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    Kiln Firing Chart: Event Temperature Cone Incandescence

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    Kiln Firing Chart: Event Temperature Cone Incandescence

    Uploaded by

    Gogu7778 Gogu7778
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    KilnFiringChart

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    148 views1 page

    Kiln Firing Chart: Event Temperature Cone Incandescence

    Uploaded by

    Gogu7778 Gogu7778

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    Kiln Firing Chart

    Firing converts ceramic work from weak greenware into a strong, durable permanent form. As the temper-
    ature in a kiln rises, many changes take place at different temperatures and understanding what happens
    during the firng can help you avoid problems with a variety of clay and glaze faults related to firing.

    Temperature Cone Incandescence Event


    °C °F (approx.)
    1400 2552 14 Brilliant white End of porcelain range.
    13
    12
    11
    10
    1300 2372 9 White End of stoneware range.
    8
    7
    6 Yellow-white
    1200 2192 5 End of earthenware (red clay) range.
    4
    3
    2 Yellow
    01
    02
    1100 2012 03 Yellow-orange 1100–1200˚C: Mullite and cristobalite (two types of silica) form as
    04 clay begins to convert to glass. Particles start melting together to
    form crystals, and materials shrink as they become more dense.
    05 Soaking (holding the end temperature) increases the amount of
    Orange
    1000 1832 06 fused material and the amount of chemical action between the
    07 fluxes and the more refractory materials.
    08
    09 Red-orange
    010
    900 1652 011 800–900˚C: the beginning of sintering, the stage where clay
    012 particles begin to cement themselves together to create a hard
    013 material called bisque.
    014 Cherry red
    015

    016 300–800˚C: Carbonaceous materials (impurities in the clay along with


    800 1472
    paper, wax, etc.) burn out. The kiln requires ample air during this stage
    017 since after 800˚C sintering begins and the clay surface begins to seal off,
    018 Dull red trapping unburned materials and sulfides, which can cause bloating and
    black coring.
    700 1292 019
    020
    021 Dark red
    600 1112 022

    Dull red glow 573˚C: Quartz inversion occurs where the quartz crystals change
    from an alpha (α) structure to a beta (β) structure. The inversion is
    500 932 reversed on cooling. This conversion creates stressses in the clay so
    temperature changes must be slow to avoid cracking the work.
    Black
    400 752
    Between 480–700ºC chemical water (“water smoke”) is driven off.
    300 572

    200 392 Upon cooling, cristobalite, a crystalline form of silica found in all clay
    bodies, shrinks suddenly at 220ºC. Fast cooling at this temperature
    causes ware to crack.

    100 212 Water boils and converts to steam at 100ºC. Trapped water
    causes clay to explode so keep the kiln below 100ºC until all
    water has evaporated.

    ©2010 Ceramic Publications Company

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