETIC ATTRACTION CONTACT POINTS.
only and she supplied us with a reasonablx' OF METALS. When in need of switch contact points,
thick where it is called upon to do
skin The experimenter may often want to test old used .32 or .25 caliber cartridges come
extraordinary amount of work or wear, but the effect of different metals under mag- in handy. The "Kadio-bug" with a lean
one of the spots neglected by bountiful pocketbook can construct these at practi-
nature is on the back of the index linger, cally no cost.
between the first and second joints of the First clean the inside of the cartridge
right hand. This is the spot that is charged shell from all dirt, by using a small pen-
with the duty of opening "diagonals," knife half-round file. Xext take a com-
fir
"long-nose," "goosc-bill" and the commOn, mon brass wood screw that will fit inside
ordinary, everyday i)liers, and on this spot the cartridge and place it inside one which
more blisters can be raised to the square has been cleaned. Xow pour solder in and
inch than on any other spot on our an- you then have a serviceable contact point
atomy. It is perhaps better to put a drop of zinc
The photograph clearly shows how to With This Simple Home-Made Testing De- chlorid on the inside of the cartridge to
"save your skin" and while it will save vice the Amateur Can Make Interesting make the solder stick better.
Investigations of the Relative Magnetic
more time than skin, it is our skin that Attraction of Various Metals. Both Ferric if .screws are used which will come thru
we are most considerate of. and Non-Ferric. on the rear of the base, wires may easily
The spring that holds the legs apart be soldered to them.
netic influence and an instrument, con-
should be made of spring brass, phosphor
structed by the writer, to determine this
Contributed by G. WAITE. GRAXT
particular effect is shown in the accompany-
ing illustration. The action of the appa-
ratus as shown in the photo is very-
evident. As soon as a current is past thru
the electro-magnet, the metal strip to be
tested is either attracted or left neutral.
In some metals as iron or steel, the arma-
ture or testing strip, will be moved consid-
erably, but other metals like copper, lead,
zinc are not affected at all. The effect of
the magnet upon these latter metals can,
however, be easily detected by so construct-
ing the indicator that it will register tbt-
least perceptible movement of the armature.
It is quite evident that the slightest move- Save Your Cartridge Shells, Boys. They
Make Good Switch Points, if a Wood or
ment of the rod will move the pointer Machine Screw Firmly Embedded in the
Is
over a considerable distance. By passing Shell by Means of Solder. The Leads May
AC thru the magnet coil the relative mag- Be Soldered to the End of the Screw.
netic repulsion of metals may be tested.
Do You Want to Save Your Skin and Your The indicator arrangement may be con- A PECULIAR STATIC ELECTRICAL
Temper? Then Simply Fit Your Pliers with
a Steel or Bronze Spring Like That Shown structed from an old steam gage or clock
PHENOMENON.
and Your Worries Will Be Over. works. The pivot block can be obtained I am a stenographer, emiiloyed in an
from an old bell. Care must be used in architect's office, and my duty is to write
bronze or German silver and it is soldered making the instrument so that there is very- specifications, ten copies at a writing. In
to one leg. or if soldering offers any dif- little iriction in the pivot rod support writing, a static charge is generated on
ticulty the spring may be riveted to the leg. or in pinion and gear of the indicator. each of the carbon papers, which is sep-
This kink is particularly useful in tele- Contributed by MARK SLABODNIK. arated from the next by the white paper.
phone exchanges in trimming terminal racks On separating the carbons from the white
or cable and rchiy work, where it is neces- placed at the bottom to keep the battery papers, which is done by pulling the ends
sary to cut and trim wires by the hour from falling out. The contact is made as of the carbons, which protrude beyond the
and which i]i)cration wears off considerable shown in the diagram, by means of the w bite papers, \\ ith one hand and the w hite
"bark." The kink also allows the use of brass spring. papers themselves with the other hand,
all lingers for pressure on the legs. Contributed bv ED.MUXD AX'GLIX. some of the charges are neutralized on
Contributed bv separation sharp crackling being indicative
;
FRED'K J. SCHLIXK. CorA p/ug ejftergt Lamp'^' r of this. I usually place all of the carbons
onto the machine, after which I draw quite
A "BAMBOO" FLASHLIGHT NOV- a long spark from any part of tlie ma-
ELTY. chine into knuckle. my
A distinct and useful novelty in electric At received the shock unexpectedly
first I
flashlights here shown ami described. To
is after bringing my hand near the charged
make it. secure a battery for a tubular
first machine, as I had formed a habit of plac-
flashlight. .\ piece of bamboo with an ing the carbons onto the machine after
inside diameter the same or nearly the ^—ref/ecfor each writing. After investigating the mat-
hiifi burIon
same as that of the battery is then obtained. ter, I found that the mysterious "what-is-
The length of the bamboo is slightly great- it" was developed in the machine.
say an inch and a half, than the battery.

A —
Distinct Novelty in Flashlights It's Made Contributed by WM. LESKY.
er, of Bamboo and Will Make a Very Attractive
The bamboo must have a joint about a half Gift or Favor for Parties and Dinners.
inch from one end. A hole is bored thru with a small piece of common screen wire.
the center, just large enough to permit the AN EMERGENCY FUSE PLUG. A single strand of wire will pass about
flashlight bulb to fit tightly. .\ i)iece of Here is little idea of my own on an
;i 3 amperes 3 strands 6 amperes, and 6
:
bright tin, shaped right, is placed around "Emergency Fuse." Take an ordinary at- strands about 10 amperes.
the bulb to act as a reflector. .'\ cork is tachment plug and connect the terminals Contributed by YEAGER. HUBERT
!
Where the Radio Amateur Fits in the U. S. Naval Reserve

By -M. B. WEST, R.\DIO GLTvNER, U. S. N. R. F.
direction of an officer of the naval should be particularly attractive to stu-

THE amateur has at last an oppor-
tunity to be of real service to the
Government, and one that will not
the
reserve, and every effort will be made by
them to assist amateurs in solving the many
dents and others, as it gives an opportunity
for training and also saving during vaca-
in any way interfere with his puzzling problems that arise in connection tion period.
career in civil life. The argument with their stations. Onefeature that is especially liberal is
that the amateur would be of inestimable It is not necessary to enroll in the re- that a memberof the reserves will be dis-
benefit in time of war has so often been serves, to join in the drill, but it is earnestly charged at any time during peace at his
made that it has at last been recognized. hoped that all will do so. So far this own request. Active service is not com-
Yet it is clear to anyone who gives it a feature has been worked out more com- pulsory, and orders to active duty are only
pletely in the Middle West in connection issued at the request of members them-
moment's thought, that without at least
with XAJ, the naval station at Great Lakes, selves, and will be arranged so as to inter-
some preliminary training most amateurs
fere as little as possible with your regular
would fail miserably if suddenly placed in Illinois.
The ClassXaval Reserve, is a very business. The only time the reserves can be
charge of a large radio station. 4,
It is with the intention of remedying liberal organization,and creates an oppor- called for active duty, is in time of war,
this situation, that the Class 4, Xaval Re- tunity that seems especially adapted to and it is intended to use them at the less
serve, has been created. In as far as amateur needs. To enroll, you must be important land stations so as to relieve the
an American citizen, be able to send and regular officers and men for their active
possible, it is hoped that amateurs enroll-
ing in the reserve will at once ask for a receive at the rate of ten words per rnin- war duties. Information in detail can be
ute, and be able to pass the usual physical secured from the nearest naval recruiting
short period of active duty so as to be-
examination. On enrollment members will officer, who will be glad to give you any
come familiar with the requirements of
Then they receive a yearly retainer fee of $12.00, until information you may require.
the radio work of the navy.
will return home, and it is hoped will join such time as they have perfected thern- Here is an opportunity to prepare your-
selves sufficiently to be able to handle their self so as to he of real assistance to the
one of the drill routes that have_ been or-
ganized in connection with the Xaval Sta- work in a manner on a par with regular Government, and at the same time be well
The purpose of these drill routes naval practise. After such time they will paid while doing so.
tions.
is to perfect these amateurs in handling receive an annual retainer pay equal to As it is the first appeal to the amateur,
two months' pay of their corresponding if we are to live up to the reputation that
radio business according to the rules of
grade in the regular navy- In addition has been made for us we should respond
the navy.
And think what a difference it vvould they receive traveling expenses to and from gladly and willingly. We can assure you
make in amateur working conditions if all —
place of training uniforms, meals and that you will be pleased with the treatment
amateur business was handled in an orderly lodging and the regular pay from the time you receive while on active duty and will
they leave their homes until they return return home w ith a much more friendly feel-
and thorolv efficient m.anner
to them. This is all clear money, and ing towards "Uncle Sam" and his navy.
These drill routes will be placed under
AN EXTREMELY LIGHT-WEIGHT a high pitch, musical tone and with the aid itdoes not interfere with any of the other
RADIO TRANSMITTER of this vibrator this is readily accomplished, inclosed instruments. Taps are led off at
four different positions, and are termi-
AND RECEIVER. which was heretofore impossible, due to
nated in four plug
The illustrations herewith show one of forced action of
the latest types of portable light-weight, the spring con- receptacles which
radio transmitter and receiver, adaptable stituting the com- are placed at the
mon form of vi- left of the panel.
for both military and civilian duty.
This outfit was designed and built by Mr. brator. A
flush type hot
wire ammeter is also
A. B. Cole, a prom-
inent radio engineer
secured to the
of Xew York Cir\\
B a k e 1 t e control
i
panel. The antenna

The transmitter is
change-over switch
stationed in the main
compartment while
is shown
in the
background and the
the receiving outfit
transmitter key at
is placed in the cover
the right.
of the case, which is
The receiving ap-
a substantially built paratus mounted
is
fiber affair measur-
ing 10 X 10 X 12
on a separate
Bakelite panel and
inches. equipt
It is
contained in the case
•with heavy carrjing
as illustrated. This
straps. The trans-
receiver comprises
mitting set com-
an inductive coupler,
prises the following:
— A high tension with a fixt secondary
and tuning is ac-
spark coil placed complished by means
within the case ami
of a secondary vari-
wh i c used to
h is
able capacity. This
charge a condenser One of the Latest Compact
Designed Espe- latter controlled
thru a special Radio Sets is
cially for Field Military Ser- by means of a grad-
quenched spark gap. vice. It Has a Powerful
This is seen on top uated handle noted
Transmitter Operating on a
Storage or Dry Battery. at the upper right
of the panel, indi-
cated by the hori- hand corner. An en-
zontal circular disc. closed mineral detector is employed with this
This gap is of the set it is placed in the center of the cabinet.
;
quenched type and The round instrument below the detector is a

is composed of two
high frequency buzzer used for testing pur-
perfectly parallel poses, and the button directly beneath the
plates. The to:>
buzzer is used to start the buzzer. The pkig
electrode is connect- to the left of the push button inter-connects
ed to the helix by the telephones w ith the set, while the plug to
a flexible conductor. the right interlinks the antenna and groimd
A special independ- thru the sending apparatus. The switch to
ent vibrator is con- the left of the sending key connects the an-
nected with the primary of the induction The tuning inductance consists of a num- tenna with either the sending or receiving
coil and this is located behind the forward ber of turns of wire placed on a frame, the instruments: by turning to the left, the re-
binding posts. It is an essential feature size of which is equivalent to that of the ceiving instruments are connected, and to
that the frequency of the emitted w ave have inside of the dimensions of the box, so that the right is for transmitting.
! ,
Amateur and Experimental Radio Research

By RAYMOND FRANCIS YATES
TART I. member that the application of wireless is Knowledge Necessary for Research Work.
OF allthe prcscnt-day fields of sci-

entific eiuk-avor, there is probably
mine more promising or pro<luc-
ti\e than that of wireless. It is
not necessarily limited to the transmission
of intelligence. In the future this w ill con-
stitute the smallest part of it.
seen the birth of developments that tell
We
have to
Contrary to the general opinion possest
by experimenters, it is next to impossible
without
successfully enter into
an elementary understanding of
research work
hardly correct to say that wireless us in no uncertain terms that the science the fundamental principles of radiocom-
is in its infancy, but the art has by no of radio is destined to ])lay a far greater munication. It is indeed a deplorable fact
means reached any reasonable degree of part in the life of the world than it does that 70 per cent of the radio experimenters
perfection and the in the United States
work yet to be done can not thoroly ex-
is unbelievably vast plain the theoretical
and important. basis of operation of
Of the multitude of one of their instru-
wireless amateurs in ments. True, they
the United States, can tell you that a
there is a surprisingly variable condenser is
small number of se- used to tune with and
rious-minded experi- to reduce "static," but
menters w ho have the real "how" of its
really entered the field operation is hopelessly
for anything more beyond them. These
than an interesting statements do not
hobby. Many experi- necessarily infer that
menters are inclined to enter research work
to think that wireless it is imperative that
research entails such one be a radio expert
a great expense and or graduate engineer.
involves such costly Quite to the contrary.
apparatus that it is It is only necessary
quite beyond their that one be familiar
means. It is the pur- with the elementary
pose of this paper to theory under which
disprove this errone- the various elements
ous opinion and ex- of radio receptors and
plain how it is possible A Typical Radio Experimental Laboratory Equipt with a Variety of Condensers and
transmitters operate.
for e\cry amateur to Inductances, as Well as Other Supplementary Apparatus with Wh ich Many Valuable This knowledge is ab-
exercise his inventive Researches Can Be Made. and
solutely essential
talent in the great even then it is not
today. The wireless transmission of necessary to go real deep at the start. It
power, radio control of mechanisms (radio is not necessary to be able to explain in
tele-mechanics), tlie development of radio- theoretical detail the unilateral conductivity
telephony, directive communication, the of crvstal rectifiers or the mathematical
perfection of the high frequency alternator,
and the elimination of interference, are but
a few, a very few, of the problems to be
solved. There will be a daj', in the not
far distant future, when an audience in
New York may sit and listen to a concert
being played in Paris via radio. Nikola
Tesla tells us that within 25 years we will
be sending radio controlled boats to any
port of Europe without a man on board
We may put much faith in statements made
by Tesla, as his accomplishments are many
and great. If it is possible to control ves-
If You Make Up Loading or Other Induc- sels via radio, why will it not become pos-
tances, Take the Trouble to Either Measure sible to control airships, trains and auto-
or Calculate the Inductance in Micro-Henrys The Radio Student and Investigator Should
or Centimeters. It Always Pays. mobiles? It would indeed be a superficial Provide Himself With a Number of Variom-
observer who would conclude that radio is eters of Different Sizes and Known Induc-
field of radiocommunication. There seems anything but a fruitful field for those who tance Values.
to be a lack of real, scientific enthusiasm desire to enter irrto penetrating and pro- physics of the expanding hot-wire meter.
among the amateurs of the United States, ductive investigation. One should be familiar, however, with in-
especially in regard to the perfection of the ductance, capacity, resonance, damping,
art, and it is the object of the author to resistance, impedance, etc. One should
try and offer a few suggestions with the know why a variable condenser will alter
hope that these amateurs will regard their the wave length by changing th« capacity
work in a more serious attitude with the of the circuit; why the inductance of a
intention of developing something original. tuning transformer has the same efifect,
I have talked to many experimenters who and why the quenched gap has a tendency
thouglit that they had conceived a valuable to set up sustained oscillations. It is sur-
idea, Init either they did not possess the prising how many suggestions present them-
courage to develop it or they thought it selves when a working knowledge of the
was beyond their ability. If dc Forest had v.'irious instruments is acquired. Ideas then
had the same attitude, we would not have come fast and numerous. The moral here
the Audion Marconi had lacked luillinch-
; if is — study ! Read every article and book
ing inspiration and c(uirage, probably de you can get hold of. If you don't under-
Forest would not ha\e needed to in\-<'nt stand it the first time, read it again. It
his .\udion detector at all. Among the would probably take you several years to
4(10,000 and more radio experimenters in work out the law of H'.L. =
59.6 ^/ L X C
the United States, there are undoubtedly but by reading the up-to-date magazines on
many F'cssendens, Marconis and de F'orests, the subject and elementary books such as
who either lack courage or enthusiasm, to the "Wireless Course" by Gernsback, Les-
enter research work. carboura and Secor, you can learn just
Possibilities of the Field. why, for a given wave length, that when
The possibilities of development in wire-
A Good Type of Experimental Radio Trans-
C is decreased, L must be increased, etc.
less are limitless. WV
have just entered a mitter Which May be Used with a Phantom
None are so blind as those who won't see!
new era — the Wirclrss F.ra. must re- We or "Dummy" Antenna. (Conliiiucd on fiagi' 218)
A PECULIAR EXPERIMENT WITH MILITARY SIGNAL LIGHT AND AN ELECTRIC BIRTHDAY CAKE
A LAMP BULB. BUZZER. WITHOUT THE DOUGH.
A curious experiment can be made with A very compact and serviceable arrange- The materials required for this stunt are
a 110 volt. candle power carbon lamp
16 ment of military signal light and tell-tale a tin pan, about ten inches in diameter and
Anyone who has seen the tip broken off buzzer is shown in the accompanying illus- four inches high, a number of miniature-
an electric lamp while burning has noticed tration. It was developed by R. C. base colored lamps, and a source of cur-
that soon becomes
it
rent. After obtaining
then goes out.
brilliant, these, proceed as fol-
For this paradoxical lows :
experiment, now break Mark off on the bot-

the tip A off as small tom of the tin pan,
as possible, but enough the desired positions of
to let the air in, then fill the lamps, and punch
up to B with gasoline. holes. H, at these
Connect the lamp in points. The holes must
circuit to 110 volts, and be of such size that the
the lamp w ill- burn screw base. C, of the
about Yz candle power. lamps, L, will just fit in
Xow, tho this is only them. This done, turn
a 110 volt lamp and or- the pan over and solder
dinarily in perfect con- the Xo. 20 wires, M, to
dition, it would burn The Boy Scout S ignal Corps Division^"Will Find This Combined Buzzer and Signal allthe center connec-
Light Outfit Very Light and Serviceable. Be Sure You Have a Good Lens to Start tions of the lamps, and
out in a very short With, and a Parabolic, Well Polished Reflector.
time on a 220 volt cir- continue this wire to
cuit connect it to a 220 volt
; and itcircuit, Avery, and is said by him to be particu- the source of current, which may be a
will apparently burn at the same candle larly efficacious for 'flashing liglit signals flashlight battery or two, B, placed under
power or Yz. When the lamp has burned at night; the, tell-tale buzzer sounding for the pan. If the source of current is a
for about three minutes on either voltage, each dot and dash as th^y are sent out by storage battery or a step-down transformer,
place a match at the opening and a small the transmitting key or switch on the side the wires going to the same should be con-
and vers- white light will burn like a candle. of the battery case. cealed,. The hardest part of the work is
This idea should prove very useful to now finished.
the signal corps division of the Boy Scouts. The icing is now to be put on the "cake"
The present signaling device was found and in order to make it stick, paper should
very efficacious compared to the acetylene be pasted on the pan. The icing is spread
lantern previously used in the United
States Army signaling work, the electric
lantern here illustrated having signaled
over a distance of 5 miles at night and
2 miles in daylight.
The instrument as developed by its in-
ventor measures 10;< inches in length by
2]i inches extreme diameter. The trans-
mitting key folds over so that when car-
ried in the pocket it cannot accidentally
close the circuit.
HOLY SMOKE! ANOTHER

ELECTRIC ALARM CLOCK.
The illustration shows an electrically op-
erated alarm clock of new design. One
terminal of the battery is connected to a
metal standard, holding a brass pulley, on
which is wound a few turns of tine copper For Birthday Parties an Electric Cake Is
or brass wire. One end of the wire is fast- Always Welcome. This One Is Made from
ened to a piece of cord, the other end of a Tin Pan Iced Over. The Battery Is Placed
Within the Pan.
which is tied to the alarm winding key.
The second terminal of the battery is con- smoothly over the paper up to and touching
nected thru a bell to one foot of the alarm the lights. When hardened, this novelty
clock. will have all the appearances of a genuine
A Novel Experiment with an Incandescent The mode of operation is as follows: iced cake with lights mounted in the top.
Lamp Which Is Filled Up to "B" with Gaso- The circuit is open at the cord due to its
line. When Connected to Live Circuit Gas Contributed by VICTOR DE FLORIX.
Is Generated and May Be Ignited at A by non-conductivity. When the alarm rings,
a Match. winds the cord on it until the wire is
it
clock and the standard should be securely
drawn on to the key. This completes the fastened to a suitable baseboard.
becoming stronger as long as the gasoline
circuit and operates the bell or any other Contributed by A. H. BETLER.
lasts, same depending on the size of the
device. The magnet wire is of course long
tip, bul as soon as you open the switch,
the light and flame go out.
TO TRANSFER PICTURES TO
Place the lamp in a horizontal position
WOOD.
and the lamp acts the same as tho you had Dissolve salt in soft water float your
:
Check sfinng
broken the tip while it was burning. It photo print on the surface, picture-side up;
will only behave in this paradoxical manner norm let it remain about an hour. The wood
cloa' should lie of bird's-eye maple, or other
while vertical, tip up and base down.
. Contributed by light-colored hardwood. Varnish with the
GEORGE C. MACLEAN. licst copal or transfer varnish.
Take tlie picture from the water dry a :
FORMULA FOR WOOD'S METAL. little lietween linen rags: then put the en-
graving, picture side down, on the varn-
This silvery fine-grained alloy fuses be-
ished wood, and smooth it nicely. If the
tween I.tI and 162 deg. Fab., and is adapted
picture entirely covers the wood after the
to soldering, and mounting crystals as
galena, silicon, etc., for wireless work.
margin is cut off, so that no varnish is
exposed, lay over it a thin board and heavy
Tin 2 parts
weight leave it thus over night. If you
Lead 4 parts :
Bismuth S to 8 parts
wish but a small picture in the center of
What! Ding-bust-it. if Here Ain't Another
"Electric" Alarm Clocl<. The Inventor Ar- the wood, apply the varnish only to a space
Contributed by
WTLSDOX. ranges a String and Wire So That When the size of tlic picture. Dip your forefinger
Ai.BERT \V. Clock Key Turns, the Wire Is Finally in salt and water, and commence ridiliing
Grounded, Closing the Bell Circuit.
Dueto the advent of the war, we are off the paper : the nearer you come to the
particularly desirous of obtaining manu- enough so that when
the alarm key has picture, the more careful you must be, as
scripts describing original and practical turned its full rotation there is still some a hole would spoil your work.
" Electrical Experiments. "
wire wound around tlie pulley. Both the Contributed by V. C. McILVAINE.

