WORKSHEET 1: Determination of Oxidation Number or Valence Number
WORKSHEET 1: Determination of Oxidation Number or Valence Number
WORKSHEET 1: Determination of Oxidation Number or Valence Number
Rules to apply:
1. a. The net charges on all molecules is zero; therefore, the sum of the positive charges equals the sum of the
negative charges
2. a. The charge on all free elements is zero.
b. The charge on all metals of group 1 of the periodic table is +1
c. The charge on all metals of group 2 of the periodic table is +2
d. The charge on aluminum is +3
e. The charge on hydrogen is +1, except in hydrides where it is –1
f. The charge on fluorine is –1
g. The charge on the other halogens is usually –1. When united with a more electronegative element the charge is
positive.
h. The charge on oxygen is –2 (except in peroxides, such as H2O2 and Na2O2, where it is –1). (Oxygen is a +2 when
bonded to fluorine only such as in the compound OF2)
To determine the oxidation number of an element in a compound, use all the “known” oxidation states first by applying the
above rules. The “unknown” oxidation state is the number that must be added to the total of the “known” oxidation states
to make the total of the oxidation states of the compound zero. For example, to find the oxidation state of sulfur in H2SO4,
H2SO4 H 2(+1)=+2
O 4(2)= 8
6
S = ?? + (6) = 0 overall charge
= +6
Find the oxidation state of each of the following
13. B in NaCaBO3 _____________
1. Se in H2SeO3 _____________
14. Sb in Sb2O3 _____________
2. N in Al(NO3)3 _____________
15. P in H3PO4 _____________
3. H in BaH2 _____________
16. O in OF2 _____________
4. Si in Na4SiO4 _____________
17. Mn in MnO2 _____________
5. I in NaIO4 _____________
18. P in Ca3(PO4)2 _____________
6. O in Na2O2 _____________
19. Cr in K2CrO4 _____________
7. Br in HBrO _____________
20. As in Na3AsO3 _____________
8. N in N2O3 _____________
21. Mn in NaMnO4 _____________
9. C in (NH4)2CO3 _____________
22. S in CaS _____________
10. Si in NH4AlSiO4 _____________
23. P in H(NH4)2PO4 _____________
11. Cr in K2Cr2O7 ___________________
24. S in KHSO3 _____________
12. Cl in Mg(ClO4)2 _____________
25. Mn in MnBr2 _____________
2) Two nonmetals – the element with the lowest electronegativity will use only its positive oxidation
state; the other element will use only its negative oxidation state:
+2 +4
CO (Carbon ) and CO2 (Carbon )
Oxygen is –2. Carbon will not use its negative states; oxygen will not use any positive states.
3) Metals and nonmetals – Ionic compounds. The nonmetals will use only the negative oxidation
states the give them noble gas configuration:
Complete the following:
19. CaF_____________________ 38. CdI_____________________
A. Binary compounds – Metals + Nonmetals
A binary compound is one containing only two elements.
1. The element with the lower electronegativity is named first, followed by the element with higher
electronegativity. Metal is named first, usually.
2. The suffix of the second element is changed to –ide.
CaO = Calcium oxide CaCl2 = Calcium chloride
CaS = Calcium sulfide CaH2 = Calcium hydride
3. The ammonium ion, NH4 + , the hydroxide ion, OH ; and the cyanide ion, CN — retain their –ide suffix.
NH4OH = Ammonium hydroxide NaCN = Sodium cyanide
4. Transition metal capable of more than one oxidation state use roman numerals in their name to indicate their
oxidation state. Place in ( ) .
FeCl3 = Iron (III) chloride CuO = Copper (II) oxide
FeCl2 = Iron (II) chloride Cu2O – Copper (I) oxide
Apply the above rules as you name the following compounds:
B. Binary Compounds – Nonmetal + Nonmetal
1. Compounds formed by two nonmetals sharing electrons named by using the prefixes mono, di, tri, tetra,
penta, hexa, hepta, and octa, non, and deca to indicate the number of atoms involved.
2. The least electronegative is named first.
a. if MORE THAN ONE ATOM, give it a prefix
b. If only one atom, it is not given a prefix.
c. element name is not changed
d. use above prefixes
3. The more electronegative is named second – drop ending and add –ide. Second element always has prefix.
Examples:
N2O = Dinitrogen monoxide NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide
NO = Nitrogen monoxide N2O4 = Dinitrogen tetraoxide
N2O3 = Dinitrogen trioxide N2O5 = Dinitrogen pentoxide
Apply all rules as you name the following compounds
C. Tertiary Compounds:
1. Compounds containing polyatomic ions (more than 2 elements)
2. Polyatomic ion retains its name whether it is positive or negative.
3. Metals and nonmetals are names the same as before.
1. Pb(SO4)____________________________________ 14. Cs2(Cr2O7)_________________________________
2. Cd(ClO4)2__________________________________ 15. Li2(SO3)___________________________________
3. Li2(CrO4)___________________________________ 16. Zn(ClO3)2__________________________________
4. Ca3(PO4)2___________________________________ 17. Cd(C2H3O2)2_______________________________
5. NaNO2_____________________________________ 18. Na3(PO4)__________________________________
6. Ba(ClO3)2___________________________________ 19. Zn(CN)2___________________________________
7. Ca(CN)2____________________________________ 20. K2(CO3)___________________________________
8. Cd(NO3)2___________________________________ 21. Li(MnO4)__________________________________
9. Al(C2H3O2)3_________________________________ 22. Ag2(CO3)__________________________________
10. Fe2(SO4)3_________________________________ 23. (NH4)2S___________________________________
11. (NH4)2(SO3)________________________________ 24. H2(SO3)___________________________________
12. Zn(BrO3)2__________________________________ 25. Sn(CO3)2____________________________________________________
13. CaCO3____________________________________
D. Variations of Polyatomic Ions:
1. Polyatomic ions with oxygen included have multiple variations. The number of oxygen atoms included
determines the naming scheme.
2. The charge of the ion is always the same as the main version no matter the number of oxygen atoms.
5. One less oxygen than the main version always have: base root of ion and end with –ite
examples: SO3 2 (sulfite); NO2 1 (nitrite)
1. PbSO2_______________________________________ 12. CaCO2_____________________________________
2. Cd(ClO2)2_____________________________________ 13.Ni2(SO4)3_____________________________________
3. Ca3(PO5)2_____________________________________ 14. Zn(ClO4)2____________________________________
4. Na3AsO3_____________________________________ 15. Cd(C2H3O2)2__________________________________
5. Ba(ClO)2_____________________________________ 16. AuPO2______________________________________
6. Cd(NO)2_____________________________________ 17. Hg2SeO5_____________________________________
7. Al(IO3)3______________________________________ 18. Pb2SiO3____________________________________
8. Fe(SO2)3_____________________________________ 19. Ti(AtO3)3_____________________________________
9. (NH4)2SO4____________________________________ 20. Sn(NO4)2________________________________________________________
10 Zn(BrO)2____________________________________
11. Sn(CO4)________________________________________________________
1. ZnCN______________________________________
26. Cadmium Acetate_____________________________
2. AlN_________________________________________
27. Barium Iodide______________________________
3. BaOH______________________________________
28. Copper (II) Sulfide_____________________________
4. RaBr________________________________________
29. Potassium Monohydride________________________
5. AgO_________________________________________
30. Cadmium Dichloride___________________________
6. AlS_________________________________________
31. Berylium bromide____________________________
7. NH4S_______________________________________
32. Boron Phosphide______________________________
8. CuI2_________________________________________
33. Trinitrogen Dioxide_____________________________
9. CdOH______________________________________
34. Platinum (IV) Iodide____________________________
10. NH4Cl_______________________________________
35. Nitrogen Triiodide____________________________
11. MgN________________________________________
36. Germanium Tetrachloride______________________
12. CsH________________________________________
37. Sodium Percarbonate_______________________
13. CaCN______________________________________
38. Diphosphorus Triiodide_________________________
14. AgS________________________________________
39. Potassium Sulfide____________________________
15. SnCl2_______________________________________
40. Lithium Nitride________________________________
16. PI5________________________________________
41. Sulfur Diflouride______________________________
17. AsBr________________________________________
42. Arsenic Sulfide________________________________
18. AlCl________________________________________
43. Ammonium Hydroxide__________________________
19. SiO_________________________________________
44. Strontium Carbide_____________________________
20. FeI_________________________________________
45. Sodium Hypophosphite________________________
21. SrOH______________________________________
46. Aluminum Carbonite___________________________
22. AlBr3________________________________________
47. Berylium Perbromate_________________________
23. BN_________________________________________
48. Calcium Hypofluorite___________________________
24. Cr(PO2)2_____________________________________
49. Copper (II) Sulfite_____________________________
25. SiBr________________________________________
50. Mercury (I) Perchlorate_________________________
I. Acids
Traditional inorganic acids contain hydrogen combined with a negative ion.
1. Use the full name of the nonmetallic element.
2. Add the prefix hydro.
3. Add the suffix ic.
B. Oxyacids/Ternary (acid with three elements hydrogen and a polyatomic ion) also have a molecular name and
an acid name.
Follow these rules:
1. Determine the name of the polyatomic ion.
2. Eliminate the hydrogen and change –ate endings to –ic and –ite ending to –ous.
3. Keep hypo and per prefixes.
Examples:
Formula Molecular name Acid name
1. Salts derived from –ic acids change to the suffix –ate.
Chloric acid HClO3 Sodium chlorate NaClO3
2. Salts derived from –ous acids change to the suffix –ite.
Chlorous acid HClO2 sodium chlorite NaClO2
3. Salts derived from hypo…ous acids retain the prefix hypo but change the suffix to –ite.
Hypochlorous acid HClO sodium hypochlorite NaClO
4. Salts derived from per…ic acids retain the prefix per but change the suffix to –ate.
Perchloric acid HClO4 sodium perchlorate NaClO4
Complete the table:
2. HBrO __________________________________________________________________________________
3. H3PO4 __________________________________________________________________________________
4. H2CO3 __________________________________________________________________________________
11. ________________ _________________ __________________________________ Aluminum sulfate
12. ________________ _________________ ___________________________________ Aluminum phosphate