5

Assault on Science and History

--Amar Farooqui

Ancient Science and Hindutva

--Prabir Purkayastha

On Distorted Periodisation of History

--Dr. R.P. Bahuguna

RSS Takeover of Institutions

--Prof. P. Gopinath

"Take Over"--The RSS Way

Cartoon on Front Cover: Courtesy The Hindu

Introduction

The CPI(M) is bringing out a series of six booklets entitled RSS Against
India.

The booklets contain essays written by eminent intellectuals, political

leaders and activists which have been grouped together to bring out
different aspects of the retrograde and divisive role the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has played throughout its history and
continues to do at present.

They include (1) The RSS role in India’s freedom movement and its
communal role in independent India (2) the RSS concept of Hindu
Rashtra and its approach to caste, gender and adivasis (3) The “beef “
politics of the RSS (4) the RSS understanding of neo-liberal economic
policies and of the working classes (5) the RSS distortion of Science
and History (6) speeches of General Secretary Sitaram Yechury and
Polit Bureau member Md. Salim in the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
respectively during the debate in Parliament in November 2015, on
“Constitution Day”and on “Growing Intolerance.”

Several of the essays in these booklets quote from the published writings
of RSS founders particularly from the writings of M.S.Golwalkar, the
second Sarsanghchalak of the RSS. It may be asked what relevance
do these writings have to an analysis of contemporary activities of the
RSS. These are texts which remain the fountainhead of RSS ideology,
and continue to determine its world view and practice. Three quarters
of a century may have passed since Golwalkar’s We—or our
Nationhood Defined and a Bunch of Thoughts were written, but
their toxic concepts have been articulated by RSS Chiefs throughout it actually is in a position of control in this Government. When a roll call
this period including the present RSS Chief, Mohan Bhagwat’s statement of Ministers is taken for the presentation of a report card to RSS leaders,
that Hindustan is for Hindus. In all these years not in a single statement, it is clear who is calling the shots. It is therefore necessary to expose
writing or text in any of the publications of the RSS or its political wing the RSS, its links to the Government and the extra constitutional power
the BJP has there been even a semblance of a distancing, leave alone a it wields today.
rejection, of any of the formulations made by RSS founders. On the
contrary, the present Prime Minister has written a biographical Further, Narendra Modi was a pracharak, a full time worker of the
profile of Golwalkar in his book “Jyotipunj” describing Golwalkar as RSS owing total allegiance to its ideology, its theories and practice. For
one of his inspirations. Therefore the quotations used in the booklets to a pracharak to become the Prime Minister of India is a big step forward
illustrate RSS ideology, some repeated, are relevant to an understanding in the RSS project. Gujarat 2002 was a result as well as an experiment
of the “core “ of this organization, which has been inspired by videshi of the Hindu rashtra project under his leadership in which he was fully
fascists--Hitler’s Nazis and Mussolini’s Blackshirts. backed by the RSS. In 2013-2014, when differences arose in the BJP
as to who should lead the party’s bid for power in the 2014 Lok Sabha
The question may also be raised that are these exposures of the RSS at elections, it was the RSS which not only backed Modi’s candidature but
all necessary and do they not inadvertently enhance its importance? directly intervened to silence the opposition of L.K.Advani and other
The RSS, as many of the essays in these booklets show, appeals to the senior leaders. The Prime Minister’s refusal to take any action against
lowest denominator in human behavior in inciting violence against “the those who are his colleagues in the RSS and are now in positions of
other.” In doing so it seeks to exploit religious feelings and utilises power in the BJP in spite of their repeated communally provocative
traditions and beliefs based on social and gender inequalities that still actions and statements is a reflection of his loyalty to the RSS. For
influence a substantial section of our people. Hindutva as preached by India’s Prime Minister it is RSS first.
the RSS is a political concept coined by V.D.Savarkar, far from the
world of ordinary Hindu believers. Those fighting against the utilization It is thus necessary to provide the facts, the deeds and the analysis of
of religion for political ends need to be conscious of the dimensions of what the RSS actually represents. We hope this series will be useful in
the battle. the struggle to safeguard and strengthen the principles of secularism,
democracy and equality.
Religion as a political tool is used by fundamentalist forces of various
hues and in the name of various religious faiths. The role of Muslim
On behalf of the central publications team we express our gratitude to
fundamentalist forces who are increasing their reach among sections
the authors of these essays, and to the comrades and friends of the
of Muslim youth are a matter of deep concern and they need to be
Party who helped bring out this series. We also thank the cartoonists
isolated and fought back.
for permission to use their work.
These forces are encouraged by majoritarian Hindu fundamentalists
who falsely claim to represent the nation. These apparently opposing
forces strengthen each other and divert attention from the basic problems Brinda Karat
of the people. Polit Bureau Member

With the advent of the BJP Government led by Narendra Modi at the
centre, the RSS not only has free access to the levers of power, which
it also in large measure enjoyed during Atal Behari Vajpayee’s time, but

4 5
 crore project for establishing the historicity of the sacred Saraswati
river! A reference might be made here to the Saraswati Nadi Shodh
Samsthan, in existence since the late 1990s and headed by well-known
RSS functionary, Darshan Lal Jain, to ‘revive’ the sacred river.

y
or
st
Two interconnected issues are at stake here, both vital to the Sangh

Hi
Parivar. The first is an unease over the association of India’s earliest
civilization, the Harappan civilization (also known as‘Indus valley
civilization’), with the river Indus. A substantial portion of this river now
Assault on Science and History lies in Pakistan, rendering an area in ‘enemy territory’ as the most
important site of the most ancient urban cultures of the subcontinent.
The Sangh Parivar has, therefore, been intervening to formally rename
Amar Farooqui the Harappan civilization as ‘Saraswati civilization’ (or, ‘Saraswati–
Sindhu civilization’).

The political boundaries separating India from Pakistan were artificially

The Chief Minister of Haryana and veteran RSS pracharak M.L. Khattar demarcated only in 1947 and are really quite irrelevant for the early
recently made the statement that river Saraswati was an article of faith history of the subcontinent.The Harappan sites, a small proportion of
for Hindus (Indian Express,16 October 2015). Without going into which have been excavated and studied, are spread over a very wide
whether he has authority to speak on behalf of all Hindus or whether area,which includes Sindh, Punjab (west and east), Haryana, Rajasthan,
his views are indeed representative of their beliefs, we should note Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. At one end in the west, a site has been
that it is also being claimed that the Saraswati flowed through discovered in northern Afghanistan (Shortughai, on the river Oxus Amu
Haryana and Rajasthan; that the existing river Ghaggar is a remnant Darya), while the eastern extremity of the settlements is a site
of ancient Saraswati; and that the Saraswati continues to flow Alamgirpur in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. Sites over this vast
underground. Resources of the state are being used to assert spurious zone display a remarkable uniformity. Hence scholars now prefer to go
historical evidence for this claim. by the archaeological convention of labelling all these sites as
‘Harappan’, since Harappa (located in Sahiwal district, Punjab, Pakistan)
For instance, when in the first week of May 2015, the presence of
was the first excavated site of the civilization to be identified in terms of
underground water was found during the course of digging (under the
its distinctive historical features. For the same reason some scholars
MNREGA scheme) at the village of Mughalwali in Yamunanagar district
use the label ‘Indus civilization’: many of the initial which were to be
of Haryana, it was promptly declared by state functionaries that this
recognized, in the early 1920s, as providing evidence of the existence
was proof of the subterranean existence of the sacred river Saraswati.
of a highly developed ancient urban civilization in the Indian subcontinent
Opinion of historians or the Archaeological Survey of India was not
were located in the Indus valley (e.g., Mohenjodaro).
even sought. Professional criteria were set aside to serve the divisive
political agenda of the Sangh Parivar. The second issue is more complex since it also wreaks havoc with
historical chronology. It is asserted that the course of the sacred
The supposed breakthrough in Yamunanagar district was achieved barely
Saraswati (through what is now Haryana) was the nucleus of the
two weeks after the Haryana government formally launched a Rs 50
‘Saraswati’ civilization that extended from the Indus in the west to