I :
Experimental Chemistry
By .VLBI-RT W . \VlL.SI>ON
Fourteenth Lesson
HYDROCHLORIC ACID. in such a ratio that its composition may be thus obtained, which is sometimes some-
represented by the formida, HCl. what colored, is the Hydrochloric or ^turi-
ASIL \ALr:.\'n.\i; tUc 15tli
in
atic acid of commerce. The discoloration
B
capcd
Century first described the prepara-
tion by a process similar to the
one now
"Spirit
in use.
of
Salt."
He
called it
That which cs-
from anything easily in intangible
1. Hydrogen burns in chlorin, the only
product being Hydrochloric acid gas.
2. When hydrogen chlorid [Hydrochloric
acid] is decomposed by an electric cur-
rent, equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorin
is due to the presence of impurities, such
as Iron and organic substances.
Hydrochloric acid forms a part of the
digestive fluids of the stomach. The acid
is supposed to be secreted in what is known
form was called a "Spirit." Thus Sl>irit are evolved.
as the Border Cells, whose exact func-
3. When
a mixture
Ttiist/e fube - of volumes of
equal
Safe/y fu6e hydrogen and chlorin
r/7/j//e fuOe
is exposed to the di-
rect sunlight, or to the
Small ring action of an electric
fsupporf spark, the gases com- fii/dber
bine i t h w
explosive Cannec/ar
violence, and Hydro- \
chloric acid gas is

RuMer
formed with no resi-
co/7nec/or\
due. Furthermore, the
volume of the result-
Large rmg
ing gas equals the
^sappor/ sum of the volume;
of hydrogen
and
chlorin used.
4. When a given
volume of dry hydro-
chloric acid gas is
treated with sodium
amalgam, the chlorin
is withdrawn by the
sodium in the amal-
gam, and a vohmie of
hydrogen remains
which is half the orig-
inal volume.
No derivative of
5.
rig69 Hydrochloric acid is Method of Collecting Hydrochloric Gas By
known which contains the Downward Displacement in a Dry Test
Experimental Apparatus Set Up for the Preparation of Hydrochloric hydrogen or less Tube. See Experiment 79.
Acid In the Laboratory. less
chlorin in a. molecule. tions are still unknown. The gastric juices
11/ Wine, Spirit of Wood, etc., are indica- 6. The by weight in which hydrogen
ratio of the stomach in normal condition con-
tion of the crude theory of spirits so long and chlorin combine is 1 to 33.45. Hence, tain about 0.33 per cent of free acid.
in vogue. Hydrochloric acid being a_ gas the lowest molecular weight of Hydro- Aside from the aid which Hydrochloric
which is liberated from salt when it is chloric acid is 36.45, a number which has acid gives in peptic digestion, its presence
treated with Sulfuric acid, it was naturally been verified by several different methods. is important, in that it destroys the germs
regarded as a Spirit of Salt. Occurrence :
of fermentation and disease, and probably
Glauber prepared this gas in the 17th The free occurrence of Hydrochloric Acid dissolves some mineral salts. Its action
Century by treating Sodium Chlorid [Com- in Nature is rare, as its affinities are too in destroying germs permits the food to be
mon salt, Na CI) with sulfuric acid. strong. It occurs from the exhalations of stored in the stomach for some time with-
I'riestly, in l/'72, first obtained it in pure active volcanoes, as \'esuvius and the out undergoing decay.
condition. He called it "^larine Acid Air." fumaroles of Hecla. It is also a constitu- Prrparation" ;
Upon the theory introduced by Lavoisier, ent of some streams and rivers which The method generally used in the labora-
that all acids necessarily contain oxygen, have their origin in volcanic mountains. tory is to treat common salt, Sodium
Hydrochloric acid was for a long time be- It is found in the waters of certain South Chlorid [NaCl] with Sulfuric acid. The
lieved to contain oxygen. American rivers that have their source in reactions which may take place are
About 1810, Davy established the ele- the volcanic districts of the Andes.
mentary nature of Chlorin, and hence the The series of salts, derived from Hy- [I] KaCl
.ôdium
+ H,SO.
Sulfuric
=
Hydrochloric
HCI -f NaHSO.
H\-drogeti
true nature of its hydrogen compound. Hy- drochloric acid, are widely distributed and Chlo Acid Acid SôHium
drogen Chlorid [Hydrochloric acid[. The of great importance. In general, they are Sulfate
correctness of his results became generally crystalline, stable, and soluble [except Sil- 121 2XaCI -F H,SO, 2HCI NajSO,
Sodium Sulfuric Hydro- Sodium
recognized shortly after. Many facts lead ver], tho some are decomposed by water, Chlorid Acid chloric Sulfate
to the conclusion that Hydrochloric acid especially if evaporated with it. Common Aci.i
gas is composed of Hydrogen and Chloritt salt. Sodium Chlorid [NaCl| is the most _
If an excess of acid is employed, ar
important of the chlorids, and in fact is
Ih/ille fube^ the parent substance from which almost
all chlorin and its compounds are made, >\ r,
as well as all of the sodium compounds.
In the manufacture of Sodium Car-
bonat by the process in most common u:c,
.Salt is first treated with Sulfuric acid,
by which it is converted into Sodium Sul-
fate. In this stage of the process. Hydro-
chloric acid is necessarily formed in large Atsi'hcd if ajtting
cjuantity. Formerly this was allowed to Fn. rubber ccnmctor
escape into the
fects which it
air, but the injurious
had upon vegetation, caused
ef-
^'973 Q
laws to be enacted whereby the manu-
facturers were compelled to prevent the Shape of Glass Tubes Used to Connect Up
the Apparatus Here Illustrated and Method
escape of this gas. The waste gases are of Cutting Rubber Sleeves Diagonally to
now caused to pass thru towers filled with Make Them Slip On Tubes Easier.
Fig. 70 Fig. 7 bricks so arranged as to present a maxi-
mum of surface, over which water is kept the first reaction, a moderate heat is re-
At Left— A Wolff Bottle With Three Neck"-: The gas dissolves in quired, and a readily soluble salt. Hydrogen
—
At Right Erlenmeyer Flark Which May Bo constantly passing.
the water qtn'te readily, and the solution (^Coiilinucd paih' 220)
Substituted for the Florence Flask Specified. I'll
. ; ;
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July. 1917

204
1 per cent to 50 per cent, based on the either shrinks or swells by dryness or
Wminklesl weight of one gallon of water at 40° F.

= 8.33888 lbs. [avoirdupois], or one tluid
ounce of water weighing 456.03 grains
[avoirdupois].
moisture, is capable of being formed into
an hygrometer, such as woods of most
kinds! particui-.rly ash. deal, poplar, etc.
The following is the most lasting and con-
ounce of water take venient mode of construction for an in-
For each fluid
strument of this description.
For a 1 per cent solution. . 4.66 grains Take a very fine balance, and place in
2
•
.. 9.38
" it a sponge, or other body which easily
3
• "
.. 14.10
" absorbs moisture, and let it be in equilib-
4
•' •'
. 19.00
" rium with a weight hung at the other end
•' " '•
24.00
^
5 ..
" "' "
6 .. 29.10
" " "
7 .. 34.30
•' " '
8 .. 39.60
" " "
9 .. 45.09
" " "
EDITED BY S.GERNSBACK 10 .. 50.67 ^^yêrtfaomp
"
^
" "
Under this heading we will publish every 15 .. 80.48
month useful information in Mechanics. 20
" "
114.00
" izj^^ffcfher
We shall be
r^
..
Electricity and Chemistry. • " "
pleased, of course, to have our readers send 25 .. 152.00
new •• " •
us any recipes, formulas, wrinkles, 30 .. 195.44
ideas, etc.. useful to the experimenter which " • " 1
35 • 245.56
will be duly paid for. upon publication, if
" " "
acceptable^ 40 .. 304.02
" " '
45 .. 373.10
" " "
50 .. 456.03
HOW TO MAKE A CHEMICAL
BALANCE. It should be noted that the above table
The accompanying photo a
ilhistrates applies to water, percentage solutions for
chemical balance constructed by the writer
While not being extremely accurate it
other liquids would necessarily have to be
figured on the weight of the particular
®
nevertheless will measure quantities to the liquid. A Simple Hygrometer Which Can Be Made
degree of accuracy generally demanded in also, sometimes,
Percentage solutions are at a Cost of a Few Cents, from a Sponge,
a Paper Scale and a Lightly Pivoted Lever.
an amateur's shop or laboratory. It is not made up from a saturated base. This
difficult to construct and ordinary care be- method is incorrect unless it is so desig- of the beam. If the air becomes moist,
ing used, it can be made to weigh within a nated in giving the formula, that is. by the sponge, becoming heavier, will prepon-
gram. stating in the formula saturated solution
derate if dry. the sponge will be raised
self-explanatory, but
;
The illustrationis base. Such percentages are made by plac- up. This balance may be contrived in two
a few words may not be amiss. To make ing in the liquid used more of the chem-
as that ways, by either having the pin in the mid-
it, first obtain a telephone ringer set ical than the liquid will carry in solution
dle of the beam, with a slender tongue,
shown in figure. It is not necessary to pur- this resulting solution is liltered to re-
a foot and a half long, pointing to the di-
chase a brand new one, hut go to some move the excess chemical and then used
visions of an arched plate, fitted on it, or
electric or telephone repair shop where you as a base. For example, to make a 10
the other extremity of the beam may be
may secure a ringer for less than fifty per cent solution, 10 per cent of the base
so long, as to describe a large arc on a
cents or even for nothing, possibly. Pro- is used and 90 per cent of the pure liquid,
board placed for the purpose.
ceed to rearrange the different pieces so as or in other words. 1 ounce of the saturated
to appear, after adding other parts, like solution to 9 ounces of the liquid.
To prepare the sponge, it may be neces-
On the armature, sary to wash it in water and. when dry. in
that shown below. Contributed by ALBERT
W. WILSDON. water or vinegar, in which sal ammoniac
solder or bolt a strip of metal, preferably
or salt of tartar has been dissolved and
aluminum, Y2" x 7" and on the ends of this
"beam" attach two circular 4" pans. Be- TO PETRIFY WOOD. let it dry again: then it is fit for use. The
Equal quantities of gem salt, rock alum, instrument can be hung against the wall^;
low one of the pans place a right angle
white vinegar, chalk and Peebles' powder. and. in that case a bit of steel, as at "A,"
strip and adjusting screw, in order to be
Back of the This solution will petrify wood or any other should be placed before the needle, to keep
able to make pans balance.
porous substances if put in after the ebul- it straight.
instrument, after fixing on base, place a
strip for an indicator. lition is over. Contributed by WILL M. DUFFIE.
A Stone Coating for Wood : Forty parts
chalk, fifty of resin, four of linseed oil, COLD SOFT SOLDER.
melted together to this should be added
;
Everyone at sometime or other has had
one part of oxid of copper and then one occasion to solder two pieces of metal,
part of sulfuric acid. This last should be
which because of their composition, or be-
added very carefully. Apply with a brush cause of attached parts, could not be raised
while hot. to the temperature that even soft solder
To Imitate Dark Woods The appearance ;
flows at. The following solder meets that
of walnut may be given to white woods demand, as it can be used without heat.
by painting or sponging with a concen- Precipitate some copper from a copper
trated warm solution of permanganat of solution, such as copper sulfate or copper
potassium. The effect varies for differ- nitrat by means of zinc or iron filings.
ent kinds of woods, some becoming stained
Into a mortar pour some mercury and the
rapidly, others requiring more time. When copper precipitate. Add a few drops of
stained wash thoroly with soft water. After
dilute sulfuric acid and grind until the cop-
the wood has dried it may be varnished, per has united with tlie mercury. Wash
and will be found to very closely resemble the amalgam with water till bright and
the natural dark woods.
clean. Put into a cloth to dry and by means
To Polish Wood Only a very few ex-
:
of a twisting motion, like grapes are
perimenters who make their own cabinets strained, squeeze out the excess of mercury
know how to put a good polish on their until the copper amalgam is just workable
Every Experimenter Needs a Small Balance woodwork. The following is a very good
for Weighing Chemicals On. Here's One by the fingers. Rub well into the surfaces
Made from a Telephone Ringer Frame Fitted method. Take a piece of pumice stone and to be joined, and press together over night.
with a Set of Pans and a Scale. water, and pass regularly over the work Some of the mercury penetrates the sur-
until the rising of the grain is cut dowii faces, and some of the copper crystallizes
Finished with shellac, this instrument
then take tripoli and boiled linseed oil, out. and the compound becomes very hard.
will makea neat looking and useful little
and polish to a bright surface.
piece of apparatus for cliemical or photo- Strange to say. this compound is silver
Contributed by V. C. McILVAINE. white. By using more mercury,
a pliable
graphic work.
Contributed by MARK SLABODNIK. metal is obtained that hardens slowly. If
HOW TO MAKE A HYGROMETER. the solder is too hard, grind up with more
Keep gold and silver jewelry,
"PER CENT" SOLUTIONS. The hygrometer is an instrument to mercurv.
etc., out of the way. as mercury
destroys
A tablegiving the weight in grains measure the degrees of dryness or mois-
ture of the atmosphere. There are various them. _
[avoirdupois] of any chemical substance PFEIFFER.
Contributed by H. V.
required to make a per cent solution from kinds of hygrometers; for whatever body
—
Our Amateur Laboratory Contest is open to all readers, whether subscribers or not. The photos are judged for best arrangement and efficiency
of the apparatus. To increase the interest of this department we make it a rule not to publish photos of apparatus unaccompanied by that of the owner. Dark
photos preferred to light toned ones. We pay each month $3.00 prize for the best photo. Make your description brief and use only one side of the sheet
Address the Editor. "With the Amateurs" Dcpt.
15.00 Cash in Prizes. Get Busy, Boys!!!

Here chance win a cash prize for a few minutes' brain work. The big question now confronting every radio
amateur
is
is
—your
"What can
to
do with my wireless apparatus?" To help the more than 400,000 loyal radio students and en-
I
ihiisiasts to apply their kuowlcdu'c and, most important of all, to utilize their instruments for some practical electrical or
—
communication purpose other than wireless, we shall pay two prizes one of $10.00 and one of $5.00 respectively, for the
best suKnestion as to "what to do with your radio set during the war." Be brief; 100 to 200 words should tell your story,
keinember— it's the "idea" that counts. Get busy at once, ijoys, as we want all suggestions in by July 25th, at the latest, so that
the results can be announced in the September number of The Electrical Expf.ri.m enter. And don't forget we must have
thoroly "practical" ideas. Address the Editor, Radio Problem Contest.
A GROUP OF REPRESENTATIVE AMERICAN AMATEUR RADIO STATIONS.

——
$3.00 Prize This Month Awarded to Amateur Radio Station of 8 Parker Wiggin. Kansas City. Kan. 1— William P. Aldrlch, Westfield,
—
Mass.; 2 Radio station of Orney Dunnum. Hannaford, N. D.; 3 N. W. Lockwood. East Orange. N. J.; 4 Lucas Tylekens. Jr.. Kansas
—
City. Mo.; 5 — —
Walter Reimer. Milwaukee. Wis.; 6 Lester S. Fawcett, Independence, Iowa: 7 Ole B. Ritchey. Lake City. Mich.: 9 Lovell
H. Cook. Mexico. N. Y.; 10— Henry W. Hall, Beeville. Tex.; 11— Otto Vandell. Brooklyn. N. Y.; 12— Hubert F. Jordan, Evanston, III.;
—
13 — Palmer Reist, Dayton, O.
— —
Some More Representative American Amateur

