Wasit University College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Wasit University College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Wasit University College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
College Of Engineering
Department Of Electrical Engineering
First course
History:2020/4/24
When you complete the reading, you will have knowledge of the
following:
- When transmitting electrical power over long distances, which is better: by AC or DC, and why.
- Why is transmission line 11KV OR 33KV, 66KV not in 10KV, 20KV, or 30KV.
-Line losses.
1
Introduction
The electricity transmission system consists of several components, the most important of which
are:
-Transmission lines are mounted on electricity towers or buried underground cable eyeballs .
-Electrical transformers of both booster and low voltage.
-Substations .
*In this research we will talk about Overhead Power Transmission Lines .
However the first practical use of overhead lines was in the context of
telegraphy. By 1837 experimental commercial telegraph systems ran
as far as 20 km (13 miles). Electric power transmission was
accomplished in 1882 with the first high-voltage transmission between
Munich and Miesbach (60 km). 1891 saw the construction of the first
three-phase alternating current overhead line on the occasion of the
International Electricity Exhibition in Frankfurt, between Lauffen and
Frankfurt.
The difference between Overhead Transmission Line and Overhead Distribution Line
Transmission line voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages, such as
66 kV and 33 kV.
- Shield and Ground wire – used primarily for protection from lightning
strikes and corresponding surges
The voltage is stepped down again to 11kV at a substation. Large industrial consumers can be supplied at
11kV directly from these substations. Also, feeders emerge from these substations. This stage is called as
primary distribution.
Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which carry power close to the load points (end
consumers) up to a couple of kilometers. Finally, the voltage is stepped down to 415 volts by a pole-
mounted distribution transformer and delivered to the distributors. End consumers are supplied through a
service mains line from distributors. The secondary distribution system consists of feeders, distributors
and service mains.
AC vs DC Transmission Line
AC is used to transmit electrical energy, although it is more complex than DC. However, AC power has a
number of advantages over DC:
The generation companies tend to or used to generate round figure voltages like 10kV, 20kV, 60kV, 120kV
etc. But this huge voltage needs to be transmitted over huge distance. The overhead line through which the
power will be transmitted has its own impedance which will cause a considerable amount of voltage drop.
This drop as being calculated is near about 10% based on all Physical factors. That’s why generation
companies add 10% more in their actual target which neutralizes the line losses and the receiving end gets
the targeted result. So,
Conductors
The most common conductor in use for transmission today is
aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR). Also seeing much
use is all-aluminum-alloy conductor (AAAC). Aluminum is used
because it has about half the weight and lower cost of a
comparable resistance copper cable. It does, however, require a
larger diameter than copper because of lower specific
conductivity. Copper was more popular in the past and is still in
use, especially at lower voltages and for grounding.
Summer effects
The amount of heat dissipated from power conductors is reduced during hot and calm weather conditions.
Basically, if the temperature of air around the cable is low, more heat is lost from the cable to the air. If the air
is already hot, the exchange of heat is lesser. This low heat dissipation causes the lines to overheat. However,
the rise in conductor temperature (overheating) worsens when cables are transmitting too much power than
required. The first effect of this increased conductor temperature is snagging, which is the downward bulging
of the cable between two poles, caused by the increase in the length of cables.
Winter effects
5
Line Losses:
Transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost to
resistance, which varies depending on the specific conductors, the current flowing
and the length of the transmission line. For
example, a 100 mi (160 km) span at 765 kV
carrying 1000 MW of power can have losses of
1.1% to 0.5%. A 345 kV line carrying the same
load across the same distance has losses of
4.2%.For a given amount of power, a higher
voltage reduces the current and thus the
resistive losses in the conductor. For
example, raising the voltage by a factor of 10
reduces the current by a corresponding factor
of 10 and therefore the {𝐼2𝑅} losses by a factor
Factors that affect the resistance, and thus loss, of conductors used in transmission
and distribution lines include effect. The resistance of a conductor increases with its
temperature. Temperature changes in
electric power lines can have a significant
effect on power losses in the line. Spiraling,
which refers to the way stranded
conductors spiral about the center, also
contributes to increases in conductor
resistance. The skin effect causes the
effective resistance of a conductor to
increase at higher alternating current
frequencies. Corona and resistive losses
can be estimated using a mathematical
model.
6
Classification of transmission lines
By operating voltage:
Overhead power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of voltages:
Low voltage (LV) – less than 1000 volts, used for connection between a residential
or small commercial customer and the utility.
Medium voltage (MV; distribution) – between 1000 volts (1 kV) and 69 kV, used for
distribution in urban and rural areas.
High voltage (HV; sub transmission less than 100 kV - sub transmission or
transmission at voltages such as 115 kV and 138 kV), used for sub-transmission
and transmission of bulk quantities of electric power and connection to very large
consumers.
Extra high voltage (EHV; transmission) – from 345 kV, up to about 800 kV used for
long distance, very high power transmission.
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) – higher than 800 kV. The Financial Times reported UHV
lines are a "game changer", making a global electricity grid potentially
feasible. State Grid said that compared to conventional lines, UHV enables the
transmission of five times more power, over six times the distance.
7
How electricity gets to your house:
2. The current is sent through transformers to increase the voltage to push the
power long distances.
3. The electrical charge goes through high-voltage transmission lines that stretch
across the country.
6. It connects to your house and passes through a meter that measures how much
your family uses.
7. The electricity goes to the service panel in your basement or garage, where
breakers or fuses protect the wires inside your house from being overloaded.
(Never touch a service panel! It is only to be operated by your parents or a
professional.)
8. The electricity travels through wires inside the walls to the outlets and switches
all over your house.
8
Resources
1- www.google.com
2- www.wikipedia.org
3- www.quora.com
4- Electrical Design of Overhead Power Transmission Lines
5- Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design
6- Transmission Line Calculator (Including radiation and surface-wave excitation losses)
7- Electrical Power Transmission And Distribution
8- www.large.stanford.edu
9- www.slideshare.net
10- Grigsby, L. L., et al. The Electric Power Engineering Handbook
"The first rule of success that surpasses any other rule is the
possession of power. It is important to know how this power is
focused, tamed and directed on important things, rather than