6 7
the Ganga in the east: the discovery of several Harappan sites, many be pushed back by hundreds, if not thousands, of years, since
located close to the Ghaggar, is cited as evidence.A connection is also considerable amount of time is required for transition from an early
made between the Saraswati and the Yamuna (supposed, over centuries, pastoral and agrarian society (of the kind reflected in the Rig Veda), to
to have shifted eastwards) to assert that present-day Haryana and an urban society of the type represented by the mature Harappan
parts of western Uttar Pradesh were the core area of the civilization. civilization.
Its most coherent presentation is by David Frawley, an American self-
proclaimed Sanskrit scholar, honoured with a Padma Bhushan in 2015 Reference may be made to a state-funded ‘national seminar’ organized
by the present BJP government and invited by the chairperson of the by the Department of Sanskrit, University of Delhi, in September 2015,
Indian Council of Historical Research (Y. Sudarshan Rao, an ardent on the theme‘Vedic Chronology: A Reassessment’. In his keynote
advocate of the Sangh Parivar’s 'vision'), to deliver its prestigious address, the head of the department declared that the Vedas are nearly
foundation day lecture. The work of Frawley, of no standing among five thousand years older than the generally accepted date for their
professional historians anywhere in the world, is being officially composition. Some speakers pushed the date back further, to around
celebrated: an American’s endorsement seems useful for a semblance 7500 BC, which means that the revised date for the Rig Veda would be
of respectability! almost six thousand years earlier than the generally accepted date!
Again, this is put forth not as a matter of faith:we are told that the date
In his book, Gods, Sages and Kings: Vedic Secrets of Ancient is an established and verifiable historical fact, based upon some
Civilization, Frawley asserts that Saraswati is the most important of astronomical data in the Rig Veda. The assertion is not entirely original.
the rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda, ‘the central and the greatest of
the rivers’; and that ‘it is clear from the Rig Veda and the Vedic tradition In 1994, Subhash Kak, a computer engineer based in the US,had
that the homeland of its people is the Saraswati river’. Of the Yamuna, published a book entitled The Astronomical Code of the Rig Veda
he says it ‘first flowed west and only later flowed east into the Ganges challenging the accepted chronology. Citing information of an
as it does today’. And the Ganga too was a tributary of the Saraswati: astronomical nature (supposedly encoded in the Vedas, in the design
‘Yet earlier in the prehistoric era the Ganges also appears to have flowed prescribed for fire altars) he contended that the Rig Veda belonged,
west into the Saraswati, like the Yamuna’. In other words, the Rig according to his calculations, to the period circa 4000–3000 BC.The
Veda was composed by Vedic-Sanskrit speaking people inhabiting the ‘national seminar’ mentioned above took even greater liberty with dates,
banks of the mighty Saraswati. Frawley then takes a leap: ‘Indus valley adding another three to four thousand years!
culture must be post-Vedic. The Saraswati stopped flowing about the
time of the end of the Indus valley culture’, he says (all quotations in Historians often have differences of opinion, resulting in scholarly debates,
this paragraph are from Part I: Chapter 2 of Frawley’s book). His about chronology; yet, on such an issue, when a broad consensus has
argument is: if the Rig Veda was composed after the decline of the evolved through a long tradition of historical scholarship on the subject,
Harappan civilization, by which time the Saraswati was no longer a the debate may be about a few hundred years at the most—not
mighty river, there would have been no reason for the sacred text to thousands of years.One is reminded of the writings of the Swiss author
glorify it in the way that it does. His conjecture is completely at odds Erich von Däniken who in his entertaining (and that is about all)
with the chronological framework that professional historians have bestseller Chariots of the Gods (1968) suggested that the pyramids,
worked out after decades of study: that the Vedic age began a few among other ancient monumental structures, were built by extra-
centuries after the end of the Harappan civilization. terrestrial beings rather than humans! But what the Sangh Parivar is
trying to do has sinister motives and serious repercussions: Govind
His intellectual subterfuge then demands that the date of the Rig Veda Pansare and M.M. Kalburgi, both engaged in campaigns to propagate

8 9
a rational and historical understanding of India’s past, were murdered mature phase by 2500 BC. The mature phase lasted till 2000 BC, and
in cold blood, and history is being used for furthering a cynically divisive the civilization came to an abrupt end between 2000 and 1900 BC. In
agenda. the generally accepted history of the subcontinent, in the way in which
the international community of professional historians understands this
The 1990s were critical for the ideological onslaught on historical history, the end of the Harappan civilization was marked by the
scholarship, coinciding, as it did, with aggressive political mobilization disappearance of urban centres, and many other prominent features of
by the Sangh Parivar. An active role was played in this by sections of the civilization: for instance the use of standardized bricks. This was
the Indian diaspora in USA: in 1995, Kak co-authored a book with followed by another historical phase in the north-western part of the
David Frawley, In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, which seeks subcontinent,for which evidence comes from the Rig Veda as well as
to rubbish most of the existing historical scholarship on Mesopotamia archaeology:this phase is designated as the Early Vedic Age (1500 to
by asserting that India was ‘the cradle of civilization’. These amateurish 1000 BC). It was an entirely rural society, combining pastoralism with
formulations are not sustained by well-recognized protocols of the some agriculture. Linguistically, this was predominantly a society of
discipline. people who spoke Vedic-Sanskrit, the language of the Rig Veda, though
it might have included other linguistic communities as well.
To put India’s ancient past in perspective, it needs to be underlined that
the earliest food-producing societies emerged around 9000 BC in The horse, to which there are constant references in the Rig Veda, is
Palestine. It took another three thousand years for early food-producing the distinctive signature of the Vedic-Sanskrit speaking communities.
cultures to spread to northern Iraq, and yet another 2500 years for There is no evidence of the domesticated horse in the Harappan
urban settlements to emerge in southern Iraq, i.e., by circa 3500 BC. civilization. Not surprisingly, attempts have been made to ‘manufacture’
Within two to three hundred years a mature urban civilization, the this evidence, now completely discredited — much to the discomfiture
Sumerian civilization, was flourishing in southern Iraq. This chronology of the likes of N.S. Rajaram who made this claim in his The Deciphered
is based upon very extensive archaeological evidence, which can now Indus Script (2000). Incidentally, the script remains undeciphered, if it
be dated with much precision using extremely advanced scientific is a full-fledged script at all. An illustration in this book purports to be
techniques. In the case of southern Iraq this evidence can be combined the depiction of a horse on a Harappan seal. It was shown to be a hoax,
with literary evidence, from the large number of clay-tablets on which and Rajaram had to admit that the illustration was a ‘computer enhanced
are preserved written records in the decipherable ‘cuneiform’ script of image’. Rajaram, whose training is in mathematics, and who worked
the Sumerians. It took nearly six thousand years for the transition to be with the NASA in USA as an engineer at some stage of his career, co-
made in West Asia from early food-producing societies, which used authored a book with David Frawley in 1995 on the ‘origins of
stone tools (these are designated ‘Neolithic cultures’), to metal using civilization’.
societies.
As evident, much of the impetus for the assault on history is coming
In the Indian sub-continent, the shift to food production took place around from non-historians, usually people with training in natural sciences or
7000 BC. The evidence for this comes from Mehrgarh, a Neolithic site mathematics, and based in the United States; and it is no 'cutting-edge
located in Baluchistan. Besides, some early Neolithic sites have been historical research’.
found on the periphery of the Vindhyas, a few of which are contemporary
with Mehrgarh. We should bear in mind that as the pastoral and agrarian economy of
the Vedic era was evolving in north-west and northern India with its
The Harappan civilization evolved around 2600 BC and entered its own specificities, subsistence patterns based upon food gathering and