Radio Stations.
—
14 —
Radio Station of Louis Falconi. Fort Stanton. N. Mex.: 15 Lessesne R. Allison, Statesvllle, N. C: 16 Frank O. Walsh, Jr., Augusta,
— — — —
Ga.: 17 Geo. Anderson, Dorchester, Mass.; 18 James B. Armstrong. Ithaca. N. Y.; 19 L. C. Herndon. Portsmouth, Va.; 20 Allen B. Du
Mont, Montclair, N. J.; 21— IVIorris Pollack, Chicago, III.; 22— H. Muysklns, Jr., Lynden, Wash 23— Geo. M. Bends. Utica, N. Y.; 24— Earl
— :
McClure, Van Wert, O.; 25 Butswick Brattland, Ada, Minn.; 26 Geo. E. Meldrum, Jr., Carrollton. III.: 27 Clyde R. Battin, Athens, Ohio.
—
THE MARVELS OF RADIO- NIKOLA TESLA RECEIVES THE of the Institute to a resident of the United
ACTIVITY. "EDISON MEDAL." . States of .America and its dependencies,
or of the Dominion of Canada, "for meri-
(Continued from page 171) Nikola Tesla, the famous electrical
torious achievement in electrical science or
of the leaves being indicative of the amount
wizard, who was awarded
the seventh Edi-
electrical engineering or the electrical arts."
of Radium in a certain amount of sample. son medal on December 13, 1916, "for
Kulhcrford showed that the discharpinK meritorious achievements in his early orig- B. A. Behrend said:
due to the production of ions inal work in polyphase and high-frequency
eflfect is "By an extraordinary coincidence, it is
electric currents," received the medal at a
or ilnm/ed particles of the gas thru which exactly twenty -nine years ago, to the very
In an electric field, presentation made at the annual meeting
the radiations pass. day and hour, that there stood before this
positive ions travel to the negative electrode of the American Institute of Electrical En-
Institute .\ikola Tesla, and he read a de-
gineers, on May 18.
and vice versa thus causing the discharge
;
scription of his great discovery of the gen-
of an electrified body. If a sufficiently The Edison Medal was established upon eration and utilization of polyphase alter-
strong field is used, the ions are all swept the initiative of a group of
friends and nating currents. He left nothing to be
to the electrodes without appreciable loss. associates of Thomas .'\. Edison, for the done for those who followed him. His
The rate of discharge then reaches a ma,\i- purpose of recounting and celebrating the paper contained the skeleton even of the
muni, which is not altered by an increased achievements of a quarter of a century in mathematical theory.
voltage, this maximum current being called the art of electric lighting, with which the
"Three years later, in 1891, there was
the saturation current. The ions produced name of Edison is imperishably identified.
was decided that the most effective given the first great demonstration, by
are in every way identical with those pro- It
This phcnomcncm of means of accomplishing this object would Swiss engineers, of the transmission of
duced by X-rays.
ionication is the basis for the conductivity be by the establishment of a gold medal, power at 30,000 volts from Lauffen to
which should, during the centuries to come, Frankfort by means of Mr. Tesla's sys-
of gases caused by radioactive substances.
serve as an honorable incentive to scien-
tem. A few years later this was followed
Radium by the development of the Cataract Con-
tists, engineers and artisans to maintain
determined struction Company, under the presidency of
Radium has been definitely by their works a high standard of accom-
as an element, atomic weight 226.2 (Mme. plishment. our member. Edward D. Adams, and with
the aid of the engineers of the Westing-
Curie). Jt imparts a brilliant red color The Edison Medal was. therefore, es-
to a flame and red predominates in its
house Company. It is interesting to re-
tablished and endowed with a trust fund,
here to-night that in Lord Kelvin's
flame spectrum. The production of Radium
call,
under an indenture dated February 11,
report to Mr. .Adams, Lord Kelvin recom-
is in this country largely from the ore 1904, whereby the American Institute of
carnotite, an Uranium oxid, found in mended the use of direct current for the
Electrical Engineers agreed to award the
Colorado and Utah. The Radium is ex- medal annually. It is awarded each year
tracted by chemical means from the ore to- by a committee consisting of 24 members
gether with Barium, from which it is sepa-
rated by fractional crystallization. The
bromid salt of Radium is slightly less sol- dergoes a series of changes, there being
uble than that of Barium, so on cooling considerable evidence that the final product
a solution, crystals richer in Radium than is Polonium is much more active
lead.
in Barium separate out first. .-Xfter six or than Radium, but occurs in smaller quan-
tities. Marckwald obtained three milligrams
eight successive operations, pure crystals
of Radium bromid are obtained, which are from fifteen tons of pitchblende residue.
then ready for the market. The amount of Polonium in a Radium
mineral is 1/5000 of the amount of the
The prominence attained by Radium is Radium.
due more to its ease of production and the Another body, known as "Ionium," has
amount of easily secured ore than to any
been recently separated with similar radio-
exceptional properties it possesses over
active properties. Ionium compounds are
many of the other radioactive elements.
several thousand times as active as those
Besides the rrfdiations given off by Ra- of Uranium. The especial interest in
dium, there is produced in addition a gas, Ionium is that its decomposition product
known as "emanation." This gas is about is Radium, altho its period of transforma-
a lunidred thousand times as active as tion is much longer than that of Radium.
Radium itself. When introduced into a It has been found that Uranium, Ionium,
glass tube it causes a bright glow. This Radium, Actinium, Thorium all break — Nikola Tesla. Prince of Electrical Inventors.
glow increases to a illumination
brilliant down, some giving off emanation, into new Who Was Recently Awarded the "Edison
when substances which phosphoresce, as zinc Medal."
substances which in turn break down again
sullid. are put into a tube containing into others, and so on thru the series.
emanation. Fig. 2. development of power at Niagara Falls
Tliisphenomenon is nothing more or less
and for its transmission to Buffalo.
By means of this emanation a finer esti- than a spontaneous commutation of mat-
"The basis for the theory of the oper-
mation of amounts of Radium than by the ter.
ating characteristics of Mr. Tesla's rotat-
ordinary electroscopic method can be made. Perhaps the ancient Alchemists' ideas ing-field induction motor, so necessary to
The emanation is driven off by boiling and were not entirely wrong! its practical development, was laid by the
conducted into a suitable electroscope and (To Be Continued) brilliant French savant Prof. -Andre Blon-
the rate of collapsing of the leaves noted del, and by Professor Kapp of Birming-
as compared to a standard. Quantities ham. It fellto my lot to complete their
of radium as small as .000,000,000,001 gram ELECTRIC RESISTANCE OF work and to co-ordinate —
by means of the
can be detected and determined. This
emanation method is used to determine the
SELENIUM CELLS. simple —
diagram' the somewhat mys-
'circle
terious and complex experimental phenom-
amount of Radium in rocks and minerals. According to Professor H. Greinacher
selenium cells of the original
ena. As this was done twenty-one years
of Zurich,
.Another method for quantitative measure- ago, it is particularly pleasing to me, upon
Shatford Bidwell type, which he studied
ments of small amounts of Radium, when the coming of age of this now universally
together with Mr. C. W. Miller, behave
not less than 1/100 of a milligram is pres- with respect to alternating currents as they
—
accepted theory tried out by application
ent, is to place the tube containing the to several million horse-power of machines
behave when exposed to light, and show —
Radium some distance from a lead screen operating in our great industries to pay
polarity when traversed by continuous cur-
and measure the rate of discharge of an Commiuiicating his observations to
my tribute to the inventor of the motor
rents.
electroscope, as compared with the rate and the system which have made possible
the German Physical Society, Greinacher His
caused by a standard amount of radium the electric transmission of energy.
stated that the resistance of the selenium name marks an epoch in the advance of
similarly placed. The material being in- cell rose when direct current flow-ed in the
vestigated must be at least a month old, electrical science. From that work has
dark, that this increase in resistance was
in order that the emanation be in enuil- sprung a revolution in the electrical art."
different for positive and for negative cur-
ibrium with the Radium (due to decay rents and increased with the time, and that
and recovery, as explained later). This selenium cells acted in a certain sense like gests that Greinacher's cells had been of
method is simple and direct, as the tube current These statements are
rectifiers. peculiar kind. That selenium cells are very
need not be opened nor the material (|uestioned by Dr. Robert Furstenau of sensitive to moisture, and that the elec-
weighed. Berlin, who, in experimenting with hun- trode material may have peculiar puzzling
The radioactive substance, .\ctinium, also dreds of selenium cells with similar bridge effects, is fairly well understood, and these
gives off an emanation, whose activity dies arrangements as Greinacher, liad never no- features may explain some of the contro-
in a few seconds. Poloniiun likewise un- ticed anv of these effects. Furstenau sug- \crsial statements made from time to time.
k^TENTS
Electric Light for Razors Galvanic Cell connected with binding post 10 by Radio-Telegraph Receptor
flexible conductor 1 7. (No. 1,224,499; issued to Greenleaf
(No. 1,223,305; issued to Katherine (No. 1,221,062; issued to Morduch
L. Kaplan.) Whittier Pickard.)
E. Allport.)
New Alternating Current Rectifier An improved method of receiving
At last an inventor has come to design of miniature dry cell radio- telegraphic or telephonic sig-
the rescue of the long-suffering as used particularly for flash-lights. (No. 1,221,981 : issued to Thomas nals wherein (Fig. 1) the secondary
bath-room barber and here provides Use is made in this cell of a higher A. Edison.) coil C has only one side connected
a simple electric light attachment oxid of manganese, which appar-
ently consists of manganese in two A simplified form of vibrating to the receiving apparatus
which may be grounded.
D-T,
rectifier for charging storage bat- Fig. 2
or more stages of oxidation, and in shows a like arrangement except
teries, etc. It involves a permanent
a peculiar form whereby extremely that the coupling between aerial A
satisfactory depolarizing action is and primary B is made inductively.
secured, and whereby it becomes Fig. 3 is similar to Fig. 1, except
possible to concentrate and compact that two primaries B and Bl are
tinely-divided grafite or other suit- used. T may be a telephone re-
able form of conducting carbon with ceiver, and D a crystal recti fjîng
such a quantity of the depolarizing detector. Coil B is of sufficient
length to cause its natural period to
be equal to the shortest desired
wave length. The secondary C, is
adapted to slide in the primary B,
Ft^l
steel polarizing magnet, a set of
vibrating reeds and an actuating
so that one may see at all times magnet coil. The contacts on the
on any part of the face, which is vibrators and electrodes are of
fixt
usually difficult with the ordinary special carbon cut down arcing
to
source of illumination, due to and sticking of contacts. By con-
shadows. She also provides a neat necting the rectifying contacts in
combined razor and battery cabinet, parallel a large current capacity is
the lower part containing a suitable obtained; in series a relatively nigh
dry battery, with a flexible cord to potential current can be handled.
connect the miniature lamp with the The amplitude of movement of the
battery. A new battery may be vibratory contacts is small about —
quickly placed in the cabinet by 10 thousandths of an inch.
means of
a sliding bottom. The
device would seem of extreme value
to all military and traveling men.
lonized-Chamber Device
(No. 1.222.QI6; issued to Clifford
The Electrolytic Rectifier Dudley Babcock.)
(No. 1.223.114; issued to Charles C. A clever arrangement for ionized-
Ruprecht.) chamber detectors or amplifiers of
and consists of but a few turns of
An improvement in the design of the de Forest type, and here shown coarse wire having a natural period
in de Forest radio receiving cir-
a
electrolytic rectifiers which con-
cuit. The inventor simplifies the much smaller than the shortest de-
duces to the thoro circulation of
construction and gains the advan-
sired wave length.
the electrolyte solution, as the ar-
tage of having a finely adjustable
Aerial Torpedo Steering Device
« r^^ variable condenser incorporated in
the device itself, by means of two (No. 1.222,630: issued to Lemuel
John Husted.)
A unique idea involving the use
of "magnetic attraction" to actuate
a special rudder control switch so
compound as to cause an aerial torpedo or
that long life of the cell
similar projectile to unfailingly
is assured. The inventor has found reach its target when the latter is
that lower oxid is desirable in
a
combination with the higher oxid, to composed of a steel or iron shell
assure a novel and pronounced de- structure. The lower part of the
polarizing action. He claims by
this means
a certain measure of
transference of oxygen from the
interior the exterior of the cell,
to
rows in diagram illustrate. The so that depolarizing efficiency does
nietal electrodes 7 and 8 are placed not depend merely on surface ex-
in a small chamber which com- posure, but also on the gross amount
municates with the main circulating of the manganese compound.
chamber thru two ports, the solu-
tion continually rising, due to heat- Electric Interrupter metal sleeves placed inside and out-
ing, and passing thru the salts de- side of the tubular glass bulb. The
posited in the lower part of the (No. 1,224,570; issued to Stuart inner sleeve supports the usual grid
pocket formed by diagonal grid as Sandreuter.) and is charged thru the glass
indicated. The inventor claims An electric interrupter intended dielectric from the outer sliding
that the solution will thus be kept metal sleeve, connected in the circuit
saturated at all times and that heat- as shown.
ing is reduced to a minimum, with
increased efficiency in consequence.
Undamped Wave Receiver
Night-Sight for Firearms
(No. 1,224,343: issued to James O.
(No. 1.225.592; issued to Britannio Watkins.)
Solaro.) The "tikker" apparatus comprises
A clever invention of particular a suitable base and upright members
value at this time and involving the of small size, and which serve to
use of special back and fore-sights support adjustably a metal wire or
for rifles or other firearms, each string. The tension of this string
sight being provided with chambers IS adjustable by raising or lowering
for low freciuencies and comprising

an insulating disc which carries a
ring of conductive material provided
with a plurality of radial exten-
sions between which are mounted
insulating strips or segments. The
disc shaft may be driven by a motor
or other device in order to rapidly
or cavities enclosed by a lens, and rotate the same. Contact with the
adapted to contain a salt of radium rapidly rotating segmented metal
which will emit rays of light, these ring is eff'ected thru a spring actu-
being concentrated as a spot of ated rolling wheel. Connection is torpedo contains a charge of explo-
li^ht by the lens in each case. made with the segmented perifery sives to he detonated by an electric
When the back-sight and fore-sight of the rotating disc by means of a a pointed tension block A, by means fuse 10-U, operated by switch 15,
are applied to a rifle, as shown, it suitably proportioned metal wheel of thumb screw B. The string is when the missile strikes its target.
becomes evident that the ordinary 14. This is pivoted in a sliHinp vibrated at radio frequency by The inventor provides an "attrac-
sights of the rifle will not be ob- metal block U, constantly pusher! means of a smooth -edged disc tion" electro-magnet 9. suspended to
structed. forward by a spiral spring 1 S, and mounted on the shaft of a motor. swing in any direction.
COPIES OF ANY OF THE ABOVE PATENTS SUPPLIED AT 10c EACH
Phoney Patent Offizz

Under headinfr are publisht electrical or mechanical ideas which
this you haven't a smell of the Patent yet. After they have allowed the Pat-
our clever inventors, for reasons best known to themselves, have as yet
not patented. We
furthermore call attention to our celebrated Phoney
ent, you must pay another $20.00 as a final fee. That's $40.00
PAY YOU $3.00 and grant you a Phoney Patent in the bargain, so you
WE ! !
Patent Offizz for the relief of all suffering daffy inventors it) this country save $43.00 I !When sending in your Phoney Patent application,
as well as for the entire universe. be sure that it is as daffy as a lovesick bat. The daffier, the better.
We are revolutionizing the Patent business and OFFER YOU THREE Simple sketches and a short description will help our staff of Phoney
DOLLARS! $3.00 FOR THE BEST PATENT. If you take your Phoney Patent examiners to issue a Phoney Patent on your invention in a
Patent to Washington, they charge you $20.00 for the initial feeand then jiffy.
-(^^) Lapup Cowjuce of Milkshake, N. D.

CUDOMOTOR
Patent Appraised
To ll'lionic It May Constern: away (patent applied for). To her jaws Galena is used on the stop-cock because it
lie appraised to all cows, calves, dair>--
it are now attached jaw clamps A. These in is very sensitive. The oscillating air next
mcn, dairymaids, dairyoiiths, dairywomens, turn are attached to a scissor-mechanism B, flirts into the quartz pulsator U, from which
and all others interested in the lacto indus- pivoted on silk ball-bearings as shown. It it escapes to liberty. This creates a pulsat-
try, that I, Lapup Cowjuce of the City of becomes apparent that as the cow chews, the ing vacuum in the scanatory Bakelite milk
Milkshake, in the State of N'ervous Depres- scissor mechanism is given a reciprocating can R. But as the latter is connected by
sion, have at tlie risk of my decaying sanity, movement. This motion is transmitted thru means of a flexible hard-rubber tube T, to
in\ented an<l dcsisjned a world-uphcavinK lateral zinc rods C, connected in turn to the cow's teats, by means of teat-cups (not
device, whereby it is made possible at last brass cranks D. By means of soft rubber tea-cups) it follows that the milk is drawn
for cows to milk themselves, automatically pulley E, the wooden belt F now transmits rapidly into the can R.
without cost or expense. the resulting energj' to the selenium pulley ll'hat I claim is •
" . . .1, Lapup Cowjuce of the City of Milkshake, N. D., Have at the Risk of My Decaying Sanity. Invented and Designed a World-Upheav-
ing Device. Whereby It Is Made Possible At Last for Cows to Milk Themselves Automatically By the Surplus 'Cow-Power' Developed By
Their Constant Cud-Chewing."
.•\s universally known among cows and

is of Dynamo G. This latter on account of the 1st —
.\n automatic cow-milk dispenser,
dairypeople, cows continually "chew their oscillatory moving jaws of the cow, gen- dispensing with all milkmaids.
cud." Here we have a constant form of erates an oscillating alternatin.g current, —
2nd A cow-milker operated by the cow's
energy, which has been calculated to repre- which then charges the alternating current own cud-chewing.
sent about 9' 4 cow-power per da\-. It has storage battery H. This resulting current —
3rd .\ motor attachable on all rumina-
also been calculated that the cow to chew oscillates thru the Tungsten switchboard I, tors and other rummies.
the cud efficiently only requires S-'i cow- and thence thru the connecting platinum In memoriani henceforth and hencewith I
power. This leaves a net wastage of 4 C.P. cables .1. The current then drives the bash- have therefore caused and bv these presents
per day. This totally wasted energy I have ful motor K which now operates the anaemic do hereby depose upon this legal instru-
now at last harnest, in as simple as it is hot-air compressor L. The resulting com- ment my south-western uppermost back-
efficient manner. Xot only do 1 use this prest and perfumed air is then stored free hoof, this 3rd day of our Grace, in the 149th
energy to milk the cow itself, but I use it of charge in the leather tank M. Hot wire year of the French Revolution.
also to light the house, run the butterchurn- ammeter X is used to observe too high a Fiiiicssi-s: Lapup Cowjuce,
er as well as the bultcrmilker. temperature. The air is now conveyed
thru A. Helnvaguy. By his attorney:
First the cow is secured properly to a glass pipe O, thru Galena stop-cock P, A. \\. Drvup, Leon'.\rd S.arves,
simple mechanism to keep her from backing thence thru flexible cast iron supply pipe Q. S. O. Mecrust. Enid, Okla
: : : ; :
Question Box
>y^r^
This department is for the sole benefit of all electrical experimenters. Questions w.il be answered here for the benefit of all but onlv
matter of sufficient interest will be publisht. Rules under which questions will be answered: • " ' '
1. Only three questions can be submitted to be answered.

2. Only one side of sheet to be written on: matter must be typewritten or else written in ink; no penciled matter considered
3. Sketches, diagrams, etc., must be on separate sheets. Questions addrest to this department cannot be answered by mail free 'of charee
4. If a quick answer is desired by mail, a nominal charge of 25 cents is made for each question. If the question entail considerable re-
search work or intricate calculations a special rate will be charged. Correspondents will be informed ac to the fee before such questions are
answered.
BUZZER TELEGRAPH SYSTEM. Q. 1. What is the chemical symbol for as much capacity as possible in order to
(801.) O. M. Warren, Detroit, Mich., 'Qxybenzylmethylenglvcolanhy dride" ( Ba- obtain the maximum efficiency therefrom,
asks kelite) ? and when combining the two conductors,
Q. 1. Would it be possible to use the A. 1. At the present time there is no the capacity is increased. single wire A
following scheme to telegraph a distance chemical symbol to the Bakelite as the 100 feet long is desirable for receiving
of a block or two ? chemical decomposition of phenol, which purposes, as the capacity of such antenna
is the ingredient used in the making of is uniformly distributed and at the same
this compound is still a puzzle to the mod- time the inductance is increased, which
ern chemist. It is one of the most diffi- permits finer, tuning of received signals.
cult problems of, the chemist to obtain the
Q. possible to make an electro-
3. Is it
Ij-tic interrupter for a spark coil operating
|lllllllll!rilllllll!llllillllllliiillliiiiii!l!!!lliiiliin^ on 110 v^lts A. C, and if so, how?
a ODD PHOTOS WANTED AT m A. 3. X'es. An electrolytic interrupter
a $1-00 EACH!!! ^ for this purpose can be made by placing
= Now the time
I
a lead/electrode in a
is make your B to
container and adding
a solution composed
g Kodak pay for in a real practi- Bitself
,
furic acid and nine

of one part of sul-
A
cal way. IVc are after interesting H
a photographs parts of water.
out-of-the-ordinary =
second electrode, made of small diameter
m, of
iron wire is placed perpendicularly to the
J electrical, radio and scientific snb- s ,
first electrode, as shown, taking care that

J jccts and are zeilling to pay $1.00 cash g they do not touch each other.
a for every one 'u'c can use. Please H It is pre-
H bear in mind that for half-tone re- M ferable to enclose the iron wire or electrode
a production in a magazine, a photo- B '

of smaller surface within a porcelain tube
having a small orifice at the lower end,
a graph should be particularly sharp B which will just pass the wire. With the
An Effective "Buzzer" Telegraph System
Which Employs Two "Ground" Plates at g
= and clear. Of course, if a subject ^
particularly =
iron wire relatively very small as com-
Each Station, Each Plate Buried at a Differ- happens to interest tis
pared to the surface of the lead electrode,
ent Level. A Radio Detector, Fixt Condenser a
=
well, we can have the photo retouched. B
and with the applied potential and current
and Telephone Receiver Are Used at the Re-
ceiving Station.
^
For the general run of subjects, B hozi>-
critically adjusted, as well as the induct-
ever, does not pay to go to such 3
it
A. 1. Yes. You will have no trouble in = expense. Therefore, please take pains H ance and capacity of the circuit properly
balanced, an yinterruption action can be
transmitting consideralily more than the S pictures.
'" properly focus and crpose your M
It often happens that a M
effected.
'
distance you mention. J

= really mediocre subject well photo- M
/
The interrupter is theti connected in the
Q. 2. If possible would a tuning coil or
loose coupler connected in the receiving a graphed wins approval over an
= cellent subject poorly photographed. B
M e.v- usual way ^nd the wiring diagram here-
with gives /the proper' connections. The
circuit improve it ?
A. 2. A tuning coil or loose coupler g And don't send us plate or film "nega- W choke coil which is connected in the pri-
should not be used with this system, as a tiz'es:"send unmounted or mounted H mary circuit should consist of an iron wire
it is impossible to tune any distant signal ^ "prints," preferably a light and a dark 3 core one inch in diameter and 12 inches
with this ground telegraph system, speak- a one. M long. Twb layers of No. 14 D.C.C.-mag-
M As to what to photograph: Well M
_
net wire are wound on it. This coil should

ing generally.
ADHESION PHENOMENON.
,
a that
that's hard for us to say. We leave 3 '
invariably be used, as considerable trouble
a up to you, and every reader now g I
is encountered in running electrolytic in-
Betram Wertheim, N.
us
(802.) Y., writes
g has the opportunity to become a re- g terrupters on alternating current.
Whenever, carbon
B porter of the latest things in the realm M
Q.
copies,
1.
I find
after typing
that a strange phenomenon
a of Electricity, Radio— and Science. = B
occurs. The papers, including the carbons, a novelplease
B'lt, remember the "odd,
or practical stunts" that we are H
it's
are charged with static electricity and they a interested

The most pecu-
g should Every photo submitted J
in.
all adhere to each other.
g be accompanied by a brief de- g
liar thing about this phenomenon is that
all the papers seem neither to be charged
g scription of—100 150 words. Give M to
110 V
don't worry about the S
AC.
negatively or positively, but neutrall}-. No a the "facts" attend
matter how I change their positions to
a stamps We'llphotos
style. to Enclose g that.
each other, they always attract.

g Of^d ifare to he returned g
I there-
a place a piece of cardboard in the B
fore come to the conclusion that they must
be charged neutrally, or by some new form
a envelope with them to prevent mutila- M a SOS
of static electricity.
a see what
tion. Look around your tozcn and H
you can find that's interest- a
cno.ire CO//
,
A. 1. The peculiar phenomenon which a Simple Electrolytic Interrupter for Use on

you have observed with the paper sheets Alternating Current Circuits with Spark
H To give some idea of the freak S Coils or Open Core Transformers.
is due directly to the adhesion properties of
air when it comes in contact with paper
a photos we like—refer to page 188. H
atid w^hen the papers are separated, they Address photos to— Editor "Odd m AUDION CIRCUIT QUERY.
stick to each other. .\ similar experiment m. Photos," Electrical Experimenter, m (804.) Oscar F. Miller, Milwaukee, Wis.,
can be demonstrated by placing a sheet of 233 Fiiltoji Street, New York City. m says
paper on a flat table and quickly lifting Q. 1. I have a receiving apparatus com-
it up you will observe that the paper will
;
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
posed of the following: Audion detectîr, —
tend to stick to the tal)Ie. This is due to symbol an organic
a{ compound, and 4,500 meter loose coupler, 6 volt 60 amp. —
the adhesion properties of air also a par- : Bakelite/is one of these. hour storage battery, Brandes' 'phones, an
tial vacuum is usually created. There is XVhich
the best, an aerial of aerial 150 ft. long, 4 wires, which gave
Q. 2. is
nothing electric about it. two wires feet loiig, or an aerial of
fifty very poor results. The Audion (de For-
one wife one hundred/ feet long? Wliy? est tubular type) has been tested and is
OXYBENZYLMETHYLENGLY- A. 2/ As to whether the antenna is to O.K. I am sending a diagram of my set.
COLANHYDRIDE. be used for receiving or transmitting, the Kindly advise me what you think my trou-
(803.) Harold Betts, Sacramento. Cal., two wires 50 feet long are better for the ble is.
wishes to know latter purpose, as the antenna must have A. 1. The trouble is with your wiring
: : — —
diagram, and the only way to remedy it

is to connect the filament terminal with
one leg of the secondary of the coupler,
and disconnecting the "B" battery terminal
with the leg of the secondary, as you have
it at present.
BOOKS
(805.) H. H. Bales, Halifax, N. F.,
wants
Q. 1. The prices of the following text
hooks "Alternating Current Electricity
:
and Its Applications to Industry" By \V. —

H. Timbie and H. H. Higbie, 729 pages.
Second Course, 1916. Also "Practical
Electricity." Latest edition, published by
the Cleveland Armature \\'orks.
A. 1. The price of "Alternating Current
Electricity and Its Applications to In-
dustry," is $3.00, and "Practical Electricity"
is worth $2.00. These books, as well as
any others, can be obtained thru our
"Book Department," by sending amounts
•
stated.
TELEPHONE MAGNETS.
(806.) A Reader, Otsego, Michigan,
wishes to know
Q. 1. How can I magnetize telephone
magneto magnets ?
A. 1. The magneto magnets can be re-
magnetized by employing an electro-mag-
net consisting of two poles the distance
between these poles should correspond to
the distance between the magneto mag-
;
All About Electricity