10 11
hunting, or on food production, or a combination of the two, continued Since upper castes strictly adhered to endogamy, it was assumed, they
to evolve in other parts of the subcontinent. The chronology for Neolithic had retained their ‘Aryan’ racial purity.
cultures and the transition to metal use is slightly different for central
India, south India, eastern India and the north-east. In Manipur, for Assertions about the Aryan racial supremacy reached their climax in
example, the Neolithic settlement at Napchik has been dated to circa Nazi Germany. Hitler enacted a law (April 1933) by which all ‘non-
1700 BC. Neolithic tools have been found in Meghalaya (Selbalgiri), Aryans’ were excluded from employment in government institutions,
Assam (Sarutaru) and Nagaland, but have not been adequately excavated and eventually from German citizenship, leading to mass killings of Jews
or studied. These need to be accorded priority for a more comprehensive and Slavs, accompanied by historical brainwashing of the German
understanding of the early history of the subcontinent. The focus on people. In the India of today such extremes are not possible and will not
northern India has deprived these regions of state support for historical be allowed, but we need to guard ourselves against the dangers to our
research, resulting in gaps in our knowledge that could become more democracy that could result from the wiping out of our secular traditions
glaring given the political agenda of the BJP government. from popular memory and their replacement by a hate-filled view of
our past.
Needless to say, the obsession with the early history of northern India
and the chronology of the Vedas is ultimately about the ‘Aryan’ ancestry It is a mistake to suggest that the Sangh Parivar’s ahistorical assertions
of the Indian nation, which in turn has its origins in the colonial notions about India’s past are alternative ‘interpretations’: they have little validity
of the Aryan race. For the Sangh Parivar, those who are descended in terms of historical evidence. More importantly, these assertions are
from the Aryans, the people of the sacred Vedas, are the original and increasingly being made in a language that is abusive, intimidating and
ancient inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent, and have superior claims: vicious, intended to incite violence. Such a massive assault on history,
non-Aryans can only live on sufferance. During the nineteenth century actively supported by the state, can only be resisted through political
colonial ideologues had advanced the idea that the Aryans were a race mobilization.
(rather than a linguistic group, which is the sense in which philologists
had initially used the term), and stood at the top of the racial hierarchy
constructed by them. This notion was refined, reinforced and fine-tuned Poems of Atalji, novel of Mridula Sinha,
by the end of the century, and given a scientific garb. It was asserted economics by Jaswant Singh, History
and science by Murli Manohar Joshi,
that Aryan biological characteristics (as well as characteristics of other
Dharamashastra by Togdia, sociology by
‘races’) could be determined with mathematical precision, through, for Illiterate !!
Modi...this is your course....so children,
instance, anthropometry, which involved, among other procedures,
what will you grow up to?
the recording of the shape and measurement of the nose of individuals
of a ‘racial type’ and a working out of these averages. Arranging these
averages in ascending/descending order was supposed to indicate
‘scientifically’ the status of a race in the racial hierarchy, with the Aryans
(Aryans of north-western Europe, particularly) at the top. The main
‘racial’ characteristics of the Aryans were: a very fair complexion, tall
stature, broad forehead, narrow high-built nose, and relatively thin lips.
In the context of India, colonial ethnographers such as H.H. Risley
(who directed the census operations in 1901) linked race with caste.
Courtesy: Jansatta
12 13
 Transition from one period of history to another does not occur
merely due to change in the religion of the rulers. Not all the rulers
of the ancient period were Hindus. Ashoka, the greatest of them,
was not a Hindu but a Buddhist. Transition from ancient to medieval
was the result of far-reaching socio-economic, political and cultural
transformations that began during the post-Gupta period of the 7th
to 12th century and not after the coming of the Turks. These changes
included growth of regional states, societies and cultures and also
transition from pastoralism to agriculture in many areas. There were
On Distorted Periodisation of History also important changes in the patterns of internal and external trade
and commerce, and in money economy. Buddhism gradually declined
and Brahminical religion began to reassert itself. It was during this
Dr. R.P. Bahuguna period that the Bhakti movement began to take concrete shape,
particularly in South India. Many Muslim communities came to India
as traders, Sufis, travellers and settled peacefully in different parts
Question - 1 of the country which were being ruled by Hindu rulers. Turkish
invasions of the 11th and 12th centuries and the subsequent Turkish
In what ways is RSS’s understanding of the medieval period of conquest only accelerated this process of socio-economic and
Indian history influenced by the colonial scheme of periodization. political change in new ways. The establishment of the Mughal
Is it wrong to characterize this period as the period of ‘Muslim Empire represented yet another stage of medieval Indian history.
rule’?
• Even if it is assumed that the religion of the rulers is an important
Answer - 1 marker of periodization, it is important to note that not all the rulers
of the medieval period were Muslims. The rulers of the Delhi
Colonial historians since the beginning of the 19th century identified the Sultanate, regional sultanates and the Mughal Empire were Muslims.
ancient period of Indian history as ‘Hindu India’ and the medieval period But the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire, its successor states,
as one of ‘Muslim Rule’. RSS ideologues and RSS- influenced historians various Rajput, Maratha, Sikh and Jat kingdoms were non-Muslims.
have adopted this scheme of periodization because it suits their Moreover, after the initial period of military conflict and conquest
communal agenda. Like colonial historians, the RSS also believes that came to an end, Hindu ruling elites became part and parcel of the
the medieval period began with Muslim invasions and Muslim conquest state system established by various sultanates and the Mughal
of northern India. To the RSS, the period between the 13th and 17th Empire. Since Akbar’s reign, Rajputs became an integral part of
centuries is a period of Muslim rule because the Sultanate and the Mughal the Mughal ruling class and some of the Rajput chiefs occupied the
rulers of this period were followers of Islam. However, this interpretation highest positions in the military and administrative hierarchy. At the
of medieval Indian history is completely false and is based on end of Akbar’s reign, Raja Man Singh was the highest ranking
misrepresentation of facts and a narrow understanding of the concept Mughal noble with a rank of 7000 zat. The number of Hindu
of periodization. This becomes clear if we consider the following facts mansabdars continued to increase during the reigns of Jahangir
and arguments: and Shahjahan, and was the highest during the reign of Aurangzeb.
• The Religion of the rulers cannot be the basis for periodization. Contrary to RSS propaganda about Hindus being excluded from
Mughal administration, they occupied some of the top positions in
14 15
 the imperial hierarchy. Since Shahjahan’s reign, even Marathas began formed such an important part of the Mughal ruling class that the
to enter the ranks of Mughal nobility. In 1595 (during the reign of Mughal state can be called a class alliance of two ruling groups -
Akbar), out of a total of 98 nobles of the rank of 500 and above, 22 the Mughals and the Rajputs.
were Hindus, thus constituting 22.5 percent of the Mughal nobility.
• At the level of the ruling classes, we come across instances of both
During the second part of Aurangzeb’s reign (1679-1707), the
conflict and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, and these
number of such Hindu nobles rose to 105 out of 486 (31.6%). Most
acts were guided by political and military considerations. But at the
of the zamindars, which constituted the ruling class at the village,
level of the ordinary people, which included peasants and artisans,
local and regional levels, were Hindus.
the religious identities of ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ did not even exist
Question - 2 and therefore there was no question of Hindu-Muslim conflict. These
identities became universal and all-embracing only in modern times
Does the RSS’s portrayal of medieval Indian history as a period leading to the possibility of occurrence of large scale communal
marked by perpetual Hindu-Muslim conflict constitute conflicts.
falsification of history?
• Many Hindu rulers of the medieval period adopted administrative
Answer - 2 and revenue policies that were influenced by the Sultanate and
Mughal polities. The court culture and court etiquette of most of
The image of Hindu-Muslim conflict in medieval period as presented the Hindu rulers and ruling elites were shaped overwhelmingly by
by RSS is deeply flawed because: Persianate and Islamicate norms. On the other hand, the Mughal
emperors incorporated many Indian practices, symbols and rituals
• Hindu-Muslim communal conflicts are a phenomenon of the modern
in their state system and political culture.
colonial period and they cannot be projected back into the medieval
past because the historical conditions that made such conflict possible Question - 3
in modern times did not exist in the medieval period. At the political
level, there were conflicts between the Rajputs and the Turks, Why is the RSS wrong in portraying the image of Hindu
between Rajputs and the Mughals, between the Mughals and the victimhood and Muslim atrocities on Hindus in medieval India?
Marathas, and between the Mughals and the Sikhs. However these
conflicts were caused primarily by political and territorial ambitions Answer - 3
of the ruling groups and religion did not play any significant role in
them. The Sultanate and Mughal rulers were equally ruthless in This perception is not borne out by facts which are as follows:
suppressing their Muslim enemies and rebels. This is evident from
• So far as destruction of temples is concerned, it is true that some
the way Aurangzeb annexed the Bijapur and Golkunda Sultanates
Sultanate and Mughal rulers damaged or demolished temples in the
whose rulers where Muslims.
territories of rebel chiefs. Particularly those temples were targeted
• Initial periods of political and military conflicts always gave way to which were patronized by their enemies and which were politically
periods of political integration and cooperation. Hindu chiefs began and symbolically important. But we also have instances of patronage
to be incorporated into the Sultanate ruling class from the Tughlaq being extended to many temples and Brahmin priests by the Mughal
period. Many Rajput chiefs occupied important positions in the rulers, including Aurangzeb. Large number of documents throw
ruling class of regional Sultanates. The Marathas were appointed light on Mughal patronage to the temples of the Braj region. Many
on military and administrative posts by the Deccan kingdoms. Rajputs Vaishnava and Nathpanthi shrines were patronized by the Mughal