Anythmg you want to know about electricity can be found in these seven thick volumes.
net poles. By
passing a current thru the —
Every line is written in plain language language that ever\'one can understand. The
electro-magnet and holding the same against 1916 edition— just off the press —
covers the generation and use of electricity for power,
of
the poles of the steel magneto magnet, light, transportation and communication, including the construction and operation
so as to permit the magnetism to flow into dynamos and motors. Also covers central station engineering and telephone work, as well
the poles of the permanent magnet, the as wireless telegraphy and telephony and land and submarine telegraphy
latter will be revitalized. The N. pole of Valuable alike to the electrical experimenter, experienced electrician and electrical engineei;
the electro-magnet should be placed against
<R4 PA «._ eocn ltlV<%«**hl«r from $150 to $250 a month.
to 9250 MOntmy
Electrical Engineers earn
the S. pole of >he magneto-magnet. w-i
Earn $150 Thewortispkaânt— the hours shon. These great
Q. 2. What is the approximate voltage books -In your spare time—
will fit yc to enter this fascinating, high-salaried work. No previous eipe-
of my telephone magneto and also the rience necessary.
amperage? It is a two-bar double mag-
net type.
A. 2. It is impossible for us to give you
the voltage and amperage developed by
your magneto, as the required data such
Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity
as speed of armature, number of conduc- Contain93^00paj4eg,7xl0lnche8;3,000inustrations.ful! page plates, diagrams, etc.; hun-
tors on the armature and the flux density dreda of valuable tables and formulas; carefully "««?- ^"d"^^**'-^^"*^^*^^^;*/*^^^- J^l
books are substantially bound in haU red morocco, gold stamped, and are
printed in large, clear
is not given we are thus unable to an-
:
type on special quality paper.

swer your query and if you will enlighten
us on the above-mentioned points, we will
be pleased to help you out in this respect.
Telephone magnetos as a rule develop be-
tween 200 and 300 volts A. C. The
What These Books Cover
PI«meDt9 of ElMtrleity
Ura§Qrpmpnta — —EleetrleaJ
I' nd»«r writer's Ele^
Sent FREE to You!
trltal BeaniremenU— Theorr, Calâla- The complete sevea volumes, not a sampFe volume, will be sent,
amperage is about 1/10 to 1/8. tioD, Dpsi^n andConstroftlon of Dircft express prepaid, for seven days* free examination; returnable at our ex-
Q. 3. My radio receiving set consists of Corrent (lenerators and Motors— Typp*
pense if they fail to meet with your expectations. If you keep them,
ortJpneratorsand Motors— Manapement
a twenty-seven hundred meter tuner, of Elfctrical Machlnpry — Eleetrle pay $2 seven days after receipt and then $2 a month until you have
single slide, and a si.x-hundred meter tuner Llpbtinp — Alteroatine Carrent Ma- paid the special introductory price of $19.80, saving $15.20, as the regu-
chinery — Power Tran^mhsion^— Êli-f-
new and enlarged edition is $J5.00. This offer is for
used as loader. I have a silicon detector, Railways— Self-Pro pelled Railway lar price of this
fixt condenser and 1,0(X) ohm receiver. My

trie
Cars —
TracklessTrolleys— Power 8to-
—Switchboards and Swit^hins
—
immediate acceptance only fill in and mail the coupon today. It
won't cost you a cent to examine these books, so get them into your
tionB
aerial was a "T" type and comprised a Storapo Batteries —
Applied Electr*-
chemistry —
Eleelrio Elevators —Elee- home, shop or office and look them over at your leisure. Remember, if
single "Antenium" wire with lead-in 75 trie Weldine and Heating —Wireleis
you don't like them they may be returned at our expense and you
ft. long. Ground of iron pipe driven into —
Tclepraphy and Telephonj Land •d
won't be out a penny. This offer is open only to residents of the
Hobmarine Telepmpby,
hard clay. I anything but
never heard United States and Canada.
static; can you tell me what the cause of
this is? I have never heard a signal. If every set is included absolutely free
it is some minor trouble and if I remedied Consulting Service Free ê' r's Consulting Membership, regular
it, could I receive Arlington and X.A.R. value 31^, entitling you to the advice of a st::fF of
(Key West), with it?
A. 3. The trouble is undoubtedly with
electrical experts. These men stand ready to solve
your perplexing probhms, to offer suggestions, to FREE COUF»OIV
your ground, and this can be remedied by
placing a copper sheet about 6 feet square
point out the thingsyou should avoid. Absolutely
—
no limit to their assistance ask as many questions
Worth $15.20 to you
in the ground. This should be placed 10, as you wish for a whole year. This service alone
American Technical Sodety
or even 15 feet deep, in the earth, cover- will be worth more to you than the entire cost of Dcpt, E744B Chicago, U.S. A.
ing the same with pulverized charcoal and the bonks. Please send me Cyclopedia c( Applied Electiidty I
for Seven dajV free examioatioa. li I keep tba
impregnating the total mass with salt water, Don't wait. This means 215.20 saved if you act books. V)\\ send $2 vithia Seven days and S3 a I
nioQth until {:9.80 has been pîid. when 135 books ^
which will improve the ground conductivity now. Remember, you take no chances wh.itcver .ind 513 coQsultlDe XDembership wlU be tnlse.
considerably. it costs nothing to inspect and you are nothing out Otherwise will ootiiy you and faold boolcs subject
to your ord«* TiUc &ot to pass uatU iuUy paid.
In regard to the reception of Arling- if you do not care to buy. Mail the coupon today
ton time signals with your present equip- now— before you turn the page.
ment, we are very much in doubt as to N'AMB .....
whether it can be done, but by the employ-

ment of an Audion detector, a variable American Technical Society Addkess.,
condenser shunted across the secondary of

the inductive coupler and a pair of 2.000 Dept.E744BChlcago, U. S. A.
ohm 'phones, you should have no trouble ,^J
yon benefit by mctitiotiitty "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.
: : —
in receiving Arlington or N.A.R. But bear BACK TO THE DAYS OF VOLTA.

in mind that during the war, no wireless (Continued from page 172)
outfits can be operated, by anyone.
Mesco Wireless Practice Set Volta was one of the most prolific in-
ventors of all times. He invented a greater
For Learning the Wireless Code
WIRELESS TELEPHONE CON- amount of basic electric apparatus than any
NECTION. other living scientist with the exception of
(807.) Ivan Bulock, Fairmont, Minn.,
Faraday. In Fig. 3, at the left is shown a
writes clever apparatus which when energized by
Q. I. Which is the best way to connect static electricity produces imitation hail.
an ordinary carbon grain transmitter on Fig. 3 shows his apparatus for
(at right)
110-volt., 6 amp. d.c, for wireless tele-
exploding a mi.xture of oxygen and hydro-
phonj- ?
gen by means of an electric spark.
A.The accompanpng wiring diagram
1.
shows the best way of connecting such a

transmitter.
LIGHTNING— HOW TO PROTECT
Q. 2. Could an ordinary one-inch spark
YOURSELF FROM IT.
coil be used as a transformer for wireless {Continued from page 175)
The
Practice Set comprises a regular tele- telephony ? are dry. But let the hand be wet with
graph key, without circuit breaker, a special A. 2. No. The current obtained from the water or with perspiration, or let the per-
hiRh pitch buzzer, one cell Red Seal Dry
Battery, and four feet of green silk covered
secondary of a one-inch spark coil is so son stand on damp floor or ground, then
flexible cord. small that it does not warrant its use. enough current max- pass thru tlie heart to
The key and buzzer are mounted on a paralyze it, and death will occur suddenly.
highly finished wood base, and three nickel Most fatalities from industrial currents
plated binding posts are so connected that
the set may be used for five different pur-
come from those at 500 volts to 5,000 volts
poses, as illustrated on page 24. pressure. People who have received shocks
For the beginner, the set is of exceptional
value, for it may be used for individual code
VWW^ from a 10,000 volt current have lived.
practice or for operation of a two party line, /
At low voltages the alternating current is
which is an excellent method of quickly //OKBC CMecoih. three to four times as dangerous as the
learning the code. After the beginner has direct current, but at high voltages the
mastered the code, the set may be used in I direct current is the more dangerous. It
his wireless outfit for setting the detector
in adjustment, and also the key may be used VWWV MWMr-^ is safe to pass a current at several hundred
to control the spark coil. thousand volts pressure thru the body if
Recommended for schools, as it gives ex- j-A/WWVS there are over 10,000 alternations per sec-
cellent service for class instruction in code ond. Three-tenths of an ampere causes
work. Full directions with each set.
Transm. death at low rate of alternations but three
The main object of the set is to enable the
beginner to master the wireless code, and
SOT
© amperes can safely be taken if the alterna-
the buzzer reproduces the sound of the sig-
Hook-Up for Wireless Telephone Arc Circuit tions are half a million per second. With
nals of the most modern wireless stations wet hands and feet the resistance of the
perfectly.
with Microphone Inductively Connected to
Control Oscillations. human bodj' may be from 1,000 to 1,500
Every beginner needs one of these sets,
and as it is the equivalent of five different olims. This is not much of a resistance
sets, the price is very low. WHAT IS SYNCHRONISM? for the lightning at its greatest pressure
List No. Price. H. Somerfelt, Butte, Mont., asks:
(8U9.) to overcome. A
person standing isolated
342. Wireless Practice Set, with Battery Q. 1. What is meant by synchronism? on moist soil makes an attractive target for
and Cord $2.25
344. Wireless Practice Set only, no bat-
A. 1. This term may be' defnied as the the lightning.
tery or Cord 2.00 simultaneous occurrence of any two events. There is a superstition that lightning
Thus two alternating curren/s are said to figures,found on the skin of a person
lie in synchronism when they have the same
Send for Our New Edition of our
frequency and are in phase:
struck by lightning, are mysterious photo-
graphic reproductions of trees, landscapes
Catalog W28 Ready June 15 Q. 2. For what service/are the 25-cycle or objects in the neighborhood at the time
It pocket size, contains 248 pages, with over 1.000
Is
and 60-cycle currents adapted? the person was struck. But the various
Illustrations and describes In plain, clear language A. 2. The 25-cycle frefluency is used for figures produced doubtless show the distri-
ail about Bells, Push Buttons. Batteries. Telephone
and Telegraph Material. Electric Toys. Burglar and conversion to direct currents, for alternat- bution of the high potential electricity in
Fire Alarm Contrivances. Electric Call Bells. Electric ing current railways, aîd for machines of
Alarm Clocks. Medical Batteries. Motor Boat Horns. passing along a poor conductor and the
Electrically Heated Apparatus. Battery Connectors. large size the 60-cycle frequency is used
;
consequent burning along a ramifying path.
Switches. Battery Gauges. Wireless Telegraph In- for general distribution for lighting and
struments, Ignition Supplies, etc. The telephone instruments and users to
power. /
a large extent are protected by use of a
IT MEANS MONEY SAVED TO YOU Q. 3. How must ^n alternator be con- device the lightning arrester. This con-
to have our Catalog when you want to buy. structed to generate! two-phase current?
sists of a ground wire coming close to the
K. 3. It must hiave two independent telephone wire but not quite touching it.
Manhattan Electrical windings, and theie must be so spaced The gap between is enough to prevent the
Supply Co., Inc. out that when the £.M.F. generated in one current used in telephoning from passing
of the two phases' is at a maximum, the across to the ground, but when the wire
New York: Chicago: ST. LOUIS:
17 I'ark Place IH S. oth Ave. IIOS I'liie St.
E.M.F. generated in the other is at zero, receives a high charge from lightning, the
San Francisco Office: GOi Mission St. I. c. they are 90 degrees apart, vectorially potential is so high that the charge easily
speaking. jumps across the gap and passes to the
SOLDERING QUERIES. ground instead of passing thru the instru-
Paul
(810.) Johnson, Poughkeepsie, ment and finding some other passage to the
Electric Row Boat Motor X'. wants to know
Y., earth. You will observe that telephones
Maiicyour Row Boat Q. 1. What is hard solder? properly installed in your homes are not
an p:k-itrlc Launch.
I
liuvaJ^nvt'l Detachable .\. 1. .^n alio}' composed of copper and placed where a person in using them could
Row H.);U Mutorrun by
zinc, or copper, zinc and silver. Hard at the same time make contact with a
[
I
electricity.
dangerous
No
odor or
casoline. (Continued on page 2131 register, radiator, or water-pipe. "G. S. Q."
—
1
Simple, noiseless
ana powerful.
Attaches to any
Row Boat and
runs on two Bis MAGNETIC ^*-~^~~~-~-_
Tkis ourStb RECTIFIER
^mLi^S^M F-F BATTERY BOOSTER
vnlt Batteries. la
successful year.
OPEN WINDOW BATTERY Keep vour storage battery fully charged if
Look inside your storage battery through the you'd get the most out of it in service and
patented open
window. See condition or (enpth of life.
plates and heleht of electrolyte. If you need a
new automobile starting Battery buy a Jewel Plug into any convenient 110 volt 60 cycle
and save money. 6-60 Special SS.50. alternating current lamp socket and connect the
Motorcycle Electric Li^htin^ System charging leads to the battery terminals.
The Jewel Generator Motoreyclo8torace Battery and The rectifier utilizes the Full Wave of cur-
complete Ifehttng.systera ia in Rre;it demand. Agents rent, has Carbon Electrodes and makes Re-
wanted. Write lor prlcrs anr) calalOE K. charging a Profitable Business where batteries
^
JEWEL ELECTRIC COMPANY. 112 N. ritth Av., CHICAGO Nk are taken in to charge.
\y SIS Complete P- O. B. Cleveland
C^^^^^^^Û^^^^^^Î^^^B^^^r-.ST) ^>t Biillftin No. 12.

STROMBERG CARLSON ftO.25
RADIO HEAD SET
-
'•'*' W
^33
THE FRANCE MANUFACTURING CO^
Jobbers and P<a!crs Throughout
Oeveland, Ohio
the i'tuU'J
Stromberg - Carlson Telephone Mfg. Co. " '"
Rochester, N. V. 1
You bcncAt by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

: :
QUESTION BOX.
{Continued from payc 212)
snkler is sometimes erroneously called
sfi-ltcr.
must ex-
ELECTRICflkEXPERIMENTERS DEMAND
Q. 2. What necessary rclatitCn
LDSEAL^
ist between solder and the' metals with
which it is to unite?
A. 2. The solder must have a lower melt-
ing point than the metals to be joined to
it. The melting point should approach as
nearly as possible that of the metals to be
joined, so that a mbre tenacious joint is
FOR STRENGTH i
/'
effected.
Q. 3. What does soft solder consist of
and for what purpose is it best adapted?
A. 3. There are two of soft classes

solders, viz., common
plumber's, andor
medium or fine. These consist chiefly of FOR
tin and lead, altho other metals are oc- IGNITION AND
casionally added to lower the melting point. SERVICE REQUIRING
Those containing the most lead arc the
cheapest and have the highest melting HIGH AMPERAGE
point. Common or plumber's solder con-
sists of one part of tin or two parts of
It is used
lead, and melts at 441' Fah.
by plumbers for ordinary work, and oc-
Tne< .t»r'»"
casionally for electrical work where wipril
joints are required; for instance, in laii;i-
BATTERY WITH
GOLD SEAL
lead-covered cable work. Medium or line
solder consists of equal parts of tin and
a WONDERFUl-
lead, or half and half, and melts at 370'
Fah. This solder is used for soldering RECUPER/ITIVE
joints in copper conductors, and for solder-
ing lead sleeves and lead-covered wires. A^ • POWER ••
MdNU F/)CTUnC D OY
THE GOLD SEAL BATTERY
I
ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. CO.
(811.) Thomas Holdstern, Little Creek,
NEW YORK CITY
Mich., asks
Q. 1. What is the true definition of the
term "electro-therapeutics" ?
A. 1. The term electro-therapeutics is
defined as the treatment of disease by elec-

it embraces the laws, principles and
VIOLET- RAYS!
tricity ;
doctrines of such treatment. Electricity is

of special v-alue in the treatment of various
forms of nerve tension. The kinds of elec-
tricity used may be classed as follows NEW LIFE, POWER, HEALTH and BEAUTY in
So-called static,
1. generated by Wims- the marvelous delightful VIOLET-RAYS. Newest
hurst machines. and most powerful form of electricity, causing neither
2. Current, which is derived from two muscular contraction nor pain of any kind.
sources, namely, primary batteries, which
current is technically called galvanic cur-
rent and second the faradic currents (pro-
THE VIOLETTA
duced by secondar\^ induction coils). High frequency instrument is endorsed by thousands of Physi-
3. Radiant energy, which is generated by who use it daily.
cians
radio-active sul)?tances such as radium and Produces SOOTHING, INVIGOR.\TIXG, CUR.\-
radium ores, and X-rays. may also We TIVE VIOLET-RAYS, ^ônderfully quick results
add the curative powers of radiant energy obtained in treating SCALP, FACE and BODY.
generated by our distant sun. Health bringing OZOXE forced into the blood, pro-
Q. 2. What is meant by an interrupter- ducing an abundance of VITALITY.
less transformer as used in X-ray work? Sent on Free Trial
A. 2. This is nothing more than a high- Simple in construction and operation. The VIOLETTA
tension rectilier wdiich converts the high- is especially adapted for personal use in the home.
tension alternating current generated by Will operate on alternating or direct current or battery.
the transformer into a uni-directional cur- ABSOLUTELY SAFE and GU.\R.\XTKED.
rent which is fed to the X-ray tube. This Write for New Free Book
rectilier is a four-electrode wheel rotating Send for our new beautifully illustrated book on VIOLETTA.
on the shaft of a sjnchronous motor, and Tells all about the mnrvels of Violet-Rays. Read what scien-
tists and doctors have to say. Post card brinRS book and all
the direct current is obtained from two particulars ot special low price and free trial otTer.
fixt electrodes stationed near the revolving
disc. ""^^ BLEADON-DUNN CO.
AVENUE, CHICAGO
Dept.
l-\
208 NORTH FIFTH
GOVERNMENT INSTALLS LAMPS
TO PROTECT OHIO RIVER
BRIDGES. Laboratory Research Wins Battles. Read
The Federal Government has purchased impression. $1.50
ten searchlights for use in illuminatini; ap- "EXPERIMENTS" ^TV^lTrrV!'' ED EL M AN
proaches to the bridges over the Ohio River — the book
of modern
ih.it .iw.ikcnc.l C'.rcnt Britain to the need of organized research. The applications
scicnlilic wonders, how inventions and researches arc made, how research is organized,
at Louisville, Ky., all of which are imder
the labyrinth of chemistry, electricity, mechanics, and modern physics arc clc.irly set forth
guard. Another of the same lamps has been and made obvious to yon bv this important work.
installed on the roof of the City Mall in Edelman's "Experiinent.il Wireless Stations" 272 pp. 1917 impression $1.50 prepaid.
Louisville and is used to ilhuninate the flat: PHILIP EDEI.M.VN, Publisher 1802 Hague Avenue, St. Paul, Minn.
at night.
You fct*iif/i? by meMtiotiifig "The Electrical Experimenter" when u/riting to aJi-crtisers.

— —— ; —
—
THE U. S. SIGNAL CORPS WANTS

YOU!
Junior Deaf-Phone KS7HLin, ^5^-^=^^ (Continued from payc 179)
THE MICROPHO JUNIOR DEAF-I'HONE a super-sensitive instrument which
is providing the men show ability and qualify."
has Ijeen developed to meet the demands for a practical and efficient hearinK The following information is piiblisht to
device at an extremely low price. It is equal to any $35.00 instrument made and
superior to most of them. answer, in general, inquiries regarding the
The outfit consists of One Super-Sensitive Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps. The En-
Transmitter with cord connector: One Super- listed Reserve Corps is authorized by sec-
Sensitive Ear Piece with small black cord One ;
lilack ."Single Headband: Black Case and Two tion 55 of the National Defense Act, ap-
liallerii IMPROVED proved June 3, 1916, the purpose or oliject
being to secure an additional reserve of
Super-Sensitive Microphone Only $7.50 enlisted men that could be brought to the
This instrument is offered at an extremely low
price. It is excellent for building your own radio
aid of the Government in time of national
amplifier. Can also be used in many experiments crisis. Applicants must be citizens of the
nvliere a sensitive niicrupbone is required.
L'nited States or have declared their inten-
NEW DETECTAGRAPH $15 tion to become such, and must be between
This detecting instrument of marvelous sensitivity the ages of 18 and 45 years.
can be used for detecting secret conversations. Out- The responsibilities assumed by men en-
fit consists of Sensitive Transmitter. 25 ft. Black
Cord, Receiver. Headband, Case and Ilatltry. listed in the Reserve Corps are as follows :
Send lor one Today and Convince Yourself DETECTAGRAPH $15 They are subject, in time of peace, to duty
MICROPHO-DETECTOR COMPANY Gaston Boissonnault, President in instruction camps or elsewhere, for fifteen
26 Cortlandt St:, NEW YORK Makers of Super-Sensitive Microphone Apparatus
days each year. They are subject to order
to duty by the President whenever war is
actual or imminent.
The benefits conferred are: Opportunity —
to render their most effective service to
Demand
Be Prepared. Chemists Are More in
Than Ever Before, No One Can
their countrj- in time of war opportunity to
prepare for that work beforehand by study
and instruction rank in the Army of the
;
Afford Not To Know About The

;
United States and corresponding pay while

Wonderful Science of Chemistry, on duty; the right to wear a distinctive
iSend for ClieuKTaft. it is just niiat you need to start "rosette" or "knot" with ch'ilian clothing.
your cheiiiical laboratory. You will learn thousands of
valuable and interesting things, besides having all kinds Enlisted men of the Reserve Corps will be
assembled in summer camps for fifteen
CHEMCRAFT NO. I. PRICE $1.50. POSTAGE PAID
ANYWHERE IN UNriED STATES OR CANADA. Con days' instruction each year, so far as ap-
tains fourteen chemicals. Test Tubes. Glass tube. Measure. propriations granted by Congress will per-
etc., and a valuable instruction book telling how to work
'Sij wonderful c-Xperinieiits in Chemistrj' and Chemical Magic. mit. Transportation to and from these
CHEMCRAFT NO. 3. PRICE $5.50. DELIVERED EAST camps is furnished by the Government, also
OF THE MISSISSIPPI. WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI
OR TO CANADA. $6.00. Contains 48 chemicals and lots commutation of subsistence at the rate of
of extra apparatus, such as a Blow-pipe, Test Tube Holder, 50 cents per meal during the journeys.
Test Tube Brush. Ahôhul Lamp, etc.. in addition to the
apparatus contained in the other outfits. With Chemcraft While at the camps subsistence is furnished
3 yi)U can work more than 200 fascinating eiperiments.
Js'o.
by the Government. Uniforms and equip-
This picture shows Chemcraft No. 2. which con-
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS FOR THE EXPERI- ment are also provided by the Government
tains 32 chemicals with complete apparatus and
MENTER. We have just completed a price list of chemi-
Instructions for working 85 experiments In Chem-
cals and apparatus for experimenters. Send 10c in coin for use while attending the camps of instruc-
or stamps for a copy of this List. It will be valuable to you.
istry and Chemical Magic. Price, postage paid, tion. Reser\-ists are entitled to pay at the
$2.50.
Dealers:
West of the Mississippi and to Canada. $3.00.
Write for Discounts on the Chemcraft
THE PORTER CHEMICAL CO. rate of their respective grades in the Reg-
Line. Dept. B. Hagerstown, Md. ular Army during active service, including
the time required for actual travel from
their homes to the places to which ordered
and return to their homes.
*• THERE'S MONEY iN/T" The grades and monthly pay of enlisted
men of the Signal Reserve Corps, accord-
a«ri^Sm^LEARN TELEGRAPHY^gSH. ing to the new schedule, are as follows :
** —:^^ZniMORSE ANDWIRELESS-m:£p-" Master signal electrician

Sergeant, first class
Sergeant
$81.00
51.00
44.00
TEACH VOURSBUH Corporal

Horseshoer
Cook
36.00
38.00
38.00
in half the usual time, at trifling cost, with the Private, first class 33.00
wonderful Automatic Transmitter. THE 0MNI6RAPH. Private 30.00
Sends unlimited Morse or Continental messages, at
any speed,just as an expert operator would. The following are the general qualifica-
tions requisite for enlistment in the Signal
AdoDted by U. S. Gov't. 4 stylet. Catalogaa free. Enlisted Reserve Corps
A. Master Sign.\l Electrician. The
OMNIGRAPH MFG. CO. applicant must be
39L Cortlandt St. New York (a) An expert telegrapher and
have knowledge of the con-
struction, operation, and main-
tenance of telegraph systems,
primary and secondary bat-
teries, and motor generators,
or
(b) An expert radio operator and
have knowledge of radio ap-
paratus.
You May Learn Theory, Code and Laws of Radio (c) Have knowledge of the con-
Communication in Our School or at Your Home struction, operation and main-
fitting you for positions paying good salaries witli wonderful chance tenance of telephone systems,
to travel the world over. It's the most interesting profession switchboards, location of
known and the demand for skilled operators is increasing. troubles, repairs, primary and
secondary batteries, motor
Send stamp for catalog giving facts. Resident classes open
generators, or
Oct. :nd.
NATIONAL RADIO SCHOOL, 14lh & U Sis., N. W., Washington, D. C.
(d) Possess such qualities as
would fit him to act as senior
,, »,
WASHINGTON ^^"-- ^P"-!""'
for These Courses.
Advantages non-commissioned officer of
a company of Signal troops,
to act as a leader.
Yoii bcncfil by mcntioinnq "The Electrical E.rferimoiter" when writing to ad-,'crttscrs.