16 17
 rulers. The Bijapur sultans extended patronage to the temple of ‘Hinduised’ and those that came under the influence of Sufi and
Lord Vithal at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. Desecration of temples other Muslim shrines became ‘Islamized’ in the long run. The
is a complex phenomenon which cannot be explained only in terms Medieval period of Indian history was as much a period of
of anti-Hindu attitude of the Muslim rulers. Aurangzeb, who was ‘Hinduisation’ as it was of ‘Islamization. The historical processes
responsible for the destruction of some prominent temples in the of the rise and growth of large Muslim communities of peasants in
north, did not follow this practice in the Deccan and South where Punjab and Bengal and other parts of the country may be explained
he stayed for the last 26 years of his reign. Most of the ancient in this manner.
temples are still standing there. There is also evidence to show
• The role of the oppressive caste system in conversions cannot be
bestowal of grants by Aurangzeb on temples like the Someshwar
underestimated. A large section of peasants and artisans belonged
Nath Mahadev temple in Allahabad, Jangum Badi Shiva temple in
to the so-called lower castes that bore the brunt of caste oppression.
Banaras, and Umanand temple in Gauhati. Both his actions- of
It is hardly surprising that they were attracted towards Islam which,
destroying temples and giving grants to some other temples-had
at least in theory, made no distinction between one believer and the
more to do with cynical political calculations rather than any
other.
communal motivations.
• The religious denomination of peasants and artisans did not qualify
• There is not much evidence of Delhi sultans imposing Jizya tax on
the degree of exploitation faced by them. Muslim peasants and
non-Muslims during the pre-Firoz Tughlaq period. Akbar abolished
artisans had to pay the same land revenue and tithes to the Mughal
Jizya finally in 1579 AD. Aurangzeb re-imposed this tax in 1679
state and its layers of feudatories ranging from the jagirdars to
which means that it was not collected during the first 22 years of
zamindars and chaudharis or village headmen. It must be emphasized
his reign. Jizya was abolished in the post-Aurangzeb period and
that all the medieval states of India - the Rajput kingdoms of early
was never imposed again.
and later periods, the Chola Empire and its successors, the Delhi
• So far as the issue of forcible conversion to Islam is concerned, all Sultanate and its successors, the Vijayanagara Empire, the Mughal
serious-minded historians now agree that the number of such Empire, the Maratha, Sikh and Jat kingdoms - were based on naked
conversions was very small. Most of the Muslim rulers and nobles use of military force which they regularly used to appropriate the
did not take much interest in converting Hindus to Islam. It is wrong surplus produce of the peasantry. None of these states - whether
to say that a large number of Hindus were forced to convert. It ruled by a Hindu king or a Muslim king-was a benevolent or a
may be pointed out that a large number of peasants and artisans in welfare state. The contradiction of medieval Indian society was
different regions of the country who underwent the process of not between Hindus and the Muslims, but between the surplus-
Islamization were not ‘Hindu’ in the modern sense of the term. It is extracting state and the Hindu-Muslim ruling classes (supported by
wrong to argue that most of the people who ultimately became their religious elites) on the one hand, and the oppressed and toiling
Muslims were originally Hindus. In most cases, it would be more mass of peasants and artisans, on the other. It is the peasants and
appropriate to use the word ‘Islamization’ rather than ‘conversion’. the artisans who were the real victims of the oppression let loose
The process of Islamization was not state-sponsored. It was a slow by the rulers, whether Hindu or Muslim. The RSS narrative of Hindu
process of acculturation into Islam caused by complex socio- ‘victimhood’ is a figment of its communal imagination and has no
economic and ecological factors. One of them was transformation basis in historical reality.
of tribal pastoral communities into peasants. One may say that during
• Lastly, as has been mentioned above, many Hindu ruling groups
the periods of such transformation, the areas and communities which
were beneficiaries of Mughal rule and played an active role in the
came under the influence of the Bhakti movement became

18 19
 consolidation of the Mughal Empire. The commander of the Mughal ideologues ignore, deliberately suppress and distort a wide range and
army that fought against Rana Pratap at Haldighati in 1576 was variety of evidence about the growth of composite culture and religious
none other than Raja Man Singh of Amber. It was Raja Man Singh syncretism in medieval India. The ignorance of the RSS and its per-
who was responsible for the construction of Krishnaite temples at verted sense of history in this regard would become clear from the
Vrindavan during Akbar’s reign. While Rana Pratap spent his last following facts:
twenty years after his defeat in the Battle of Haldighati resisting
• The notions of desh (country) and pardesh (foreign) were funda-
the Mughal power from the hills and forests of Aravali, it was Raja
mentally different in pre-modern India from what they stand for in
Man Singh, as a leading Mughal noble and military general, who
today’s world divided into nation-states based on the modern idea
emerged as the most powerful Hindu chief of his time, and his
of nationalism. Invasions, military conquests, violent territorial con-
patronage to Vaishnava preachers and shrines became the subject-
flicts, growth of regional and local identities, formation and dissolu-
matter of much glorification in contemporary Vaishnava hagiography.
tion of kingdoms and empires, means of transport and communica-
Many Rajputs and their bards looked upon the Battle of Haldighati
tions, and other developments continuously shaped and reshaped
as a conflict between the two rival Rajput kingdoms of the
the notions of belonging to a territory. Sense of patriotism did exist
Kachhwahas and the Sisodias. The Rajput political culture of the
in different forms but it was different from the nationalistic patrio-
period was based on notions of rank, chivalry, hierarchy, attachment
tism of modern times. Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Mongols and Mughals
to land and loyalty. Conflict with Muslim kings could be as much
entered the country in different periods as traders, travellers, Sufis,
justified in terms of these cultural values as cooperation and
intellectuals, craftsmen, and particularly as invaders. The ‘inva-
matrimonial alliances with them. Religion hardly played any
sions’ could also be seen as violent migrations of central Asian
significant role in determining the issues of conflict and cooperation.
tribal peoples whose societies were undergoing transformations.
During the reign of Aurangzeb, Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amber
Once they settled on the Indian soil and made India their home,
was the governor of the Deccan and the commander of Mughal
they ceased to be looked upon as foreigners. It is during the periods
armies against Shivaji. He was assisted by Raja Jaswant Singh of
of political and military conflicts that negative cultural images of
Marwar who was also the governor of Gujarat and Malwa and
adversaries developed. Peacetime representations of the Muslims
commanded Mughal forces in the North West frontier.
by the Indian ruling elites and court-writers were assimilative in
• Far from being the victims of ‘Muslim rule’, many Hindu religious nature. The Muslim rulers and groups also gradually adopted
elites and Hindu ruling groups prospered under the Mughal rule. Indian customs, languages, and cultural practices.
For instance, the Braj and Awadh regions, situated right in the • There occurred gradual growth of cross-cultural interactions in the
heartland of the Mughal Empire, became the centers of Vaishnava fields of religion, art and architecture, language and literature, and
Bhakti. court culture. Many Sanskrit inscriptions of the Sultanate period
Question – 4 heaped praise on the reigning sultans. In Sanskrit and vernacular
writings, we come across instances of medieval Muslim rulers be-
Why is RSS wrong in depicting the medieval period as a ‘dark’ ing equated with Brahminical gods.
period characterized by the decline of Hindu culture under ‘for-
eign’ Muslim rulers? • On the other hand, roughly from the Tughlaq period onwards, we
begin to come across examples of religious interaction. Sultan
Answer - 4 Muhammad Tughlaq (r.1325-1351) played Holi and engaged in re-
Relying heavily on the colonial school of historical writings, the RSS ligious conversations with Jain monks and the Nathpanthi Jogis.
Such interactions increased under the regional sultanates and the
20 21
 Mughals. Amir Khusrau in his literary work titled Nuh Siphir showed
his patriotism by praising India, its climate, languages especially
Sanskrit, its people and even animals. It may also be pointed out
that the use of the term ‘Hindu’ for the inhabitants of India is a gift
of the Arabs and the Iranians. It is they who first referred to people
of these area as Hindu. Gradually, first the Rajputs and other re-
gional non-Muslim rulers and then other upper castes began to call
themselves Hindu. It could not have been possible without cultural
interaction between the Hindu and the Muslim ruling classes.
Ancient Science and Hindutva
• Syncretistic trends began to emerge in architecture, music and lit-
erature in the Sultanate period but they became more pronounced
under the Mughals and the regional sultanates. In the field of mu- Prabir Purkayastha
sic, Amir Khusrau made the initial contribution. The practice of
sama or musical assemblies among the early Chishti Sufis flour-
ished in the Indian milieu. From the late Sultanate period began the
practice of translating Sanskrit works into Persian. Akbar estab- The development of a scientific temper is a directive principle of the
lished a translation bureau and got many Sanskrit works including Indian Constitution. The Indian Constitution, in Article 51 A (h), demands,
Mahabharata translated into Persian. Abul Fazl devoted a large that as a part of the fundamental duties citizens, ‘...develop the
part of his Ain-i-Akbari to a description of Hindu religion that is scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform’.
sympathetic and objective. One important example of cultural syn-
thesis is the growth of Urdu language during the Mughal period. Recently 107 leading scientists in the country joined an increasing number
of intellectuals to protest against the “ environment of growing intolerance
• Last but not the least, religious syncretism was an important fea-
and suppression of dissent. In their statement they had pointed out that
ture of interaction between the Hindus and the Muslims. The Sufi
contrary to the Directive principles “...what we are witnessing instead,
and the Bhakti movements reinforced each other and a common
is the active promotion of irrational and sectarian thought by
meeting ground was found. Sufi shrines attracted both Hindus and
important functionaries of the government.”
Muslims. On the other hand, folk deities like Goga Chauhan came
to be venerated as Guga Pir. Many Sufis interacted with Nathpanthi The RSS and its camp followers in their eagerness to promote the
Jogis, Sants and Vaishnavas. The authors of Hindavi Sufi romance “greatness” of what they consider Aryan India, promote the vedas as
narratives chose local languages, themes and religious myths to the ultimate in science, take the imagination of mythology, and present
propagate their ideas. Akbar’s concept of sulh-i kul and the at- it as matter of fact history. They fall back on the totally bogus claim that
tempts by Dara Shikoh to develop a synthesis of Islamic mysticism we having nothing new to discover, as all of it has been already done by
and Upanishadic philosophy were remarkable contributions to the our sages in the past. This is the Batra version of science.
growth of a composite religious culture.
Dinanath Batra runs the RSS off-shoot Ithihas Bachao Andolan. In
• It it these as the path of history which the RSS seeks to obliterate his book, Tejmoy Bharat, which is now a part of the Gujarat school
today. syllabus, he writes, “…America wants to take the credit for invention
of stem cell research, but the truth is that India’s Dr. Balkrishna Ganpat
22 23
Matapurkar has already got a patent for regenerating body parts…. sifting through evidence, building a coherent narrative of how people
You would be surprised to know that this research is not new and that lived and how society developed. Text – written or oral – must be
Dr Matapurkar was inspired by the Mahabharata” (pp 92-93). He validated by other evidence. History is as much a subject of scientific
continues that the birth of 100 Kauravas from one egg of Gandhari,was enquiry as any other discipline. It is not a glorification of the past, but a
an example of stem cell research in ancient India, and not a myth! critical examination of all the developments – negative as well as positive.
Batra’s text goes on to claim the existence of television in the time of This is anathema to a Dinanath Batra, or a YS Rao, in whose scheme
Mahabharata; Sanjay describing the Mahabharata War remotely to of things, reason has no purpose unless it endorses belief. And belief is
Dhritarashtra is seen as a proof of television. Similarly, transferring an only for the glory of a mythical Hindu past.
elephant’s head to Ganesh in Indian mythology, is seen as cosmetic
surgery. Such a view, in which myth masquerades as reality, is not only damaging
to history, but also science and mathematics. It simply destroys the
This Batra view of science is also endorsed by PM Narendra Modi. In history of science and mathematics, not as the great discoveries that
his speech while opening a new wing in the Reliance Hospital last year, living, breathing Indians did, but merely fragments of ancient knowledge
Modi claimed genetics and organ transplants were available in ancient re-discovered by studying ancient Sanskrit texts.
India. He said, “What I mean to say is that we are the country which
had these capabilities. We need to regain these.” The Real History of Indian Science

No science required, just study Sanskrit. No developments, only regaining There is enough evidence to show how ancient India had made major
of “ancient” knowledge. No wonder the science budget is continuously advances in astronomy, mathematics, logic, medicine and linguistics. It
being cut under the Modi regime. had made major advances in metallurgy, creating the famous wootz
steel, known in Europe as the Damascus steel, superior to what Europe
No wonder that in the BJP scheme of things, Sanskrit Departments are could produce then.
now pronouncing “authoritatively” from science to Ancient Indian
History. It was the Sanskrit Department in Mumbai University that The great contribution of Indian mathematics is to use zero like
organised a special session during the Indian Science Congress on ancient another number, and perform mathematical operations with it.
Indian science and pronounced Rig Veda to be 5,000 to 10,000 years Aryabhata, born in 476 AD, clearly formulated the place value notation,
old and that Aryans are not migrants into India. “Sthanam sthanam dasa gunam” meaning from place to place, multiply
by 10. The Bhakshali manuscript, found near Peshawar, has been dated
What the Hindutva forces propagate, is substituting “belief” in place of to the 2nd to 4th century AD for its knowledge, though the actual
evidence. Myths and fantasy then become the “real” past, based on manuscript is held to be a copy of older texts. It shows use of the place
belief. This is what the current Head of the Indian Council of Historical value notation.
Research (ICHR), YS Rao advocates, that only Vedas, Ramayana and
Mahabharata, should be used as evidence; all other evidence — of Varahmihira, a younger contemporary of Aryabhata, was the first to
linguistics, archaeology and texts — are to be disregarded if they use zero in mathematical operations. However, we owe to Bramhagupta
contradict these texts. If, for example, carbon dating of artefacts shows the formulation of the mathematical rules for the use of zero as a number.
that the Vedic Age is 3,500 years old, that evidence is to be dismissed, While he correctly formulated rules for addition, subtraction and
as the oral tradition claims a past of 10,000 or 20,000 years. multiplication by zero, he ran into problems with division by zero. Modern
mathematics has “solved” this problem by banning the operation itself.
For a scientific understanding of history, it is an exercise of carefully