—— ——
B. Sergeant, 1st Class. The applicant thru an approximate angle of 90 degrees

must be cm either side of the vessel to bring a
(a) An expert telegrapher and lurking submarine into its path, for the
have knowledge of the opera- ray is already in the proper horizontal
tion and maintenance of tele- plane beneath the surface of the water.
It is operating only in one medium, water,
graph systems and batteries,
or and the opatpie glow is not formed. Its
WANTED— Railway Mail Clerks
color in contrast to the green sea enables Commence $75 Month
(b) An expert radio operator and it to be seen in bright daylight as a slender
Increase to $150 ** Franklin Institute
have knowledge of radio ap- reddish path extending some two miles out Common Educa- Dept. D104
paratus, or Rochester, N. Y.
into the ocean just beneath the surface of tion Sufficient
Sure pay. Sirs: Send me. without charee,
(c) Have knowledge of telephone the water. yjO
-J^-
sample Kailwi»y Miii! t'lerk El-
systems, switchboards, bat- An observer with a powerful telescope Life job, 4^ amliiaUoa queaUons; MrhcduJe show-
teries, locating and correcting T>. .1,
full Ô tnit places of exainlnali'niB; list of
unnec- ^
is stationed aloft, whose duty it is to ob- ^^j^,.^ gtntrnmeiit j<.l.^ n-w .asily ob-
faults, etc., or essary. lainable and free book describing tliem.
serve vigilantly this tract of crimson as
(d) Possess such
qualities as it sweeps slowly back and forth abreast of Name
would fit him
to act as leader the ship. Address
of a platoon of a company of Suddenly he presses a button, instantly
Signal troops. arresting the revolution of the beam of
C. Sergeants and Corporals. The ap-

plicant must have general knowledge
of the subjects given under B, or
possess such qualities as would fit
liglit, for he has noted that the ray of
light does not extend to its ordinary limit,
while tliere is a glare of blurred light form-
ing what may be termed a "bulge" in its
TO RS
1 GREAT
OPPORTUNITY!
path and he realizes instantly that the
him to act as a leader of a platoon or
section of a company of Signal beam of light has encountered a non-trans- We liato the fcllowing listed motors In
BtO'h. \V(- are dtsfr>ntlJiujn« these sizca
parent body which is refracting the ray. and them now ltEU>W COST. If you nc*d a
offer
troops. good, brand new motor that ia'juat a little fibop worn
The alarm is sounded and tlie gun battery from haiidllnjr, in our stock rooms, thia Is your chancft
D. Private, 1st Class and Private. trained on the spot indicated. One or two Thew are 110 volts direct curreiil-
all for Further
The applicant must show an interest shots will destroy the menace and the ves- particulars may
be had by applying to the undersiRned.
in the subjects mentioned, be com-

3— '^H.P. D. C. 110 volts, each $19.00: Hit price.
sel may divert her course to clear it. $24.00. 3— 'bH.P.. 0. C. 110 volts, each $9.00: list
petent, keen, and possess such qual- All that is necessary to insure the suc- price, $15.00. I— 'jH.P.. 0. C, 110 volts, each $37.00:
ities as will insure that he will de- cess of this method is the perfection of a
list price. $46.50. I —
I6H.P., D. C. 110 volts, each
I
$7.00: list price, $9.00.

velop along the proper lines in train- searchlight of sufficient power and an ex-
ing. perienced observer. Electro Importing Co.
V
Applicants for enlistment as Master Sig-
nal Electricians and Sergeants, First Class,
will be given an oral examination. Appli-
The public may confidently anticipate the
rapid development of this system of de-
fence, which will prove not only a mortal
Loo 231 Fulton Si., New YorkCily. N. Y.
cants for enlistment in the other grades will

demonstrate to the officer designated to ob-
blow to the submarine but a benefaction
to all humanity. The device here described Driver Agents Wanted
tain recruits that they have the necessary is easily adaptable to either naval or com- ,oarcoamu«.«ni.ODê». M, ««i>tBaremalun» mor^y^bh.p-
Bush Car* guar-
qualifications. Applicants for enlistment in mercial ships and a vessel may conveniently Hv»-Pa«». i tires
anteed ©r muaer
the Eastern Department should present carry four search-lights of this type two — bacli.
hWrlt« atonce for
themselves at 39 Whitehall St. (near the forward and two aft; one on either side mr iS-DBAe cata-
loK and all partic-
Battery), New York City. of the hull in both positions. olaia. Addraaa
H. Boak. Fraa.
J.
D«pt, lit
Deico Ignltlon-Elect. Ste- & Ltf.
BCBH nOTOB CUSPiJiT. Boah Temple, CUoSfO, T"'Tlit
LOCATING AND DESTROYING DOES RADIANT LIGHT POSSESS i
SUBMARINES WITH A WEIGHT?

RED LIGHT RAY. {Continued from page 168)
PRO-ALLY or PRO-MOTION?
{Continued from page 165) mysteries. Briefly, he allowed a beam of WHICH ARE YOU FOR?
right angles to our course and she is light to fall on a suspended disc in a vacuum You Una war. but you CAN settle your
can't settle
thus in a position, broadside, to an ob- bulb, exhausted to the highest degree. In future Are you FOB yourself? Or AGAINST your-
I
such a vacuum the disc was repelled on the

self? "Pro" means "for" are you FOB promotion —
server from our vessel; that is. the sub- that will move you out of the rut and Into the place
marine is presenting the greatest sur- impact of a light beam, and its repulsion —
higher up where you'd like to be?
"Motion" means "action." Pro-
face of her bull to us and is in the most was measured by its torsional effect on the motion means ai-tion that gets some-
Ynu can't have action with-
favorable position for the visibility from suspending wire. This light-pressure at the wliere.
out HEALTH. VITALITY and
our vessel, if she can be rendered so by distance of the earth from the sun is small, STBEXGTH. You MUST haTO these
to go forvvard and Up
any means. not quite a milligram per square metre of I
A clam
has motion just enough to —
A searchlight operated from aloft on the earth's surface, or roughly, 70,000 ooze 'round in the mud. its onl>' pro-
motion is to Uie iJiowder, Don't be a
our ship has two defects which prevent tons on tlie whole earth. The light-pressure clflin! Be a MAN with vigor and
it from being succssfully used for this is applied only on the surface, and is pro- purpose of manluwd. Let me show
ynu HOW!
By the same metho<ls
purpose as a submarine detector. portional to the surface, while weight, or that I became the strongest man in
A submarine ready to fire a torpedo the pull of gravitation, affects the whole The world. I can teach you also.
If you are suffering from any ail-
is submerged to a depth of some fif- body. The adherents to the electro-mag- ment then mark it on the coupon
teen or twenty feet. A searchlight netic wave theory of light have some diffi- below. Or if you are paying the
penalty of early indiscretion, write
played over the water from aloft must not culty in explaining this pressure, as it seems and tell me all about yourself It
will be in confidence. I can help
only find the horizontal angle of the sub- impossible to conceive of a mere wave-form YOU as I have helped others. I
marine but the vertical angle as well, the in the ether exerting a material force or can not only show you the way to
biKger things, but I can give you
area being too great to admit accomplish- pressure on the earth. If light were con- the pnwer to GET them Writf to-
ment of this object. sidered a material substance, however, the dav for mv book, "Intelllgenco In
Physical and Health Culture." It
Moreover, the ray of light when strik- above phenomenon could be more plausibly ^111 be an eye-opener tn yuu as to
wliat you are. and what you CAN be.
ing the water, passing from a light medium explained, as due to the effect of gravita-
(air) to the denser medium of water causes tion on a tangible substance. LIONEL STRONGFORT
PHYSICAL CCLTVRE SPECI.VMST
a glare, due to the refraction which forms There are many interesting facts to be 175 Park BIrig. Newark. N. J.
an opaque cloud to the observer, obscur- obtained on the chemical and physical ef- FREE CONSULTATION COUPON
ing everything beyond it. fects of liglit, and in respect to this side of Dear Strongfort— Please send me your book "IN-
TELLIOrJNCE IN PHYSICAL AND HEALTH CUL-
There is too much daylight for the the problem there are many opportunities TT'RE." for which I enrlf<se 5 cents for postage.
hare marked (X) before the subject In which I am
searchlight to be practical during the day, for research work, which might result in I
Interested and should like you to »end me a personal
the time when attacks are made by sub- the solution of the mystery as to the na- talk on this subje<-t. 175 Park BIdg.
.Thinness .Rheumatism .Despondenrj'
ture of light. Below are given a very few . . .
marines. ..Obesity . .Heart weakness .Poor Memory .
However, if we submerge our search- of the instances in which the elements are ..Nervousness .Headache .
.Skin Disorder*
. .General Health
.Increased Height
..Insomnia . .
light or, rather, its ray of light to a depth acted upon by the strange force of light: ..Indigestion .R4>und Shoulders. .Muscular
.
Shoulders Development
of fifteen feet by installing the searchlight (1) Nitric acid is readily decomposed by ..Constipallon .St.HU" .
. .Short Wind . .Deformity . .Great Strcnirth

in the vessel at this depth lielnw tlie water- light. (2) Silver chlorid, silver iodid and . .Flat Chest . .Rupture ..Weight Liftiiig
Colds .Youthful Errors .Advanced Course
line, and flash a powerful beam of light, silver hromid are all chemically changed . . .
. .Catarrh . .Devitalizing ..Multi-Weight

red in color thru a thick lens of glass on exposure to light. (3) Silver nitrat in . .I.img Trouble I.,<>!is«4 Barbell
.Poor Circulation . .Impotency
in the ship's side and out into the water, the presence of organic matter, looses its
.
Name
we obtain several distinct advantages over oxygen and is reduced to the metallic state Street
the searclilight operated from aloft. by the action of light. (4) Mercuric oxid City State
It is only necessary to revolve this light is decomposed by light. (5) The chlorids
YoH benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" uhcn writing to advertisers.

—;

and iodids of mercurj- and thallium are ter for their individual zi-eights have been
decomposed by light. (6) Upon heating actually determined bj- mathematics.
nitrogen chlorid and nitrogen bromid in
sunlight, the mixture explodes with violence.
In regards to the Alpha, Beta and Gam-
ma-rays emitted by radium, has been
(7) A balloon containing hydrogen and
it
conclusively proven that the Alpha rays
chlorin will burst when exposed to the
are streams of little bodies (matter) with
sun's rays. (8) Selenium lowers its elec-
a mass about twice the mass of the hy-
WIRELESS trical resistance when exposed to light. (9)

In the Crooke's Radiometer the pressure
of light causes a multi-blade vane or wheel
drogen atoms, flying off from radium with
a velocity of 20,000 miles per second, while
for the College or Prep. School to rotate in a vacuum.
the Beta-rays given off by this innocent-
looking little pinch of salt, are actual
man, High School graduate, etc.
be noticed in the cases cited above
It will
material corpuscles, with a known weight,
The U. S. Gov't needs you in its and a speed of over 100.000 miles per see-
that the group of elements known as the
Naval Reserve, Naval Militia Halogens, particularly the silicr salts, are ond. This is now regarded as an estab-
and Signal Corps. affected by the action of light, which acts lished fact, and such being the truth, it
Special in most instances like a reducing agent. is much easier to believe that a gas, such
Attractive openings.
Why the silver salts are singled out from as light may be, could attain a velocity
three months' Summer course of 186,000 miles per second, and still be
all the other compounds and made an ob-
starting June 25th prepares you ject of attack by the force of light is diffi- within the bounds of material matter.
for either Gov't or Commercial cult to explain by the ether-wave theory. As will be noticed, it was the author's
Service. Endorsed by U. S. Gov't But if light were taken to be a gas, tlie object to present a few arguments in favor
above phenomenon would be more easily of the material theory, and altho this the-
and Marconi Co. Day and Eve- ory has not come into general acceptance
understood by the simple fact that light
ning classes.
The light-gas by scientists, it is gradually gaining ground,
is then a reducing agent.
theory must thus assume that light pos- and from the researches being made on
SEND FOR SPECIAL LITERATURE. radium emanations and all forms of radio-
sesses properties similar to other gases,
such as chemical aftinity, a definite valency, activity, it appears that the electro-mag-
EASTERN RADIO INSTITUTE or possessing the power of a catalytic netic-wave theory of light may have to
899B Boylston St. Boston a.yent. Such properties appear to be con- be confined to more reasonable realms
sistent within the chemical effects of light it may well serve to explain wireless-
as shown above. telegraphy and such wave-activities, but the
strange, material .force known as "Light"
As is well known, the element Selenium certainly demands a more consistent explan-
possesses the peculiar property of chang- ation in view of its chemical effects.
ing (lowering) its electrical resistance ac-
cording to the intensity of the light cast
upon it, and this strange phenomenon has
LEARN
WIRELESS This summer
been a strong argument against the wave
theory, as it is almost impossible to con-
ceive of the so-called ether waves produc- U. S. BATTLESHIPS TO RUN ON
THOUSANDS of are urgently
opeiiitors ing such a tangible, material effect. Sev- LAND.
needed by the Government. In war and
eral theories have been advanced to ex-
peace the demand has always greatly ex-
ceeded the supply. Unusual opportunities plain this behavior of light. One is the {Continued from page 170)
therefore await the well trained Radio Men. formation of conducting selenids under the ner. The steering is equally simple and
Although we have trained more operators Another, the formation
action of light.
than any other private scliool in the East, efficient. By running one motor at a slight-
we can supply only one-tenth of the demand of conducting crystals. Still another, that ly higher or lower speed, the ship must
made upon us. it is due to electrolytic action and finally
New Day and Evening Classes forming either turn to the right or to the left,
this month —
Reasonable Rates Large Labo- — the electronic theory which assumes the as desired by its commander.
ratory — Complete Connnercial Installations. releasing of negative electrons, due to vibra-
tar>- resonance in the atoms. I have pointed out in previous articles,
U. S. GOVERNMENT INSTRUCTORS that the monster wheel is tlic prime re-
Dormitories Catalogue Employment
Again, it has been demonstrated that quisite of all large war machines. huge A
Y. M. C. A. Radio School light has a strong effect on bacteria, such wheel, such as the ones here described,
14S East 86th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. as ferments. At the Paris Exhibition in will easily ride over the widest trenches.
1900, the powerful results of light were Ordinary shell holes will be negotiated as
menwith training are always la
electrical; '
demand. Havine trained over
2000 younif men in the_paat 23
years in tho fandamentain of Applied Electricity. The Bliss Electri-
forcefully illustrated by the culture of
pathogenic bacteria in gelatin in glass bot-
easily as a cart wheel runs over a hole in
cal, School, with it^ wfl) fqiiirped shops and laboratohee, is peculiarly
the street due to a missing cobblestone.
Well Qualified to yive !*>•»( n^fd c-jursf in Electrical tles. Portions of the bottles were covered Rivers will be forded easily, if there is a
with dark paper, the bottles incubated at fair approach. Even steep banks will be
ENGINEERING suitable tetnperatures in bright sun-light negotiated by running the craft diagonally
IncludinfT Mathematics. Steam and Ga» En. and the contents afterwards completely thru the stream. Low hills will prove no
fines. Mechanical Drawing, Shop Work and
heoretical and Practical Electricity, in all sterilized. Wherever the dark paper had obstacle at all. while steeper ones can be
branches, Students actually Construct dyna-
mos, install wiring and test efficiency of prevented light action, dense colonies of climbed by running the ship in a zig-zag
electrical machinery. Course, with diploma,
complete bacteria could be seen, while in exposed line.
IN ONE YEAR parts the

fectly clear.
nutrient gelatin remained per-
Here again, light acts as a Therewill be less wear and tear, and
gas, for it can be easily shown that sev- less shocks too when running over land
260 Takoma Avenue, Washington, D. C. eral gases such as oxygen, exert an in- than when fording a tempestuous sea. The
fluence on the growth of bacteria. Only reason is that these huge wheels, just on
WIRELESS OPERATORS a strong imagination could attribute these account of their size, are rather elastic.
SEE THE WORLD results to wave forms in the ether, it would
seem.
They "give" a good deal. Then too, the
earth as a rule is more or less soft. Thus
Positions always open. Good
salaries. Day and evening sessions. we get a double spring action. .\lso due
Correspondence courses. Wireless
apparatus for home use. Send
In concluding, it may be well to take to the enormous width of the wheels dis- —
up the question of the speed of light and tributing the weight over a wide area
6 cents in stamps for catalog.
its relation to any of the accepted the- they will not sink into the softest earth
Phila. School of Wireless Teleg.
10 Parkway BIdg., Philadelphia, Pa. ories. The speed_of light has been defmitely much more than a few inches. This ma\'
accepted and proven as 186.000 miles per seem surprising, but a simple calculation
second, and this tremendous velocity has which any engineer may make in a few
been for years a strong objection to the seconds, will prove the statement correct.
corf'nscnlar or material theory, as it was
Commercial License imbelievable that any material form of It goes without saying that in order to
Complete preparation in afternoon andevening classes* carry the enormous strain, the .ship must
matter could attain such terrific velocitj'.
Ask for folder "B" Of late years, however, there has been be strengthened by a good deal of cross-
much progress made in the study and be- truss steel work, as indicated in our illus-
Eastern District Y. M. C. A. havior of X-rays and radium emanations; tration. Otherwise the shaft would rip
Marcy Avenue, near Broadway, BROOKLYN. N. Y. and it has been conclusively proven by clear thru the decks. This truss work,
means of mathematics that the speed of however, should not prove over difficult,
the corpuscles emitted by metals under the nor a very long-winded operation. The
Learn Walchwork, Jewelrywork and impact of ultra-violet light, mav be taken reader has already guest that no new
Fnuravino ^ ^^"^ trade commanding a fiood sal-
aviiig. ary^ ^^f^ your sen'ices are always in
i-iiigi as anywhere from 10.000 to 90.000 miles power plant is required. The old one is
demand. Address HOROLOGICAL Department, per sceond: and it may also be stated that of course utilized, the ship burning coal
Bradley Institute, Peoria. III., for our latest catalog these corpuscles are material atoms of mat- the same as if it were on the ocean.
You benefit by iiu-iiUo»iiiij The Elcetrical Exferimenler" a/ifir uritiiiy to atltcrlisers.
1
From a military standpoint, this mon- )r/^s;rF:!iri^SifîîPiS)?î'^^
ster engine (ifdestruction proves rather in-

teresting. But let us sec what happens
when
ing
the "Oregon." one tine summer morn-
steams thru the I'reiich fields, "Old
Glory" flying from hotli masts, and plow-
ing toward the German trenches. No more
thrilling or awesome picture could he im-
AMATEURS!
agined. Of course long ere onr hattle-
ship has reached the first trenches, the
enemy aeroplanes have reported it. and
IVTOW is the time to overhaul your set and
the "Oregon' receives a warm welcome to buy your apparatus at a low cost.
from the heavy enemy guns. But this
is just what we want. After finding the
range of the enemy guns, our hattlesliip's
Remember, the War won't last forever, and
10-inch guns can either silence the enemy when the ether is free once more for all, YOU
or otherwise run towards the German hat-
tery and crush it by simply riiiinini] over want to be the first one to listen in with a
it. There is no escape for them, for we
have the advantage of quick mohility the (
REAL set. i
ship runs from l.i to 18 miles per hour