24 25
It is also interesting to note that India also gave the current symbols of also knew about the Pythagoras theorem; in China it was known as the
the numbers themselves. These are derived from numerals used in the kou-ku theorem.
Bramhi script. Brahmi script was widely used to write Prakrit, in which
the major Jain mathematical texts were composed. Scholars agree that the Pythagoras theorem was known in various
cultural areas. The point here is that different societies were
Eurocentric versions of discoveries underplay the role of other societies simultaneously making new discoveries similar to each other, sometimes
such as those made in India. through exchange and others independently. While we claim pride in
the great discoveries made by scientists in ancient India, to build
The Pythagoras Theorem theories that India alone was the fountain head of all knowledge and
that all that has to be done is to teach vedic mathematics and other
The Pythagoras theorem is one such claim. Pythgoras was a Greek branches of knowledge is to go against the very spirit of scientific
mathematician who is credited with the discovery of the theorem. In discovery and change which marked the work of scientists in ancient
its most popular version, the theorem states that in a right angled India.
triangle, the square on the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle)
is equal to the square on the other two sides. However other societies Vedic Mathematics and the spirit of learning
also knew of this concept, though in different forms. In India, this
relationship is available in the Sulba-sutras, the texts that tell us how to There are also claims being made by Swami Bharati Krishna Tirthaji,
make different kinds of altars or vedis for religious purposes. There the Shankaracharya of Puri regarding what he calls “Vedic” mathematics.
are four important Sulba-sutras, that of Baudhayana (c 800 BCE), Professor SG Dani and others have shown that this has nothing to do
Apastamba (c 600 BCE), Manava (c 750 BCE) and Katyayana (c 200 with ancient mathematics or the Vedas, but just a set of tricks or
BCE). gimmicks for some specific calculations. They have nothing to do with
mathematics as we know it, and in the age of calculators and computers,
The Sulba-sutras gives us a different formulation of the theorem, using have very little value. Though claiming for itself the antiquity of
rectangles instead of triangles. It is clear from the texts of the Sulba- Atharvaveda, no such text in the Atharvaveda has been found in the
sutras, that the authors knew the geometrical relationships between existing literature on the Vedas.
the three sides of a right-angled triangle, and also knew a set of numbers
– known as Pythagorean triples – that satisfy this relationship. For the Hindutva lobby, the mythical past was the repository of all
knowledge all known history is the attempt to recover this lost knowledge.
The Pythagoras theorem was known not only in India and Greece but The actual history shows continuous developments. The four versions
also in Babylon, China and in Egypt and used for land measurement, of Sulba-sutras are not identical – they show clear development of
construction of religious structures (pyramids in Egypt and the fire altars methods, accuracy of results, and theoretical formulations with time.
in India) and for constructing canals (Babylon). There are Babylonian Similarly, mathematics shows advances, from a place value notation
tablets used for teaching scribes that predate the Sulba-sutras – they based on 10, the use of zero as a place holder and finally, with Varhamihira
date to 1800 BCE — and show a knowledge of Pythagorean triples and Brahmagupta, treating zero as a number.
and the Pythagoras theorem. It is also known that Babylon and Egypt
routinely exchanged goods, knowledge and texts. Egypt, either The Pythagoras theorem and the development of the number system
independently, or from Babylon, also knew about Pythagoras theorem. also shows how the history of science and mathematics is not one of
It is also known that Pythagoras spent a considerable part of his early who did what first, but to see the broad sweep of development and
life in Egypt and learned mathematics from the Egyptians. The Chinese what have been the contributions of each cultural area. It is very different

26 27
from cultural supremacist claims of any specific cultural area. Culture Minister, Mahesh Sharma, was a “nationalist” “despite being a
Muslim”, accorded high praise in his autobiography, to Tipu Sultan and
What a contrast to the Hindutva supremacist view of history Hyder Ali for their contributions to rocketry.
Unlike the current Hindutva propagandists, Indian science then also Roddam discusses the discovery of gunpowder and early rockets in
had no hesitation in acknowledging what it had borrowed. Varahamihira China in the 11th century, how they travelled to other parts of the world
(6th century AD), in his compilation of astronomical knowledge, including India. Rockets fell into relative disuse after the discovery of
Panchasidhantika (Treatise on Five Canons), attributes two of them the cannon in the 13th century.
to outsiders – Paulisa (Greek origin, probably Alexandria) and Romaka
(Roman or Greek origin). Similarly, older astronomical and mathematical Roddam analysed Tipu and Hyder Ali’s major contributions to rocketry.
knowledge shows the influence of Babylon. He noted that they used metal casing for the rockets, instead of the
then prevalent bamboo and paper casings. With such metal casings,
Later on in the medieval period, the Arabs took Indian mathematics, rockets could travel up to 2 Km’s, a huge increase in their range. These
astronomy and medical texts to West Asia. Just like our scientists in rockets also had a much greater carrying capacity. They also used
ancient India, the Arabs too had no hesitation in acknowledging from sword blades tied to the rockets, to stabilise their flight, much in the
where they had acquired knowledge. In astronomy, Indian methods same way we use a long stick in our Diwali rockets. Such swords
were introduced in West Asia by Fazari, in the 8th Century, who compiled served as weapons, when they landed among the enemy soldiers.
the knowledge of Bramhagupta’s Bramhasphutasiddhanta, in
Sindhind. Al Khwarzmi wrote a treatise on the Indian system of Tipu had built a huge number of rockets and used massed rocket attacks
numerals — Kitâb al-Gam? wa-al-tafrîq bi-? isâbal-Hind, translated in his battles against the British. In Tipu’s 1780 battle in Pollilur (Second
in Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum (al-Khwârizmî on the Hindu Anglo Mysore War), such rocket attacks played a decisive role in the
Art of Reckoning). Leonardo of Pisa popularised the Indian system of defeat of the British.
numbers in Europe through his book, Liber Abaci (Book of Calculations).
After Tipu’s defeat in the 4th Anglo Mysore War, the British carried
In the medieval period major advances were made in Indian technology away a large number of unused rockets to England, where William
but these advances are ignored by the Hindutva supremacist school of Congreve subjected them to a scientific study. It was Congreve’s research
thought. The interaction with Central and West Asia, brought into India – reverse engineering as we would call it today — and further
many new aspects of architecture, the ability to make arches and domes, development that lead to the use of rockets by the British against the
the true arches and domes, the popular use of paper, brought in stitched French in the Napoleonic wars, and later against the Americans.
clothes, metal inlays, the Persian wheel for deep well irrigation and
new type of looms for weaving cotton. As opposed to the actual contributions in aeronautics and rocketry, we
have the fraudulent claims of the Hindutva lobby. In the 102nd Indian
Indian Contributions to Aeronautics and Rocketry Science Congress last year, a session titled “Ancient Sciences through
Sanskrit” was organised by the Sanskrit Department of Mumbai
Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan are two pioneers in advancing rocketry. They University. This had a paper on ancient Indian aviation technology,
used such rockets effectively against the British in the Anglo-Mysore presented by two speakers, one of whom was Captain Anand J Bodas,
wars. Roddam Narasimbha, one of the doyens of Indian aeronautics, in a retired pilot. He stated to the press such gems as, “modern science is
a paper in 1985, discussed Tipu and Hyder Ali’s contributions to the unscientific”, and in Vedic or ancient Indian times, an aeroplane traveled
development of rocketry. Abdul Kalam, who according to the current

28 29
“through the air from one country to another, from one continent to How Not to Study Science
another continent, from one planet to another planet ... and could move
left, right, as well as backwards...” The Hindutva advocacy of “creating” knowledge by studying only
ancient texts was practiced extensively in India and Europe in the
Bodas’s claims are based on Vaimânika Shâstra, a Sanskrit text written medieval period. It meant learning by rote all old texts, while relegating
by Subbarya Shastry. Shastry lived from 1866 to 1940, while Bharadwaja all experiments and examination of nature, as the task of “lower” classes,
lived at least 2,000 years before. The only “evidence” of antiquity of or in India, “lower” castes. The monasteries in Europe privileged ancient
the text is Shastry’s claim that Rishi Bharadwaj came to him while he knowledge over what developed in the living practice of societies; just
was in “psychic trance” and dictated the entire text to him! as the Gurukuls did in India. This was the same method of study which
had destroyed all knowledge of India’s past in the so-called centres of
The text, Vaimânika Shâstra, was extensively studied by a team of 5 Indian learning. The Gurukuls of Benares, on being shown the Ashoka
professors from the aeronautical and mechanical engineering Pillar in Saranath, had no knowledge of what they were; their “learned”
departments of Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore. Their conclusions texts had no information on Ashoka, whose edicts were then turning up
are telling. Vaimânika Shâstra was not an ancient text. It was written all over India. The Brahminical texts had destroyed all knowledge of
in modern Sanskrit in the early 20th century, and not in Vedic Sanskrit. Buddhism in India, and therefore in their books, Ashoka’s reign never
They also concluded that it was bad science, and nothing that was built existed!
as described in the above text could have have ever flown.
It is also interesting to trace the impact of Jain and Buddhist practices
In contrast, Roddam’s study shows us how history of science is to be in the history of Indian science. Both were anti-Brahminical and therefore
treated. Not the vain glory of a mythical past, claiming aeroplanes 2,000 rejected the authority of the Vedas. They were similar to the Lokayata
years back (now extended to 5,000 years) that go forward and backward, school, who also rejected the received wisdom of the Vedas. It is not
but meticulous research and analysis of what it really was. He also surprising that all these helped to put Indian science and mathematics
shows that such advances that took place in India were not in isolation, on a foundation of reason and evidence unlike the so-called Vedic school
but built on the advances of others, and how such advances fed into that only believed in the ancient and received wisdom of the Vedas.
the larger body of aeronautic knowledge, and are very much a part of
what we are doing even today. The Hindutva lobby would like us to create a fraudulent history of
Indian science, which will damage the development of science and
Indian Medicine technology in the country and take us only backwards.
Indian medicine also shows a decisive break with use of rituals and
practical medicine, as available in the Atharvaveda, to an evidence
based system in the Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita. DP
Chattopadhyaya has written about the clear materialist and scientific
basis of both these medical texts that make it very different from
what was available earlier. Recent research has shown the influence
of Buddhist medical practice in the monasteries and its link to what
emerges later as the Charaka school.

30 31
 The NDA- I had packed institutions with RSS-BJP appointees and others
not associated with the Hindutva cause, but willing to cooperate and
collaborate. With the coming of the present NDA-II government
wherein the BJP has a majority on its own in the Lok Sabha, the Hindutva
strategy has changed. Now fellow travellers can be dispensed with.
Instead active members of various organisations with declared
commitment to the RSS vision are being placed in institutions of
importance, without reference to academic or professional credibility:
for example, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao to the ICHR or Gajendra
RSS Takeover of Institutions Chauhan to the Film and Television Institute of India. In fact, only RSS
members or those who publicly swore allegiance to Modi are being
accommodated.
Prof. P. Gopinath
The first historical institution to have been disbanded was the Planning
Commission. Here Modi’s predecessors in the Congress played a crucial
role in preparing the ground for the Planning Commission’s formal demise
Institutions established to nurture the idea and practice of cultural by systematically eroding and attenuating planned economic development
plurality, equity and scientific inquiry are systematically being targeted seduced by the promises of the free market.
since the BJP government assumed office. National institutions play an
Continuing with the NDA-I’s agenda the new government has again
important role in furthering the declared agenda of the nation state. The
targeted institutions associated with history, culture and education.
BJP government now seeks to align them with the sectarian agenda of
the Sangh Parivar headed by the RSS. Institutional mutation began with the Indian Council of Historical
Research (ICHR). The ICHR along with the Indian Council of Social
Hindu nationalism and its political organizations such as the Hindu
Science Research (ICSSR), the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies
Mahasabha and the RSS, have consistently argued for a Hindu India
(IIAS), the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR) and the
where Muslims and other minorities should be relegated to a subordinate
National Council for Rural Institutes constitute the autonomous
status. This position is repeatedly found in the writings of Savarkar,
Independent Councils of Research (ICR) funded entirely by the Ministry
Hedgewar and Golwarkar. They provided the rival idea of India — an
of Human Resource Development. Of these five institutions the ICHR
India based on a dominant Hindu identity. And each time the political
and to a lesser extent the ICSSR have borne the brunt of the Sangh
forces that broadly represent the idea of a plural India have suffered
Parivar’s interference.
setbacks, the demand for a Hindu India has grown stronger. For the
first time in 1998, when the BJP led National Democratic Alliance came History is crucial to the RSS agenda for legitimising both its own role
to power at the Centre with the support of some regional parties, the and well as its agenda to transform India into a Hindu nation.
RSS-linked government began to focus its energies on twisting the Unfortunately for them their historical claims have repeatedly failed
agenda of institutions of higher research and school education to further when subjected to standard protocols of historical inquiry and verification.
the Hindutva agenda. Under this dispensation the institutions that faced Under NDA-I, the ICHR had attempted to “correct” the “distortions”
considerable damage were the ICHR, the University Grants Commission in Indian history by recalling from the press the volumes of the Towards
and the National Council of Educational Research and Training, among Freedom series edited by professors K.N.Panikkar and Sumit Sarkar,
many others. and put the entire project on hold. They had also initiated a project on

32 33
the Saraswati that failed to pass scholarly muster subsequently. course, this ‘‘authentic’’ view of the Indian past had to be Vedic in its
historical record and narrative. Therefore the study of early India was
These decisions were reversed by the new Council, after the end of the
emphasised. Although themes such as religion and caste have been
NDA I regime.
subjects of debates for many years and innumerable academic works
With the coming of the NDA-II, the Council was reconstituted within of repute have been published on them, these themes are now to be
3 months. None of the eight sitting members who were eligible for a sponsored keeping in mind the RSS perspectives.
second term, found a place. The eighteen historians on the Council,
The next move was to sanction a research project to write the history
except for three or four, are now affiliated to the Akhil Bharatiya Itihaasa
of early India using Sanskrit sources. This project was first unofficially
Yojana, the RSS’ Kerala based Bharatiya Vichara Kendra, the BJP or
granted to the Sanskrit Department of the University of Delhi in the
think-tanks supportive of the BJP.
presence of Subramanian Swamy who demanded there that the books
Indian historians criticised the government for selecting a Chairperson of Bipan Chandra and Romila Thapar should be burnt. Sanskrit is a
and members who were largely unknown to their peers but to no avail. very rich classical language and most historians of early India have
used Sanskrit sources. It is indeed ironic that members of the ICHR
The newly constituted ICHR emphatically reiterated that the task at Council who argue that Indian history must be seen through the prism
hand was to remove “distortions” from Indian historiography by resort of ancient India are themselves illiterate in Sanskrit.
to an Indian approach and emphasise ancient Indian history. They also
demanded a change in the constitution of the ICHR which inter alia The ICHR at present does not have a regular Member Secretary whose
states that the ICHR should promote writing of scientific history shorn functions have been arrogated by the Chairman himself. Minutes of
of superstition while promoting secularism and the plural identity of meetings of the statutory committees of the Council no longer appear
India. on its website. Probably, the distortions of Indian history writing can
only be corrected in secrecy.
Accomplishing these tasks began with inviting scholars and gurus who
by no stretch of imagination could be considered professional historians. The ICSSR (Indian Council for Social Science Research), founded in
One was a Belgian professor who rubbished Indian historians and the 1969, has outsmarted the government agenda for change. By getting its
other an American yoga guru who strongly felt that we should return constitution amended, it made sure that, unlike the ICHR, wholesale
to the Vedas and “take the red out of Indian history”. Any academic changes could not be implemented by administrative fiat. Under the
disagreement was countered by heckling from imported RSS goons. changed rules, nominations for membership to the Council have to come
from present Council members and present and past ICSSR national
Step two was to dismiss Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, a renowned historian, professors. Orchestrating nominations from this large group of
from the post of Editor of the Council’s internationally reputed journal, academics is difficult for the BJP. Thus the ICSSR continues without
The Indian Historical Review. Step three was to disband the entire any major change, except for not having a regular Member Secretary.
Advisory Committee of the journal that had some of the best historians The present Chairman is not a BJP appointee. Unlike the ICHR, the
from around the world - by no means were they all Marxists. In June, RSS and BJP are less directly invested in the ICSSR, which coordinates
the Member Secretary of the Council resigned after he was not allowed research in disciplines ranging from commerce to geography and
to register his disagreement over the disbanding of the journal’s Advisory economics. These disciplines, unlike history, do not have a direct and
Committee. immediate impact on the politics of the Hindu Right.
Rao and the new Council all shared a commitment to debunk extant The NCERT (National Council for Educational Research and Training)
research and produce an “undistorted” account of India’s past. Of set up in 1961 is another institution that has attracted the attention of