the possibility that the Govern-
I
against the slow mohility of the enemy Besides, there is

guns, which cannot he moved quickly.
.\ftcr annihilating these, the land monster
ment will soon again allow us to operate receiv-
runs amuck, destroying ammunition dumps, ing sets during the War.
and raising general havoc hehind the lines.
Small puns and machine guns prove of
little use against our armored hattleships,
Are you ready ?
and even if, as is to he expected, enemy Write for our printed matter.
shells find their mark, they cannot "sink"
us or stop us. Fôr the engines as well
as all other vital parts are protected by AudioTron Sales Co., 315 Lick Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.
heavy armor. The wheels themselves will
not be put out of running order easily,
because they are not solid. The shells,
even if they do hit. will hardly destroy
the entire wheel. Beyond ripping out a
few steel beams, no great damage will be
STORAGE BATTERIES FOR ALL PURPOSES
:^^V^t
done. Better Batteries for Less Money
The "Oregon" now runs over and par-
Backed by An Exceptional
^
allel the trenches, the battleship's well pro-
tected machine guns emplaced low down . Guarantee
in the holds, firing away continuously. The
result is that the enemy must give way.
If several hattleships are used simultan-
The Mark-o'Quality
tlA-
^ 1-* Capacity
Price
Quality
eously in a grand attack, there is no ques-
tion that
wide area.
the enemy must fall hack over
tto
§r? WE MANUFACTURE BATTERIES
^ ^^
a
.And it be impossible for the enciny
will
Even
FOR EACH MAKE OF AUTOMOBILE
to board the swiftly moving vessel.
if forced to stand still, its machine guns PAULM.MARKO SCO., Inc., 1191 Bedlord A»e., Brooklyn, N.V. N. Y.Depoi—974 8th ATt.,N. Y.Ciiy
and other guns would ward ofl^ all close

attacks.
There remains the aeroplanes dropping
bombs into the ship. The answer here
—
would be anti-aeroplane guns, installedjd- UNIVERSAL ON ELECTRIC
OR TO
MOTORS
OPERATING A. C. D. C. -110 130 VOLTS
ready on every modern war-ship. Besides
our own aeroplanes would protect the ship 1/40 TO 1/8 H. P. CATALOGUE FREE
by beating off the enemy flj'ers.
THIS MOTOR
M.
6000 R. P.
Sf^.
V/
00
1/20 H. P. Complete with
Puriey
llriMK T'setl Sut-assfuUy for Grinding, Polishing. Priv- Emer> Wheel
ing Small Jladiinerv. Sewing Machines, Fans. Wireless Sparh Buffing Wheel
"HAM" JONES— SCIENTIST. Gaps. Elcrtrif Fountains. Check Endorsers. Huniiclors. Valve
(Jrintiers, Elertric Hair Clii>i>cTS and numerous olher appliances.
Chucks
Cord and Plug
{Continued from [<ayc 181)
A MOTOR OF UNIVERSAL APPLICATION
As we approached the curtain he spied Base Pulley and Chucks Easily Detached
a pair of pliers, and said, "By the way,
\ou see how the cutting edges of these If Your Dealer Cannot n •
If •
1 M 1 r Makersof R.^CINE FANS. VACUUM CLFANERS.
Supply You, Order MCinC Universal ITlOtOr to. vibrators and motor appliances of all kinds
pliers are fused ? Well, several days ago From Us Direct 304 South Dearborn Street C:HICAG0, ILL.
1 cut a lamp cord with them. The current
ATTENTION WIRELESS AMATEURS

We antiripate that very shortly all of the amateur wireless receiving stations will be reopene.l. Our
stock of « ireless instruments was never more complete than it is at this time.
'
have large quantities We
of every item listed in our big 300 page catalog and in the few cases where our stock was low it has been
replenished. Our wireless business is one out of five big departments of our business and our patrons can
always rest assured of prompt service for anything in the electrical or wireless line at any time in tlie future.
If you are without our big 300 page No. 11 electrical and wireless catalog, would suggest that you semi
8 cents for it at once.
There will be no special sale on wireless instruments by this company during the continuance of the war.
THE WILLIAM B. DUCK COMPANY, 230-232 superior St., Toledo, Ohio
Von benefit by mentioning "TIte Electrical Exfcrimenter" witen writing to advertisers.

!
""Si
PATENTS
OFTEN theslightest Improvement, ,__
was on, and I cut both wires at once. There
was some great fireworks, but those new
fuses of mine held first rate." Then he
equipment and these should be of various
dimensions capable of responding to a vide
range of wave lengths. It is also desirable
tected by a patent, means thousan<ôf
rlor"* doUars to the inventor. Our bulletins list laid them reverentl)- upon the top of the to build several fixt receiving condensers
hundreds of invf ntii^na trreatly n@«ded, especi-
ally in electrical apparatus, auto accessories helix. of various capacities and eacli one equipt
and household specialties and toys. Bulletins
and book of advice free. Simply mail a post with a shorting switch. Detectors of vari-
card. LANCASTER & ALLWINE "Hen" told me all about the mechanism
Registered Af'ii''-
of tlie curtain and then towed me back to ous types should also be on hand, as it
255 Ouray Building. Washington, D.
the bed to show how he "turned in" and must be remembered that certain crystals
"hit the hay." It seems he did not use are better adapted for some work than
PATENTS the curtain arrangement very often, for others. The Audion is not an absolute
it had a habit of rising before the desired
necessity unless it is desired to experiment
time however, all was ready for the dem-
;
with this particular instrument for regen-
"Hen" was supposed to have erative work, etc. It might be said here
THAT PROTECT AND PAY onstration.
said his prayers and be snugly tucked un- that the Audion and its circuits offer a very
Books and Advice Free der the covers. fruitful line of research. At least three
variable condensers should be included in
waDt
If you my
to sell your patent, take It out through
office. HIGHEST REFERENCES. BEST RESULTS. "Watch out," he warned, "while I press an experimental outfit, as they are very
WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer button number one." So he prest it and necessary additions, absolutely essential for
624 F. Street, N. W. Washinston. D. C. with a click the latch gave away and the
real serious work.
door swung open.
Probably the most important considera-
"Now
MONEY
K We
IN PATENTS
secure your patent or return our fee. "^
"Watch
for number two,"
the curtain. This
cried "Hen."
is the best of
tion in wireless research work, especially in
regard to receiving, is the rapid change of
the whole bunch!" Tn'ang went the spring
Send sketch or model for free search of Patent
of the curtain and up went the latter with
connections. Experimental apparatus
Office Records and report on patentability. should be as flexible as possible. The sim-
/Manufacturers are writing for patents secured through iis.1 a bang, but on its upward journey it struck plest way to accomplish this is to build a
IWrile for free book, "How toSecure Your Patent,' and listj the end of the pliers which "Hen" had left
of patents wanted. We assist in seUing your patent small switch-board and this should contain
"^ sticking over the edge of the heli.x the
p. a
PATTISON & CO, U. S. P.i™i Attoraej. ;
a number of single point switches, D. P.
427 BmitUr Bldj. WMtkiitno. D.C pliers sailed over toward the 110-volt S.T., D. P. D. T., and multipoint switches.
switchboard and thereupon there occurred The points and blades of the switches
a series of twangs and bangs intermingled should be connected directly to binding
L" p o n
[iliancea
electrical
are in
ap~
de- with shooting stars and meteors then — posts on the back of the board. There
PATENTS secured
Giand
throuKU nie.
Send sketch or model for advice; I assist you market
;
are «Tiiing fur

manufacturers
jjaieiils
something gave away and the Jones' house
was plunged in total darkness
should also be a row of binding posts fixt
along the top of the board, as it is often-
ymir invention. Prompt personal service. Booklet and "What
the deuce !" cried "Hen", in alarm, times found convenient as well as necessarj-
advice free. and very undignified. "Wouldn't that make to use such an arrangement.
JnIV«l\.I-iLLI
If ri
•
Y WASHINGTON, I ^'*^^- Woodward BIdg.
D. C
yer mad ?"
From below, on the second floor, there
The transmitting
with
outfit should be equipt
several inductances, both loose and
came in a stentorian voice, a series of in- close coupled, of various dimensions and
terrogations, ejaculations and commenta- known values. A
rotary, quenched and
jiiiiiifffififiin EVERY INVENTOR tions which only served to add terror to
an already fluttering heart so while "Ham" —
series spark gap, together with a large con-
denser with removable plates or other
should have this booh, 'PATENTS AND
PATENT POSSIBILITIES." It is chock- Tones hunted around in the dark for a means of capacity variation should also be
Pat.nl full of ideas and practical advice, telling
P..vm|.iIiI,.., what to invent and where to sell. Write ten-penny nail with which to form a 1918 included. If experiments in radiation are
for your copy today. IT IS FREE. mode! Jones' Unhlozi'ahle Fuse (Patents to be conducted, it is of course necessary
I have requests for patents upon sound
inventions of all kinds. Can you help sup- Pending) I slunk down two flights of stairs to either construct or purchase a reliable
III
1 plj' the demand?
My servica is individual, prompt and eHrcient
and ran home as fast as I could. hot-wire ammeter. The problem of pro-
Invoiiln'n
(14 years experiencet. Every expedii^nt ia em-
ployed to secure patents at least possible cost.
viding means for the rapid changing of
UlllUllUUul' connections in the transmitting apparatus
H. S. HILL, 804 McLachlen BIdg., Washington. D.C.
is not as necessary as in the case of the
AMATEUR AND EXPERIMENTAL
NO ATTORNEY H^.luoZ'l
Send sketch for free report. Books free, Frank
RADIO RESEARCH.
(Continued from page 201)
receiving equipment. Furthermore, the con-
nections are not so complicated.
heavy switches may be added to the sending
few A
Fuller, Washington. D. C. Apparatus Necessary for Research Work. equipment, as they are found to be useful
While a well-equipt radio experimental in many cases. Valuable research work
laboratory is a great asset in research work, can be carried on in the laborator>' by
Do Business by Mail it isby no means an absolute necessity. means of a buzzer transmitter, together
with accurate lists of proB-
It's profitable,
pects. Our catalogue contains vital informa- By means of the ordinary amateur equip- with a wave meter and a dummy or load-
tion on Mail Advertising. Also pnces
prices and ment, together with a few easily made ac- ing antenna. This is formed of a compact
tity on 6,000
quantity 6.000 national
n mailing liats. 99%
cessories, one can do much experimental coil of resistance wire, designed to have
guaranteed. Such as:
War Material Mfrs, Wealthy Men work of a ver>' useful and penetrating the proper radiation resistance, inductance
Cheese Box Mfrs. Axle Crease Mfrs. nature. There are certain research prob- and capacity, and corresponding to a fair
etailers Auto Owners lems, of course, that \vould demand elab- size antenna. These are available in the
Contractors
DniggiBts Fanners, Etc. orate apparatus to work with, but this is market and those interested will receive
te for this valoahle reference book; also j not generally true. information concerning them by writing to
9 and samples of fac-eimile letters
you
The amateur who wishes to do experi- the Editor. Radio Department, enclosing a
Have us write orT revise
r ur Sales Letter*.
mental work should equip his station with stamped and addrest envelope. Most com-
.
RoM-Gould. 1009T Olive SU

a certain amount of auxiliary apparatus. mercial radio transmitters are tested out to-
Ross-Gould
_ n^cailing
He should first wind several loading coils
and inductances of various
coils should be labeled as to the number
sizes. These
day on a phantom aerial or load, as they
are sometimes termed. See article else-
where in this issue on the "load" or dum-
S'T. Louis of turns they contain and the wave-length
they should respond to (or better still, cal-
my antenna used by the Federal Telegraph
Company. (.See page 186.)
culate or measure the inductance in centi- The suggestions offered above only deal
meters of each coil as explained in the with a general equipment for research
DON'T BE THIN! series by Secor and Cohen published in the work, and there will, of course, be many
Physical Perfection at-
tracts men and women, for March and April issues of this journal), instances where the experimenter will have
we all admire a well-de-
as it is always best to know just what to use his own judgment in building instru-
veloped person. Have
you noticed that it is the one is working with. Aside from these, ments of special design to carry out his
chesty fellcw whogets the several variometers of different sizes ideas. The only suggestion of worth that
bestjob? Infactheseems can be offered in this way is to work care-
should be constructed, as they are almost
to get ahead in every way.
I will give you a straight indispensable in work of this nature. It fully and neatly, as results cannot be ex-
back, a full chest and an is not necessary to build an elaborate cab- pected from a piece of apparatus that is
elastic stride, three of the
best signs of vigor; be-
inet for the variometers, as they can be "thrown" together. Altho it is not neces-
sides, I guarantee to in- placed inside a square framework, which sary to build elaborate experimental instru-
crease your weight 10 to is just as good. On each variometer there ments, they should be neatly and substan-
30 lbs., by building you
should be a single-pole switch, connected tially made, as it may be that a poorly con-
up scientifically, natur-
ally, without apparatus or across the terminals so the instrument can structed instrument may defeat an impor-
drugs, in the privacy of be quickly eliminated from the circuit if tant and valuable experiment that would
your own room. Write today for information. desired. At least three receiving trans- otherwise prove successful. Part II will
EDWARD J. RYAN, Martin BIdg., Utica, N.Y. formers should also be included in the take up "Suggestions for Research Work."
y'oti benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.
Manufarturers
are constantly writing me
for new ideas protected by OWEN PATENTS. Send
fur mv free literature aud read their wants.
GERNSBACK FRFF' *'"" ""*"*' uatent books published 72-
Edited by H. "•-*-'• page Bulde ".Successful Patents:" I
.
"Step-
pini; Stones" (conlalnine of hundreds of inven-
list
In this Department we publish such matter as is of interest to inventors and tions wanted; tells the plain truth about prizes re-
particularly to those who are in doubt as to certain Patent Phases. Regular inquiries ward oilers, etc.), and "Patent Promotion" ('tells
addrest to "Patent Advice" cannot be answered by mail free of charge. Such inquiries how to sell your rights ; chief causes of failure,
etc )
"Patent Burors" Pulilishw otcr -IM lelttr< from those who
are publisht here for the benefit of all readers. If the idea is thought to be of im- dt'slre 10 liuj' Oiveu iiatcnla. All sent free upon requctt.
portance, we make it a rule not to divulge details, in order to protect the inventor as Very highest retercnccs. I heln my cllenli nil their pat-
ents or dlipose of their applications. Advice tree. No oh.
far as it is possible to do so. ligation Incurred by writing me. Free manutaclurlng
Should advice be desired by mail a nominal charge of $1.00 is made for each If J,.,.'-
"" "^haroe lor report as to patentability, prac-
ticability, etc.
question. Sketches and descriptions must be clear and explicit. Only one side of RICHARD B. OWtN, 164 Owai BM?., Wisliii^.
sheet should be written on. D. C.
(160)
THAT BELL SOFTENER.
The Editor sometime ago an in (163)
COVER LIFTING DEVICE.
A. J. Walrath. Detroit, Mich., has
PATENTS
Editorial entitled "Inventions Wanted," sent us a description and illustration of a Free Opinion as to Patentability
mentioned that there existed a large market clever automatic cover lifting device at- ^^P^
^^^^^^^^ Our Certificate of Patcntabil-
for an appliance which would take the dis- tachable to garbage cans or ash cans. Is it ^^Kl^^^B ity is Evidence of Conception
agreealile jar out of the telephone hell. This patentable and practical? ^^^KV^^^^H of and may
editorial w'as consequently publisht broad- A. A capital idea. Something that ^^^^^^^1 prove
Credit
valuable
System
to
cnable-s
Our
vou to
cast by dozens of newspapers and periodi- should appeal to every housekeeper and to fileyour application for Patent
cals. Since then hundreds upon hundreds every janitor. Moreover, the device can be and proceed without delay. Everv
case receives personal attention of
of letters reached the Editor's desk, nearly manufactured very cheaply, and sold at a one or both members of the firm.
all the writers wNsbing to know who would low price. We think it extremely practical Patents we secure advertised st our ex-
buy such an invention. and we believe a patent can be obtained pense ID Pi>jmlar Mtefuinxea UagasinM
Frankly, we do not know of any, ofif- upon the device. Write loday for Free copy of I04-pa?e book
hand. Altho we are certain that if a really "Howlo Obtain a Patent and What to Insenl"
good appliance, which fills the bill, is in- INSULATOR. Talberl& Parker, Patent Lawyers,
vented, there are a number of electrical 4287 Talbert Bldg., Washington, D.C.
manufacturers and telephone manufacturers (164) Harry J. Wright, Jr., North Van-
who certainly would want to buy the patent. couver, B. C, Canada, submits an insulator
But, like all good things, nothing sells it- for outdoor wiring. This insulator uses
self. There was a positive demand for the
telephone, long before it was invented, but
two which are placed in such a man-
nails
everybody knows of the long, bitter fight ner that the insulator is not easily pulled
that Bell had, trying to introduce his tele- away from its support during storms, or
phone. It is the same with almost any in- when sleet settles upon the wire.
vention. After you make it, the fight to
A. Avery good and a very cheap in-
R. Morgan Elliott S Co.
realize on it, begins. you have something
If
Pai ENT .Attorneys
really good, you will make more money in sulator. There is only one objection and
the long run by marketing it yourself.
MacMAHtcAL. Electrical 5 Chemical expehts
that is that the insulator will crack when
Another thing : When
Editor sug- the 716-724 woodward building
the nails are driven home, due to the fact
gested the "Bell softener" he did not have Washington, d. c.
some sort of a muffler in mind at all, as that only one point of the nails touch the
most correspondents seem to think. ^luf- top of the insulator. If the top is made at
fling the gongs does not solve the problem. an angle, so that the nails will meet the sur-
Take the gongs ofT and substitute something
that is not a gong. Wooden or similar
face at right angles, a much better insulator
gongs won't do. Substitute rather something will be the result. We think a patent can
giving a musical pleasing note, soft and mel- be obtained on the device.
low, which however should not be harsh or
abrupt. It is the abruptness of the telephone
bell which gets on one's nerves. NOVELTY FAN.
(16S) Sidney Brown, Lake Charles, La.,
has submitted a design of a certain fan in
MAGAZINE PENCIL. which are incorporated novelty^ lights. Our
(161) Morton Gross of Chicago has advice is asked.
submitted to us an idea of a pencil which
requires no sharpening. It is made of paper,
A. While the idea seems original and —theONLY kind Wanted ancJ
while a patent can probably be obtained, we BOUGHT by Manufacturers.
but embodies a totally different construc-
think that the resulting flickering of the Send 8c. postage for new book of
tion than the present paper pencils on the _
lights will be a serious objection iniless the Elxtraordinary Interest to Inventors.

market. Our advice is asked.
A. An extraordinary good idea, as good device is to be used only for advertising R. S. A. B. & LACEY
purposes, such as window^ display, etc. 63 Barrister Building, Washington, D. C
as it is novel. It also seems to us, that it
could be manufactured cheaper than the
We
present patent ones. feel certain that a
good patent can be obtained. PATENTS WANTED' Write for List of Patent Buyers who
desire to purchase patents and What
To Invent with valuable list of Inventions Wanted. $LOOO,000 i»i prizes offered for
OSCILLATING DEVICE. inveiitions. Send model or sketch for Free Opinion as to patentability. have a We
(162) William Woodward. Wilmettc, Special Department devoted to Electrical Inventions and are in a position to assist
111., submits sketch, an illustration of a novel and advise inventors in this tield in the develo|)mcnt of their inventions.
device for making a damped hookup oscil-
late. Is the device practical and can it be
MODERATE FEES— WE ASSIST INVENTORS TO SELL THEIR PATENTS
patented? Write To-Day for our Five Books sent free
A. The scheme looks eminently prom- — — — — ______ —FREE COUPON!-^ to any address. (See attached coupon:)
_______
ising on paper, Iiut witliout necessan.- re-
search work, we would not be willing to
VICTOR
NEW YORK OFFICES:
J. EVANS & CO., Patent Attorneys
give a final opinion. We
advise our corre- 1001-1007 Woolworth Bid?. PHILADELPHIA OFFICES: 1429 Chestnut St.
spondent to try it out by building a model.
If it works, as described, a valuable patent
Main
Gentlemen:
Offices: 779 9th Street, N. W., >VASHINGTON, D. C
Please send me FREE OF CH.ARGE yotir FIVE Books as per offer.
will result. We
have never seen anything Name Address
just like it.
YoH benefit by mentioninff "The Eleelrical F.xl'erimciiler" n/u-ii Hrifiiii; (j ii,/:vr/ii,-r.s.

EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY.
(Luiitiiiucd from page 203) EXPERIMENTS
CHEMISTS! Sodium Sulfate [NaHSO,], is formed.
If two molecules of the salt are taken
and one of Sulfuric acid, a less soluMe salt,
in
FOR EVERY STUDENT
That's how LLC teach you. electricity
One Year, by actually training
you to handle, use and install elec-
Normal Sodium Sulfate [XajSOi] is trical instruments and apparatus of
formed, during which process a much every kind and style.
higher temperature is required. Our equipment isabsolutely perfect
and includes instruments and ma-
Hydrochloric acid can also be formed by chines so expensive you will hesitate
to touch them. Yet we require you
the union of its constituent elements, to use them till you know electricity
namely, Hydrogen and Chlorin. When the thoroughly. Enter at any time.
gases. Hydrogen and Chlorin, are brought Our FREE illustrated Book £ ^H ©ve you fult
details. Send for it to-day.
together in the dark, no action takes place.
DON'T BE HAMPERED If the mixture is put in the simlight, grad- SCHOOL of ENGINEERING
MILWAUKEE
ual combination takes place, and if the of
by LACKof APPARATUS direct sunlight is allowed to fall for an
322 Stroh Building Mll-WAUKEE. WIS.
instant, an explosion occurs, indicating the
YOU CANNOT SUCCESSFULLY combination of the two gases. This sud-
STUDY CHEMISTRY WITHOUT IT. den combination is also effected by the
COMPLETE SET. SHOWN ABOVE, FOR application of a flame, by a spark or by
WRITE FOR <tA nn any intense light, as magnesium light, etc.
When water is formed by the combina-
PENSEE ASSOCIATED LABORATORIES tion of its constituent elements, hydrogen
1221 HRST ST. EVANSVIUE, It^DIANA and oxygen, the introduction of an electric
spark is necessary. This combination
[Hydrogen and Oxygen] would not take
SPARK COILS ^^' î^^'^ss
'^--^''":IU^;J
Dynamo place upon exposure to light. Thus we
STYLE C SPECI.\L
c m
KNAPi Mot
can see that Hydrogen and Oxygen can
only combine to form water by introducing
a spark, and not by exposure to light, while
Postage extra
| " COIL $Q Cft
L ^c)«tlU
FINE RESULTS WITH THIS COIL
For Boys Hydro.gen and Chlorin unite with explo- SCHUG ELECTRIC MFG. CO.
sive violence when any intense light is per- 254 EAST LARNED, DETROIT, MICH.
For producing current for in- mitted to fall directly upon the mixture.
ductance coils, re-charging
Properties
storage batteries, elec-
Physical
:
GENERATORS! ALTERNATORS!
troplating and hun- : a colorless gas, pos-
1. It is
W'e have a complete line of sturdy, efficient gen-
dreds of other uses. sessing a sharp irritating and penetrating erators and alternators from 100 to 1000 watts.
Well constructed smell and taste, and produces suffocation We furnish complete parts for these finished
ready to assemble with instructions to wind.
throughout.exception- when inhaled, and is poisonous. Transformers made to order. Send for catalogue.
ally smooth running 2. It can easily be liquefied at 0° and ALL AT FACTORY PRICES
and highly efficient. A J8 atmospheres, and solidifies at 111.1°. — Bergmann Motor Works. 442-446 Niagara S(., Buffalo. N.Y.
good, strong, durable
dynamo.
In the liquefied state it boils at 83.7°. —
3. It is verj- easily soluble in water.
AT ALL LIVE DEALERS THE MIDGET SLIDE RULE
Iniist on your dealer shewing you the KNAPPline 4. It is a little heavier than -air. will add. sDbtract, maltlply. divide,
— KNAPt* goods are best. If your dealer cannot solve problems invi.,Ivinff even and un-
even ror.ta and pothers It will aiko
supply you.orderdirect. Sendfor FREE illustrated 5. When the fumes of the acid come in give the l.,osaritnins of numbers and
the Sines. Cosines. Taosects and Co-
catalogue showing a complete line of Electrical contact with moist air, dense white fumes tangents of all angles.
.M it.rs and Novelties ranging in price from lOc up. Its operation is very simple and witb
are formed, and due to the great attraction this instrument one can Quickly solva
KNAPP ELECTRIC & NOVELTY CO. of the gas for water, thus condenses the
any matben-.atica] problem. Thisslidtt
rule is made of wood and metal ard it
523 West 51st Street, N. Y. City is adapted for shop work as well as
moisture. The fumes when the acid is office ose.
Size 3 1-4x3 l-4in. Price, with
Instrrjctions. 75c. Tour money back
brought into contact with Ammonia gas, if you are not satisfied. GILSON
SLfl>E RULE CO.. Niles. Ulcb.
are .\mmonium Chlorid [NTHiCl].
Corrmiercial Hydrochloric acid [Also
called Muriatic acid] generally consists of WIRELESS
one-third acid to two-thirds water.
liquid if pure, should be without color.
This
BOOKS, RAW MATERIALS
dismantled you can and study
While your station is
Sometimes it is of a yellow color, caused build apparatus. Buy from our stocks which we still
maintain complete.
either by the presence of dissolved salts of THE ELECTRO-SET CO. NOW KNOWN AS
QST contains all the first hand news of iron or organic substances. The chemically THE NEWMAN-STERN CO., Dept. E-14
Wireless and its development In the Great pure [C. P.] should be without color. This Cleveland, O.
War How-to-make-it Department Queries
; ;
may be distilled at 110°, when it gives a
and Free Exchange Columns.
EVERY LIVE AMATEUR NEEDS
liquid containing 20% Hydrochloric acid,
and corresponds to the formula, HCl + SMALL ENGINES
—
Perfected Gasoline Engines ^^, 1 and
THIS LIVE MAGAZINE! 8H;0. If more Hydrochloric acid is con- 1).^ h.p. —for Farm and Shop use. Price
Send $1.50 for a yearly subscription or $.10 for a tained in the liquid, heat will liberate the "$19.50 and up. Also
sample copy. You have missed something.
gas; if less, water will be liberated upon WASHING MACHINES
We sMp en trial. Send for Booklet ind Spectil OMir
QST Publishing Company, Inc. Hartford, Conn. the application of heat.
SicTerkropp Engine Co., 1401 19th Street
Chemical: Racine, Wij. S/<ir<er for Ford Cart
PORCELAIN 1. Hydrochloric
strong acid reaction.
acid
inflammable [a non-com-
possesses a ver>-
Convert Your Bicycle Into

"THATS OUR BUSINESS" 2. It is not
a Motorcycle
bustible gas], and does not support com-
Standard and Special Shapes, Regardless Motor fits any wheel. Best,
bustion, and is not decomposed by light or most reliable. Best hill climber. More
of How Difficult
on heating; but its hydrogen may be re- STEFFEVS In use than all othera. fine A
motor for running small Dynamos. Lathes and
We Illustrate one we make.
hard shape placed by metals as Zinc or Sodium, and small shops. Motors only as low as 516 95
A pair of rolls and l^" in
T"-;" long
its Chlorin by Manganese dioxid [MnOi]. SteSe; Mfg. Cc 5025 W. Brown St., PhUa, Pa.
diameter with 8 holes on ends and middle.
They must be perfectly straight and we 3. Sodium or Potassium burns vigor-
make them so. It's hard but not for us.
ously in it on heating, forming chlorids.
We can make your difficult; designs also.
Send U9 blue print for quotations. elements at
$40 MOTORCYCLES
4. It dissociates into its and BirYCLES at cut pricea.
1800°. Singles and twins $25 to $100.
Unioi Electricil Porcelain Works
New Motorcycle Tires $3.
forming Automobile Tires $3. Beet
5. It dissolves most metals, Motorcycle Belts $5. Carbur-
TRENTON, N.J. chlorids. baadBicyclea $5.
etora S6. Spark coils $fi. Secosd*
New Bicycles at Factory Prices.
If there are two chlorids of a given Oenloffer. The Price Cutter, Bochestcr. New York
You benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when u-riting to adicrttsers.
: ; : »
mt-t.-il, tlic usually formed liy

lower is acid H.SO.l in small quantities, say three
I
I r\(lrorlil(iric
jl'lil, Mereun,-
Silver |Aj;|,
acid. 1-ead
|llj;|. Copper |Cii|, Plat-
or four drops at a time, into the flask, by
means of a thistle tube. Do not add too
Pipe -Threadikc
much acid at one time. 'TO Sl'f-.EU the w.,rk .-ilid I.Khl.l. th,-
inum ll't], Gold |Au|. are not dissolved, —
_^ lahor use the cisy-to-opcralc Dull
or are very sli^litly acted <iii li\- this acid. Action will probably take place upon the DoK Die-Slock. Each of the eleven
Chlorids of the first three are iiisoluhle introduction of the acid, which is made sizes (both direct and ratchet) of
apparent by the bubbling and frothing in
chlorids of the other three are formed hy
usint' Af|iia Kegia (Hydrochloric and Nit- the flask, but to aid it, a Hunscn flame /^^TITD BULL-DOG
|î3 1 E^K. DIE-STOCKS
ric acids]. shoidd be placed under the flask. Do not thread from four to eight sizes of pipe.
apply too much heat, and if the liquid tends
Usi's to pass over the delivery tube into the first ^^^1^^^^.^
^^^^^^^^^^ÊU_
H'ritr dr-
1. It is used for prcpariiiR the chlorids bottle, remove the flame, and if it does not
icripiivc booklet.
of various metals. abate, add a little water thru the delivery

As stated hefore.
most important of the chlorids. Common
Sodium chlorid is the
tube. ^^^K^^^^^B^M
^^^^M^^^^ OSTER
Mtg.Co.
The reactions which may take place, are
Salt |.Sodium Chlorid] hesides its use as a No. 102 ^^^Q^^BD2I4I E.61stSt.
preser\ati\e, a necessary article of food
is 1.NaCl -t- H»SO, = HCl -(- NaHSO. 1/4" to Bl^^^H^^Î^Cleveland, 0.
with all animals living on xe^'etahlc diet. Sodium Sulfuric Hydrochloric HydroKcn
Chlorid Acid Acid Sodium Sulfate
It is used in medicine, inlernall>, in small
doses as a jiastric stimulant, in hirj;e doses 2. NaCl + 2H.SO, = 2nCI -|- Na.SO.
as an emetic; externally in hatlis for the .Sodium Sulfuric Hydrochloric Sodium
Chlorid Acid Acid Sulfate
relief of rheumatism, and injected in solu-
tion, to replace loss of hlood. The equations are more fully explained in
2. It is used for extracting phosphats the preceding methods of preparation. A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE
from hones. A l.;v stiU-lics thill lan be savftl wlili
3. It is used in dyeing and tissue print- EXPERIMENT NO. 74: "RED DEVIL" TOOLS
ing. Loosen the stopper of the flask and very Does your c(»iidcnscT need repalrluK V
Do you want to iiifiid your coll? Uo
4. It is used in the manufacture of coal- cautiously try the odor of the fmnes. Do you want to put up that wlriiurf 1'
not inhale too much, but just enough to will take you a jiffy to do all these
tar colors. Made oftem-
5. used in preparing other com-
It is give you the characteristic smell. [Notk: — Willi till- right tiHil.
t>crod8ti?i;lanil||[U*iraiIlU!«--<l.
UU?rature ffLt;.
AtalliltHK-.
pounds of chlorin than chlorids, and in In case j'ou have inhaled an overdose of SMITH & HEMENWAV CO. INC.
107 Coit Street, Inrington. M. J.
preparing the clement Chlorin itself. the gas, an antidote should be taken, by
6. In the lahoratorv- it is used for gen- iidialing the .\mmonia from a bottle con-
erating hydrogen, also in anahsis and in taining .\mmonium Hydroxid).
making .'Vqua Regia. Apply a lighted splint to the open mouth
7. furnishes
It chlorin, from -which of the flask. The splint should go out. due
hlcaching powder is made. to the fact that Hydrochloric acid gas is a
8. The chlorid (AgCl] in pho-
silver non-supporter of combustion, and non-com-
For shop, factory,
tography
Xitrat
deposited upon the photo-
[.\gNO3]
is
craphic paper from solutions of Silver
and Sodium Chlorid
bustible.
Either bring the dish, glass rod or piece
of paper dipt in the Ammonium Hydroxid
TOOLS
tools attractively priced in our
garage and home
— many high class
Odds and
IXaCl]. to the mouth of the flask. Dense white Ends pamphlet which is mailed free on re-
fumes should be evolved upon the intro- quest by
EXPERIMENT NO. 73: duction of the Ammonia gas [obtained
Arrange a about
2.^0 cc] with a
flask |
from the Ammonium Hydroxid] coming in Montgomery & Co., Inc., 105 Fulton St., N. Y. Cif?
two-hole and two bottles,
rublier stopper contact with the I-fydrochloric acid gas.
each having a capacity of about 125 cc, This test is characteristic of the gas.
make connections as shown in Fig. 69. Look very closely at the liquid in the
The first bottle contains a three-hole rub- bottles 1 and 2 while the action is taking cnir Send for catalog of our tools for
If yon look thru the u^^td and metal. Also Mechanic's
ber stopper thru which passes the delivery place in the flask.
Handbook. f
tube from the generator [the flask contain- bottle at a strong light, it will be noticed MILLEnS FALLS CO.. Millets Falls. U»s.
ing the Sodium Chlorid and .Sulfuric acid], that an oily liquid is being precipitated in
this tube should extend only a little below these bottles. This is the Hydrochloric acid
the stoi)per in both the flask and bottle, and gas which is forming a solution with the
shoidd not touch the solution. A long water.
Never Mind
glass tube is then inserted in the center After about 10 or IS minutes generating, .^
hole of bottle No. 1 above the cork and remove the flame from under the flask. Ho>v Strong ^1 /
below the surface of the water. This is Allow to cool for a few minutes, then un- You Are s^ —
called a Safety tube. A third tube just cork the flask, insert a funnel, and cau-
passes thru the stopper in bottle No. 1, and tiously pour in two or three test tubes full
leads to the second bottle (which does not
contain a cork] and in which the delivery
of water. The flask may then be filled from
the jet and the contents poured out. If
0\
tube is permitted to be under the water. the substance in the flask has caked, be
A Wolff Bottle (see Fig. 70) may be careful not to break the glass, but let it
used in place of No. 1, and if this form is stand till cool before adding the water.
used, one containing three necks is to be Save the liquid in the bottle No. 1 for
preferred. the next experiment.
It will be noticed in the illustration of
the app;iratus that rubber connectors (cut EXPERIMENT NO. 75: To-day it's a battle of wits— and brains win.
diaKonall.N- —
see Fig. 73) are used to con- Pourinto a test tube about 5 cc. of the
liquid obtained from bottle No. 1 in the
Muscle and brawn don't count so much as they
used to. The great question now is "What do
nect the delivery tubes of the flask and sec- you know?" It draws the line between failure
ond bottle. If it is desired, the tubing may preceding experiment, and into a second and success, between a poor job and a yood one.
be bent in one piece as shown, but it is tidie pour 5 cc. from the open bottle; then
What do you know? Have you special ability?
rnore convenient to use separators, as the test each with litmus paper or solution. Could you "make good "in aftt^jobright now?
pieces may then be used in other experi- Determine if the solution is an acid by its For 25 years the International Correspond-
ments. action on litmus, as done in some of the ence Schools have been traininif men for bet-
ter work and bigger salaries. They can train
Fill the two bottles, 1 and 2, about one- experiments already performed. YOU, no matter where you live, what hours
quarter full of water. Set the flask on a To prove what is present we must apply you work, or how little youreducalion. Mark
ring stand support, on a piece of asbestos tests for both the fositive and the nega- and mail the coupon and find out— it won't
obligate you in the least.
tive constituents of the compound.
or wire gauze. Pour about 5 cc. of water
into the flask and add 10 or IS grams of EXPERIMENT
^^ -^ -^ — —TEAR OUTMCRC ^— -^ ^— ^ — —
NO. 76: mTDWAnONAL CORRESPWOeCE SCNOaS. Boi 5351
.Scranlon, Pa.
sodium chlorid [common salt, NaCl|, by Pour about 5 cc. from bottle No. 1 into a Explain fully about your Counc in the subject tnmrked Xt
pouring into the flask from a creased small test tube and add two or three pieces nCivil F.nKJnceriOB lADVERTISING nOIIKMISTRT
paper. tili^trlfvl ** jSaieamanship Illufttratinn
of Zinc. After action has progrest for a Slcum **
Commercial L^w Farm in
Have h.uidy a splint, also an evaporating MinlniE "
I
JBookkccpinK ~ PoultryK
short time, apply a lighted splint to the SlrrhnntrBl ** iSlenoKraphy French
dish containine three or four drops of month of the tube to determine if a gas Mpfbaiilral llrsftlnr jCivil Service German
AmtTioniimi Ilydroxid [NH,C)H|, and a Arrblrfdiiral llr»(ltnr JRy, Mail Service Italian
escapes. If we have Hydrochloric
acid in AKCHITECTUKE UUTOUUHILI^S ^SPANISH
stirring rod or piece of paper. bottle No. 1 it is reasonable to suppose that
Make sure that all connections are air- Hydrogen gas will be liberated wdien Zinc Name^
ti«;ht, then pour about 20 cc. of Sulfuric is treated with the liquid.
Address-
You benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when urititnj to advertisers.
This is the test for the positive con-
HALTn
stituent.
EXPERIMEKT NO. 77:

Pour small portions from bottle No. 1
into three tubes. To one add a few drops
of Lead Nitrat solution, [Pb[NOs];], to
another a few drops of Silver Nitrat solu-
tion, [AgNOsl, to the third a few of
Mercurous Nitrat solution [HpNOj].
White precipitates, the chlorids of the
metals, Lead, Silver and Mercury, should
form upon the mixture of the respective
nitrats with Hydrochloric acid.
Soluble Chloeiiis:
Soluble chlorids are made by dissolving
in Hydrochloric metal or some
acid, either a
of its salts which are transposed by it.
Insoluble Chlorids :
Insoluble chlorids may be made by adding

Hydrochloric acid to solutions of the solu-
ble salts of these metals, for example. Lead
Nitrat [PblNOs].], Silver Nitrat [AgXOs],
Mercurous Nitrat [HgNOa]. There are
only three chlorids. Lead Chlorid [PbCl:],
Silver Chlorid [AgCl], Mercurous Chlorid
[HgCl] insoluble in acidulated water.
Sep.\r.'\tioxs :
Suppose we were to mix solutions of

Lead Nitrat [PblNOsli], and Copper Nit-
rat [CufN'Os];], the lead could be sepa-
rated from the copper by Hydrochloric
acid, for the former would precipitate and
the latter remain in solution. On filtering,
the lead would remain on the filter as a
residue Lead Chlorid [PbCL], and the
copper would pass into the filtrat un-
changed as Copper Nitrat [CulXOs];], or
Copper Chlorid [CuCL], and could be pre-
cipitated by Hydrogen Sulfide [H^S], as
Copper Sulfide [CuS]. A mixture of Lead,
Silver and Mercury salts could, by the
same reagent, be separated from other salts
in solution. This is exactly what is done
in Analysis.
EXPERIMENT NO. 78:

Mix a test tube about 5 cc. of Lead
in
Nitrat solution, and an equal amount of
Copper Nitrat solution. From the above
explanation, see if you can devise a method
of separating the lead from the copper in
the solution.
EXPERIMENT NO. 79:

Pour about 20 of Sulfuric acid [2 to 1]
cc.
into a flask supported on an asbestos mat
on a ring-stand, and add about 10 grams
of Sodium chlorid [Common salt]. Gently
rotate the flask so as to mi.x the acid with
the chlorid. Close the flask with a two-hole
stopper carrying a thistle tube and delivery
tube arranged as shown, for the collection
of gas by downward displacement in a dry
test tube. If necessary heat the flask with
a small flame. The contents of the flask
will bubble and froth, indicating the pro-
Postage on 8 lbs. is extra. cess of liberating the gas (Fig. 74).
Our Bound Volume No. 4 contains a goldmine of electrical and EXPERIMENT NO. 80:
scientific information. No such value has ever been otTered before with water and set it on the
Fill a dish
for so low a price. Amarvelous cyclopedia of electricity. reference A table. Take a test tube of gas collected
book of authentic information not found in any other book in print. [which is made apparent when the fumes
Volume contains twelve numbers, 992 pages, 1,980 complete articles, 1,862 are liberated in the air], close its mouth
illustrations, 266 questions and answers. Size, 12" high; 9" wide; 1 ?4 " thick. tightly with the thumb, invert the test tube,
A world of electrical information; the entire electrical Progress fur one year; the and hold its mouth below the surface of
—
greatest reference book on current "Wireless" all at a price LOWER than the unbound the water. Remove the thumb. Notice
copies would bring. Mind you. the book is durably bound with attractive green linen heavy how the water acts with the gas.
covers. Letters stamped in gold. You will be proud to have it in your library. have We
only 400 copies, therefore be sure and order to-day. Shipping weight 8 lbs. Add a sufficient
amount for postage. EXPERIMENT NO. 81:
book bargain in the World Close the mouth of the tube with the
test
Positively the Greatest Electrical
thumb and remove the water.
it from
Order today to avoid delay Moisten a piece of litmus paper with the
liquid contained in the test tube. The re-
EXPERIMENTER PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc. sult of change of the litmus would show
that this effect is typical of the water solu-
Book Department 233 Fulton Street, New York, N. Y.
tion of acids.
You benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

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The Classified Columns of "The Electrical Experimenter^' Brtng Positive Results.