34 35
the BJP-RSS. The NCERT was established by amalgamating seven reincarnation of god. Chandra will seek to develop relations between
education related institutions to provide a new holistic, national per- India and south-east Asia via programmes based on the Mahabharata
spective on education that would free it from the elitist colonial pattern and the Ramayana. The ICCR organised a conference on “Sanskrit
of school education. By being responsible for the formulation of the and Indological Studies in India, Russia and Neighbouring Countries:
National Curriculum Framework for School Education and also being Past, Present and Future” in Moscow at the end of October 2015. One
involved in the training of teachers, the NCERT is seen as a crucial of the aims of the conference was to explore “ways and means for
vehicle of indoctrination by the BJP. During their last stint in power the utilization of the ancient Indian wisdom pooled in the academic world of
NCERT school textbooks had been changed. These changes were un- Russia and neighbouring countries”. The Indian coordinator of the
done after the BJP regime ended. The BJP and the RSS are today in a conference is the Head of the Department of Sanskrit of Delhi
hurry to again get the NCERT to do their bidding. Professor Pravin University, who is also being supported by the ICHR in writing a revised
Sinclair, the Director, was forced to resign after the Ministry levelled history of early India using Sanskrit sources.
allegations of financial irregularities against her. Interestingly, her exit
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has played a crucial role in
happened when the NCERT was in the middle of reviewing reports of
the BJP-RSS politics of inventing convenient histories. The ASI came
21 committees set up as part of the review of the National Curriculum
in for a lot of flak for the unprofessional way in which it conducted
Framework. Dina Nath Batra of the RSS had earlier criticized the
excavations in Ayodhya, and for ‘finding’ a temple under the Babri
NCERT for undertaking the review in haste without consulting the gov-
Masjid, where none existed. Each time the BJP has been in power the
ernment. Curiously, the institution is still without a Director. Meanwhile
ASI that comes under the Ministry of Culture sets off to find the Saraswati
they have appointed Amba Charan Vashishth, a septuagenarian, as con-
river. While the search for the lost Saraswati was called off after the
sultant to the NCERT’s publication department and to handle public
NDA-I government was voted out, the present government has once
relations. Vashisht was earlier part of the editorial team of the BJP’s
again set the ASI to renew the search. The BJP-RSS enthusiasm to
Kamal Sandesh and is an editor of a book that attacks Teesta
find the river is so great that while the ASI is excavating the Hakra
Setalvad.1
Ghaggar basin in the north west, the Union Minister for Water
The National Book Trust (NBT) is another institution funded by the Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation has ordered
Ministry of HRD. Jawaharlal Nehru had established the Trust in 1957 the Central Ground Water Board to test the water of a well, located
to promote the culture of reading in India by making available good inside the Allahabad Fort, in an attempt to trace the source and route of
quality literature at affordable prices in the various languages of India. the lost river.2
The duly appointed Chairman, A. Sethumadhavan the noted Malayalam
The Ministry of Culture is also the nodal ministry for the National
writer and Sahitya Akademi award winner, was gently asked to leave
Archives of India and the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The
before his tenure came to an end. His replacement came predictably
National Archives is still without a head while the NMML Director has
from the RSS, with Mr Baldeo Sharma, a former editor of the RSS’
been forced to resign. The head of the Lalit Kala Akademi was also
Panchjanya being appointed the new Chairman. Not content with this,
unceremoniously removed and the apex body is without a Chairperson.
Rita Chowdhury, wife of an Asom Gana Parishad leader who had
recently joined the BJP, has been appointed as Director, after she, along The government brazened out the protracted agitation against it for
with all the other candidates for this post, had been found not suitable in appointing a B-grade actor known only for his role in a mythological
an earlier interview. television serial as the head of the country’s prestigious Film and
Television Institution of India. The four month old strike by the students
The Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR) is headed by eighty-
against Gajendra Chauhan’s appointment has only been recently
seven year old Lokesh Chandra who has described Modi as the

36 37
suspended after all negotiations with the government’s Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting failed.
The government’s blatant attempts to take control of institutions to make
them serve the cause of Hinduising India has dangerously reached a
stage where these institutions established for nurturing a plural national
culture informed by scientific inquiry are faced with the real prospect
"Take Over"--The RSS Way
of institutional annihilation or total mutation. The cultural, intellectual
and educational institutions of India are today being reduced by the Central Board of Film Certification
State to agencies that churn out simple, scientifically limited propaganda,
Pahlaj Nihalani, author of the slogan‘Har Har Modi, Ghar Ghar Modi’ before
convinced as Hitler was that it should cater exclusively to public sentiment the 2014 general elections, was appointed Chairman of Central Board of Film
and “not the approbation of a small group of intellectuals or artistic Certification in January 2015. His predecessor Leela Samson resigned because
people.”3 various Hindutva groups were unhappy with her.
The funds at the disposal of these institutions, taken together, are Prasar Bharti
enormous and they cover a range of activities and concerns – school A Surya Prakash, consulting editor of the pro-BJP paper Pioneer and a fellow at
and higher education; research in humanities, social sciences and the Vivekananda International Foundation, a Delhi-based pro-RSS think tank,
sciences; grants for publications; cultural activities and heritage and was appointed head of Prasar Bharti, the autonomous body that runs
preservation of monuments; maintenance and expansion of libraries, Doordarshan and All India Radio.
museums and archives; funding of NGOs on a host of issues; student National Council for Teachers’ Education (NCTE)
stipends and fellowships; subsidies to publishers for specific publications;
This key body in charge of all teachers’ training colleges in the country is
bulk purchases of books for public libraries in India and the embassies being manipulated by RSS backed groups. As a first step, they are pressing for
abroad, youth activities and sports, women and child welfare, and much Sarangapani and Virginius Xaxa because they are progressive liberals.
more.
NCERT
A shift in priorities and policies and the takeover of institutions connected Parvin Sinclair, the director of this top educational body, which determines
with this range of activities would decisively shift many aspects of school curricula, resigned in October 2014, two years before her term was
knowledge production in favour of the Sangh Parivar’s agenda and supposed to end. It was alleged that there were irregularities. As a result of her
away from the constitutional mandate of secularism, scientific temper ouster, the last stage of updating the National Curriculum Framework 2005 had
and safeguards for the minorities, the oppressed and the marginalised. to be aborted. The search is on for a ‘suitable’ candidate.
With this huge patronage it would also create a stake in the BJP Universities
government for thousands of professionals, educationists, cultural The Chancellor of Nalanda University in Bihar (run by the Centre), Nobel Prize
practitioners and intellectuals. winner Amartya Sen, resigned because of BJP pressure on him. In an open
letter he said that the Board wanted him to continue but the government didn’t.
1
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-year-old-with-links-to-BJP-
In Rajasthan, vice-chancellors not openly allied with the Sangh Parivar are
magazine-now-NCERT-consultant/articleshow/47607959.cms)
2 facing the heat. Dr Dev Swarup from Rajasthan University has publicly
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bjp-government-saraswati-asi-river-
complained of excessive RSS interference in running the university. The search
renews-search-ancient/1/394971.html
3 committee to pick his successor is headed by an RSS-backed vice-chancellor,
Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, http://www.greatwar.nl/books/meinkampf/
Kailash Sodhnani. Two members of Rajasthan University’s Syndicate are part
meinkampf.pdf

39
of the RSS-backed Akhil Bhartiya Rashtriya Shaikshik Mahasangh.
Girish Chandra Tripathi, an RSS functionary, was appointed the Vice-chancellor
of Banaras Hindu University on 24 November 2014. His name was recommended
by a search-cum-selection committee headed by Justice (retired) Giridhar
Malviya, grandson of Madan Mohan Malviya and a proposer of Narendra
Modi’s candidature from Varanasi. Malviya and Tripathi are old associates,
according to media reports.
In Haryana, the BJP government has scrapped all literary academies constituted
by the previous government and will be appointing its own chosen persons
shortly.
NIT, Nagpur
Vishram Ramchandra Jamdar, a professed RSS swayamsevak, was appointed
as the head of Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur even
when he was not among the four shortlisted candidates for the post.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
The Prime Minister’s Office earlier this year rejected the appointment of
theoretical physicist Sandip Trivedi at the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research (TIFR) on “technical grounds”, making it the first time that a director’s
appointment has been vetoed by the PMO. Trivedi is a front-ranking theoretical
physicist and recipient of prestigious awards. Bharat Ratna recipient and
renowned scientist Dr CNR Rao sought PM Narendra Modi’s intervention in
the matter, but there was no response. Rao alleged that something similar
happened in the appointment of the head of the Bangalore-based Jawaharlal
Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).
IIT
Nuclear scientist Anil Kakodkar resigned from the Indian Institute of
Technology, Bombay’s governing body in March 2015, following reports of
differences with the HRD minister over the selection of directors for IITs at
Ropar, Bhubaneswar and Patna. The HRD ministry’s decision to trash the
earlier selection process and recall all 37 candidates for interviews was
considered by many in the search-cum-selection committee as interference
and an attempt to get the ministry’s favourites short-listed.
Indian Institute for Advanced Studies, Shimla
Gopalkrishna Gandhi resigned as chairperson of IIAS soon after the BJP’s
electoral victory in May last year. Media reports say that HRD Minister
SmritiIrani got Chandrakala Padia appointed to the post. Padia’s name wasn’t
part of the panel of probables that had been prepared earlier.

40 41
 5
RSS Against India

ory
t
is
H

Courtesy: The Hindu

Assault on
Science and
History in India
December 2015 Price : 10/-
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