Subscribers experiencing trouble in dealing with any advertiser should notify the publisher very promptly.
OVER 75,000 PEOPLE READ THIS JOURNAL
^
WAiNTED— 1 K.W. Marconi or United Wire- FOR SALE— AudioTron panel complete with WANT — 110 A. C. Voltmeter and Ammeter,
less Transformer. Harry S. Weber, 1113 N. Wal- new bulb and battery, $7; Mesco 2" spark coil, cash or exchange. Have wireless and electrical
nut Can^l Dover, Ohio.
St., $6; Murdock oscillation transformer, $3. Send goods. What do you want? C. H. Rauschenberg,
Want omnigraph. Thomas Kelly, t-'harleroi. Pa.
lent condition.
—
I'OK S.\LE }4 H.P. gasoline engine in excel-
Price $15. Howard Pfeifler, 213
for
1614
big
list.
54th St., Philadelphia, Pa.
S. WANTED FOR CASH or exchange. Alternat-
Spring Hill, Connersville, Ind. WANTED— Second-hand drafting instruments. ing current motor yi-Yi H.P. 110 vijlts 60 cycles.
Have 1/12 H.P. variable speed motor. Also want
WANTED — Omnigraph; must be in firsl class Highest prices paid.
and we will make offer.
Send complete description
Deutsch, 2358 Pitkin lathe, Drummond preferred. Carroll Prteegor,
condition. All letters answered. Archie E. Banks, Milton, Pa.
Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Delniar, Iowa.
SACRIFICE t.UUU Meter Navy Type Coupler,
SACRIFICE: BARGAINS—
3,000 Meter Navy —
BARGAIN Smith Premier typewriter for sale.
^
Type Counler, $6.50; Murdock's 2,000 ohm Phones, Cost new $100, will take $25. Little used. Money
$6.50; 85 foot Aerial. $5; Vj" Coil, $2.75; ',4 K.W. order or certified check accepted. S. W. Bearing,
Ciap, 50c; Key, 50c. Write for particulars. $3; Yi" Coil, $1.75: Complete 100 foot Aerial, $5;
Lead-in Insulator, 50c; Knapp Motor $1.25; Key, Covington, Tenn., Route 2.
Howard Nance, Troy, N. C. Write Bernard EXCHANGE OR SELL 110 volt .Mternating
50c; Gap, 50c; Transformer, $2.
BRAND NEW — De Forest round amplifier or Brown, Troy, N. C. Current \i Horsepower Wcstinghouse Motor.
tubular audion bulb $3.50 each. First money- What will you giver Frank V. Golitz, Box 194,
order takes them. R. Cuthbert, 375 E. 184th St., mill Patton, Pa.
New York.
EXCHANC;E— A wireless set, 3,000 M. coupler
EXCHANGE for $14— One Smith Premier No.
TALK ABOUT RESULTS and an AudioTron. Want an F6;3 Kodak. H.
4 typewriter, excellent condition, used only short
Fred Fries, 60 E. Bnnghurst St., German-
I !
| Parker, 212 Park Ave., Syracuse. N. Y.
time. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE— Album and over
lown, Phila., Pa.
I 17 PRYER LANE, | 500 stamps. Make offer. I want Leyden Jar.
WANTED— Stanley Steam Boiler in good work-
Larchmont Manor, N. Y. H Jesse Burton. Culpeper, Va.
ing order. Will pay cash.
Pleasant St., Lawrence, Mass.
Carl Zeiner, 31 East —
FOR S.-\LE Four cylinder 10 horsepower 2
speed Pierce motorcycle, Al conditon, fully
WANTED F(JR —
CASH Drummond Bros. m The Experimenter Pub. Co. | equipped. magnet,p, rear seat, practically brand
Model Makers Precision Lathe. Please be reason- new tires, for quick sale $85. Twelve inch (icn-
able. Write. Frank Coffman, Silverton. C>regon. New York City | eral Electric fan, 110 A. C
Good shape but old
model, $3. Stevens Favorite 22 cal. rifle $3.
MUST SELL AT ONCE— Real Bargains— All
Winchester 22 Automatic $12. Both in perfect
New: Transpacific Receiving Outfit cost $10, B Dear Sir: B condition. Blickensderfer typewriter, brand new,
price $8; 2,000 ohm Phones (Trans-Atlantic) cost
tools, etc., $10. Complete 100 mile sending and
$6, price $4.80; Crystaloi, Type AA, cost $6, price 1 Talk about results! You've § receiving set, first class shape $18. Money orders
$4.80; Junior Fixed Condenser 40c; "Electro" or certified checks. Stephen H. Porter, 124
Loading Coil, $2; "Turney" Buzzer, 6Sc; 100 amp. got to give it to the "E. E." m Annetta St., Syracuse. N. Y.
600 volt Switch cost $3.75, price $3; "Electro" Key
25c; 9 Ball Antenna Insulators, each, 20c; 8 m to reach the right people. On | —
SACRIFICE For cash, $125 Siemens-Holske
Extremely sensitive and compact.
Electrose Ball Insulators, each 20c; Ground Clamp, (galvanometer.
10c; 200 ft. Suspension Rope, 50c per 100 ft.; 2 came Dead beît. New. Foreign 2,000 ohm polarized
i the day after "E. E." g Scientific rheostat. Don MacDonald, 215
Aerial Pulleys, each 5c; one 3 volt Nitrogen relav.
Battery, 30c; two "Electro" Dry Batteries, each B out I received a reply and b W. "23rd St., New York City.
20c; V2 lb. Friction Tape, 20c; "Electro" Solder- FOR SALE — 2,500 mile receiving set, complete
ing Outfit, 25c; Fusible Cutouts, 3 fuses, 15c;
I they have been coming in at J with aerial, never been used.
fixtures, $20 for
Electrose Lead-in, cost $1.30, price $1; 5 pr. outfit. John Wells, Ada, Ohio.
porcelain cleats, 10c; Large Mineral Assortment. = the rate of one a day. If I —
FOR SALE Dynamo, S4.50; l.SOO M. Coupler,
05c; 'i oz. Alloy, 10c; Blue Book, 10c; "Electro' $4.50; Loading Coil. $1: !s inch Spark Coil, $1.25;
Thriller and Magneto, 70c; Book "Experimental B ever have anything else that g Storage Cell, $1.50; Erector Motor, 70c; Weeden
Wireless Stations," $1.00; 200 ft. aerial copper Motor, 75c; Erector Electrical Set. Postage extra.
cable, 50c per 100 ft.; 900 ft. No. 16 Antenium
1 I want to sell I will send my Frank Fletcher. Warner St., Hudson, Mass.
copper wire, 30c per 100 ft.; 20 ft. No. 4 copper |
ground wire, 80c. Purchaser to pay charges on H "ad" to you every time. % SENDING-RECEIVING new and complete,
orders less than $5. M\ above brand new. S5.50. Books. Rotary Printing Presses, Simplex
Address. Fred ."Mien, Vernon, Alabama. Typewriter, "ModeHt" outfit. Want Cash. Fold-
m Yours truly, B ing Brownie. Other bargains for stamp. Field,
FOR S.\LE (")R EXCHANGE— Electrical Thera- South Weymouth, Mass.
Apparatus new and in good condition; all _^^_
peutic
equipments. Medical remedy for rheumatism, bad
a Clarence de Witt Rogers, Jr. | SELL — Twelve Horsepower two cylinder auto-
circulation or any stagnetic element. First good mobile gasoline engine complete with carburetor
and high tension magneto, $25. Splitdorf and
offer takes it. Jolin Ferguson, 113 West 63rd St., iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii^
New York City, home address, 364 West 57th St. Remv magneto's with coils. $7.50 Horsepower %
'4 Horse-
(lENERAL ELECTRIC D. C. Ammeter $12.50.
CHEAP— Smith Motor Wheel, $35. 1 H.P.
Will
Vertical Steam Engine with boiler, $6.
power Horizontal Steam Engine with boiler, $11.
Redemotor, $8. Both excellent condition
Six Edison primary batteries, $8. 60 numbers Enclose stamp Earl Roske. Columbus. Wis ("laren ce \'aughan. Middletown. N. Y.
trade. .
Popular Mechanics, $7.50. "Type BB Crystaloi

and resonance coil, $10. Want Colts .32 automa- FOR S.\LE OR EXCHANGE— Ford
spark coil, FOR SALE International Correspondence
Schools' complete Electric Lighting and Railway
tic pistol and 25-20, 32-20 or .22 Winchester $1; telephone transmitter, 50c; telephone magneto,
Write for W'hat have you? Sidney Course. Five leather volumes, finest condition.
repeating rifles. Coyd MaJTet, Opal, Colorado. 75c. list.
Best offer takes them. Reason for selling, have
Collisson. Keokuk. Iowa.
STOPI LOOK! $8 gets 4 H.P. motor-
First more comprehensive course. Paul Mackey, 619
cyclc engine, in fine condition, with tanks, piping, FOR SALE—
Brief-hand Manual, 35c; $7.50 de- Shakespeare Ave.. Milton. Pa.
tective course, $1.50; $10 finger print course. $1;
plug. Write for particulars. Earl Wright, Cole
$5 hypnotism course. $1. Prepaid; back numbers FOR SALE—
Good 32 caliber Revolver, $4.
Camp, Mo. .Îso two Battery Motors, $1 each. Earl Cook,
E.E. M.E.; A.B.: farm papers and others; elec-
—
;
FOR .S,-\LE Audion Detector complete with trical and wireless instruments. W. B. Bagley, Berliardston, Mass.
two bulbs; 'i K.W. Transmitting Set; l^ndamped Stirling City, Cal. FOR SALE I. S^ —course C
lii chemistry,
For Exchange storage
coupler; Navy coupler; Phones; Aerial Wire; K.W. Transformer coil and electrolytic chemistrv and technology.
'i
Interrupter; Crystal Detectors. All in good work- batterv, dvnamo, wireless instruments, etc.. for
interrupter in fine condition, fi'rst money order for
ing order. Louis E. Krieg, Jr., 134 No. School
$6 takes both. Walter Alexander, Dunkerton, Smith Motor wheel. Leo E. Edmonds. 125 L" St.,
St., Gloversville, N. Y. N. E.. Washington. D. C.
Iowa. ^_^
WANTED— Burnt-out De Forest Audion bulbs.
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE— A Frank Holton —
FOR S.-\LE Receiving outfit. Lionel train, 2A
Will pav $1.50 if bulbs are not broken. Harold Every- and 00 Brownies. Stamp for photo. A. L. H.
Cornet, with case, costs $50 when new. Darragh, Beaver, Pa.
Schonwald. 443 E. Padon, Blackwell, Okla. The first good offer
thing in excellent condition.
FOR SALE 1 Yi" — spark coil
good condition.
and electrolytic
Make an offer.
in- t akes it. Veryl Ebert. Alden. Minn. S.M.E OR EXCH.\NGE— Two
ing sets; damped and undamped waves; never
wireless receiv-
terrupter in
T. R. Wiley. Piqua, Ohio. STOP! LOOK! SACRIFICE!— H" Spark Coil.
been used. Small transmitting set. M. Guyton,
$1.25; W'heatstone's Bridge. $3; Large Voltam-
—
F(^R S.\LE Electrical and wireless apparatus, meter. $3; all rest E. I. Co. goods; $1 Key. 60c;
Cotton Plant, Miss.
—
FOR S.\LE Duck's 5.\.\ Receiving Transform-
a small mechanical ilrawing set, a ten mile Pedom- Fixed Variable Condenser. 75c; 3. 15 Ampere
er, $15: Tvpe "O" Crystaloi. $3,10: Turney
Send stamp for list of other apparatus. Buz-
eter. D.P.D.T. Switches, 20c each; Ammeter, 40c: High grade 4x5
Francis T. Crump. Jr.. Columbus. Ind. Hustler Motor, 40c: Receivers, 1000 ohm D.P., zer. "Oc. All new. never used.
$1; 2, 75 ohm DP., $1; 2, 75 ohm S.P., 60c. Folding Camera, uses films or plates, automatic
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—4 HP. motor-
8 speed shutter, carrving case. etc.. $15. J. Frank
cycle engine $15 for bicycle, rifle or what? M. J. Satisfaction guaranteed. C. Krummenacker, 1034
Liese. 511 S. Morgan St.. Chicago, 111. 7.1 St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Key. Buena Vista. V'a.
You benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when uriting to adierliscrs.

... : . —
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July. 1917

224
=^
Opportunity Exchange
VOL" will probably find more opportunities and real bargains in these columns than anywhere else
in the country. Most„ good things in
1 lite are hard to find and worth going after— these little ads illustrate that point; you alone will be the real loser if you don t take the
time to scan through these columns. j
Advertisements in this section 4c. a word for each insertion. Count / words per i-
line. j k ,„ ,...-„^;t,H •
Name and address must be included at the aV.ove rate. Cash should accompany all classified advertisements unless piaccd by an accredited
advertising agency.
Ten per cent, discount for 6 issues, 20 per cent, discount for 12 issues from above rate Objectionable or mislea^ling advertisements not
accepted. l t -i-
Advertisements for the August issue should reach uf- not later than June 2d.
i
PEOPLE READ THIS JOLRNAL
feg
AERONAUTICS
EXPERIMENTER PUBLISHING
OiTR 75,000
CO., INC.. 233 Fulton Street,
CHEMIC.M,S
New Vcr,:. \ Y
PATEXTS—Without
Xot due until patent allowed.
advance
^
attorney's
Send sketch for
fees.
free report. Books free. Frank Fuller. Wash-

AERIAL ACE. .Vmerica's only illustrated CHEMICALS FREE for growing chemical plants. ington^
To introduce our chemicals and apparatus to Ex-
weekly, presents the latest developments in aero-
nautics throughout the world. Up to the minute perimenters, we will send free, the necessary IDEAS WAXTED—
Manufacturers are writing
concerning aero-engines, chemicals to grow trees, grass, etc. Send 10c for patents procured through me. Four books with
technical intormation
accessories and patents. Complete coin (refunded on first order) for postage and list hundreds of inventions wanted sent free. I
aeroplanes, 307 West
Trial subscription catalog. Zenith Chemical Laboratories, help vou market vour invention. Advice Free.
model news and instruction.
bample Second St.. Duluth, Minn. R. B. Owen. 130 Owen Bldg., Washington, D. C.
six months, twentv-six issues. One Dollar
copy free. Aerial Age, 2S0 Madison Ave., New
York City. New York HELP W.\NTED PATEXTS— R. Morgan Elliott & Co.. Patent
Attorneys. Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical
Experts^ 716-724 Woodward Bldg., Washington,
BOOKS WAR MEAN'S THOUSAXDS Men -Women. 18
D. C.
or over, by Government for excellent
wanted
TO GET BETTER PICTURES; Read the clerical positions, SlOO month. Steady work. Short
Amateur Photographer's Weekly; dlustrated; hours. Life appointment- Common education JOHN M. McLACHLEX, attorney-at-law
weekly prize competitions; print criticisms; many sufficient. Write immediately for free list of Patent causes. Inion Trust Bldg., Washington,
unique features: SI. 50 per year; three months trial positions now obtainable. Franklin Institute. D. C.
subscription, 25c. Abel Publishing Company. 401 Dept. T>27. Rochester, X. Y.
Caxton Bldg., Cleveland. Ohio^ PHOXOGRAPHS
—
BOOKS Scientific and wireless supplied. Let MISCELLAXEOUS
BUILD YOUR OWX PHOXOGRAPH
us know what vou want and we will quote you. or
Experimenter Pub. Co., 233 Fulton St., New ^ ork BOYS: —
LOOK: Send one dime for the Letter manufacture them for profit. Drawings, instruc-
Citv^ ^_^ '"H"' Puzzle, the hardest on the market to solve.
Or the 'Phantom Trick Cards." The greatest
tions, Twenty-five Cents.
etc.. Satisfaction guar-
Associated Phonograph
A BINDER for THE ELECTRICAL EXPERI- card trick ever invented. Chas. H. Derr, 306 N.
anteed. Circular free.
Co., Dept. E, CincJnnati-
MENTER will preserve your copies for all time.
Send for 9th St., Allentown, Pa.
Price 50c. Postage on 3 lbs. is extra.
one todav. Experimenter Pub. Co., 233 Fulton PHOTOGRAPHY
St., NewY'ork City. DECALCOMAXIE Initials for monograming
automobiles, Wholesale price list and samples
DO YOU W.^NT back numbers of THE ELEC-
etc.
free. A set of Old English letters and material FILMS DEVELOPED FREE. Prints any size,
TRIC.\L EXPERIMENTER? Send for bound for quickly applying Sl.OO postpaid.^ Globe Deca!- 30c dozen. A. Hill, 6112 Woodland Ave., Cleve-
volume No. 3 containing issues from May, 1915
comanie Co., Mfgs., Jersey City, X. J. land, Ohio.
to April, 1916. Price, $1-25. Postage on 7 lbs.
is extra. Experimenter Pub. Co., 233 Fulton St.,
FORMULAS— We will send you the Formula MOVIXG PICTURE FILM lOc. 48 real mov-
New Y'ork City. for anything you want to know for 1 Oc coin ) < ing pictures three feet long. 10c stamps or coin.
\S'E HAX'E a limited number of beautiful art Xational E.xchange, 1314 Park Ave., Xew York. P. O. Box 257. Lewiston, Maine.
pictures of the following famous electrical men on
hand. Nikola Tesia, Thomas A. Edison. Guglielmo STAMPS— 75, all different, free. Postage. 2c.
WIRELESS
Marconi. Charles P. Steinmetz. and Reginald A. Mention paper. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo, Ohio.
Fessendcn. These make a handsome decoration for
any laboratory or workshop and should be prom- SEXD 4c for our new. complete catalog of
inently displayed. Price for five, prepaid, 25c. Electrical, Mechanical and Automobile Books. We
Experimenter Pub. Co., 233 Fulton St. New York also carry a complete line of Electrical and
City. Automobile supplies, flashlights, transformers, spot-
Prices lower. Get your copy today.
OLD E.E. B.\CK NUMBERS—We
have some M 131 LAKE AVE.. lights and etc.
will pav to investigate. Xorth western Ohio
valuable old E.E. back numbers on hand as per ^ . Lancaster, N. \'.
It
Specialty Co.. Box 493, Central Sta. Toledo, Ohio.
list below.
1915 March .price each $.20 m Feb. 22, 1917.
.price each $.25 April
" " "
.
AMATEUR BEXCH LATHE—Austin make. 8"

Jan. . between centers, 3 speed pulley, very strong, neat
H
.
Feb. .. May .. . '* " " Gentlemen and efficient. Price only S3, worth double.
March June .
'• " " H I wish to tell }-ou that ray ad. in Limited supply on hand. Louis E. Schwab, 3708
April . July .. .
*'
"
«(
tl
tt
n
S the E. E. was a great success, and
Brooklyn Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
May .. August .
H e.xceeded all expectations. I had re- KILL TWOBIRDS with one stone. Help your
*' tt »i
June Sept. country AXD yourself. The first S50 profits we
July .. Oct.
.
..
" *' " H pliesbefore I had received a copy of make on this advertisement buys Liberty Bond.
August Nor. .. .
*• ..
"
«(
H the issue myself. This goes to show Improved Electron Relays are BEST and have 800
hour guarantee, S5 prepaid. PREPARE FOR
Sept. . Dec. .. . "
B that ever>- issue is looked for with peace: Somerville Radio Laboratory, 102 Heath
1917 St., Somerville, Mass.
Oct.
Xov.
.
. Jan. .. . , *• " .15

M great interest, and the w ide field voiir
Feb. " « .(
paper covers. I certainly will recom- XOW THAT AMATEUR WIRELESS is ta-
Dec. .. .. .
1916 March .
" "
"
"
"
H mend it to the amateurs that have booed use your transformer, etc.. for high fre-
quency experiments. I have the apparatus you
Jan.
Feb.
.
..
^0 April
May "
. . .
..
•*
" **
H
=
something to trade or sell.
Yours resfcctfully,
want or can build it. C. H. Rauschenberg, Ex.
E. Charleroi, Pa.
We
can fill orders at once upon receipt of your
remittance and if you have not these numbers al- G. \V. Bradfopo.
ready now is your chance to get them as they prob- HORSEPOWER? I will furnish a standard
ably will be snapped up rery quickly. Experi- revolution counter and directions for finding the
menter Publishing Co., 233 Fulton St., New York horsepower of any motor for 40c, counter alone
worth 75c. Louis E. Schwab, 3708 Brooklyn,
City.
DAMAGED
^ Cleveland, Ohio.
FIRE SALE OF SLIGHTLY p" rn-ni "I'lTminiiniiiLi "?raiiiiiiffi FIRE SALE—We have a great many slightly
BOr*KS. Due to fire in our stock rooms, a great
many oi our books were water stained but not other- damaged electrical apparatus and supplies on hand
wise damaged. Rather than dispose of them to which we are selling at extraordinarily low prices
while they last. These goods were damaged in our
dealers we prefer to give our readers the benefit. PATENT ATTORNEYS recent fi're and embraces such ôods as telephone
Look at this list! Our Celebrated Wireless Course,
160 pages. 400 illustrations; List of Radio Stations receivers, telephone cords, printing presses, telim-
of the World; Experimental Electricity Course, PATEXTS OX EASY PAYMEXTS. Send phones, detectors, tuning coils, rotary condensers,
U)0 pages, 350 illustrations; How to Make Wireless model or sketch for Free Search and Certified leyden jars, porcelain tube insulators, strap keys,
Sending Instruments. These four books for SI. 50 Registration of Your Invention for Your Protec- Gernsback relays. Inter-City transmitting outfits,
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JULY, 1917 15 CENTS

POPULAR ELECTRICAL NEWS ILLUSTRATED

^ LARGEST CIRCULATION OF ANY ELECTRICAL PUBLICATION

YOU CAN DO THIS

AFTER HOME STUDY

^" ^^ ^" ^^ ^" "^ ^^ *" "• ^" "" "^

Without obligation on my part kindly send at once, fully prepaid,

yon benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

Size The most comprehensive Wireless Course ever printed. Con-

HERE'S THE OFFER

eign $2.00) and we will send you FREE

This Offer Limited. Act Now

You benefit by inentioiiing "The Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

Learn NOW — at home — by

The most sensational oflfer ever made. I

Lessons duty, because I owe it to my country to do

FffiE member. I can accept only a limited number

Without any obligation on my part, please send me full

> fdfnja^ibil 'abflwi^ your wonderful new

Vol.V Whole No. 51 CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1917 No. 3

167 By Samuel Cohen 190

LVt^^rMNG—HOW^TirPROTECT' yourself" "if! i=^^^

War and the Inventor

its grave waste basket.

TYPE 0J3— $400.00 COMPLETE

TYPE "S" —$60.00

YoH benefit by mentioning "The Electrical Experivicnter" when u-riting to advertisers.

Locating and Destroying Subm arines with Red Light

166 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER July. 1917

with unfeeling senses, i. e.. with-

Above — Complete DussaudExperimentaf

of the Dussaud Type Intended for Use by

How the Submarine Can Hit a Ship It Never Sees

lifcome a most menacing factor in

Does Radiant Light Possess Weight?

THE study of light presents some very

Is"ISgM"^ Material Substance?

POWERFUL MAGNET POLES OEFIECTEO^-,

"ALPHA RAYS--^VJg|^^'^'''B ETA HAYS"

Fremlech as well as Einstein and That "Li^f maybe a material

War and Radio In the Movies

affront. I'ettrus distinguishes himsell at the

Here You Have a Chance to See a Spy's

watching the tobacconist,whom he knows to taken an important post in Great Britain,

attack on the victim over his heart which the Enemy's

Then the paymaster of the destrover

tim of his end, and exults over the detec- \\ e were

a wireless arrangement, the mind in control

U. S. Battleships to Run on Land

EVERY war brings out a host of

vehicles, w h c h had never

July, 1917 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 171

The Marvels of Radio-Activity

certain investigators that

taneously, these stances in nature

compounds were radio-

Back to the Days of '^Volta''

r4*v* iff- :(^f'"i':^ cm-j^ £^y

charges it at a pressure of thousands of to a difference of potential of 5.000,000,000

r4v iff- :(^f'"i':^ cm-j^ £^y