Important Concepts and Formulae: Distance Formula

Important Concepts and Formulae
Distance Formula
Distance ‘d’ between any two points A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) on the coordinate axis is given by
Section Formula
Coordinates of P when it divides the line AB in the ratio m : n
Area of Triangle
There are many formulas for area of triangle. Basically it depend on what we have given in the question.
• Case I: If height ‘h’ and base ‘b’ are given. Then area ‘A’ is
• Case II: If coordinates of points are given. Let say A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2 ) and C(x3,y3 ). Then area ‘A’ is
Equation of Straight Line
• Case I: Point – Slope form
Let ‘m’ be the slope of line and line is passing through point A(x 1,y1). Then equation of line is
• Case II: Point – Point form

Let line passing through points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2). Then equation of line is
• Case III: Slope intercept form

Let the slope of line be ‘m’ and intercept it made on y-axis is ‘c’. Then equation of line is
• Case IV: Intercept form

Let the line made an intercept ‘a’ and ‘b’ on x-axis and y-axis respectively. Then equation of line is
• Case V: Normal form

Let the distance of line from the origin is ‘p’ and the angle it made with the origin is .Then equation of line is
Distance of a Point from a Line

Line:ax+by+c=0. Let the point be P(x1,y1). Then distance ‘d’ of the point P from the line is
Distance between two Parallel Lines

Line 1: ax+by+c=0, Line 2: ax+by+c’=0.Then distance ‘d’ between lines is
Concurrency of Lines
Two lines are always concurrent if they are not parallel. Three lines
Line 1: a1x+b1y+c1=0 , Line 2: a2x+b2y+c2=0 , Line 3: a3x+b3y+c3=0 are concurrent if
Collinearity of Points
Three points A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3)are collinear if
Angle between two Lines

Let the slope of two lines be m1 and m2. Then angle between two lines is
Position of point w.r.t Line

Position of point A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) w.r.t line ax + by+c=0.
If ax1+by1+c1=0 and ax2+by2+c2=0 are of same sign, then points A and B lie on the same
side of the line and if they are of opposite sign, then they lie on the opposite
side ofline.
Locus
Locus is a path trace by a moving or a variable point under certain given condition.
If we find the equation of traced path, then the equation is the required locus.Steps
to follow:
• Assume point (h, k) whose locus is to find
• Use the given condition
• Remove the variable
• After removing the variable, equation will be left in h, k and some fixed number.
Finally replace ‘h’ by ‘x’ and ‘k’ by ‘y’ to get the required locus.
Conic Section
Recognition of Conics
General form: ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c = 0
Eccentricity
Let P be any moving point and S be the focus (fixed point) of the conic. Let PM be the perpendicular distance of
the point from the directrix (fixed line) of the conic. Then eccentricity or contracity ‘e’ of the conic is defined by
Note: ‘e’ can never be negative.
Circle
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Some Interseting Facts

• The locus of a point from which the distance of two tangents to a circle are equal
is radical axis.
• Minimum distance between any two curves always lies along the normal.
• PQ be the focal chord of parabola and S be the focus of the parabola. Then, SP,
2a and SQ are in Harmonic progression.
• Tangents at the extremities of the focal chord intersect at right angle on

the directrix.
• If a triangle is formed by joining the foot of normals which are concurrent on the
parabola, then centroid of parabola will always lie on the axis of parabola.
• Locus of all those points which divide the perpendicular drawn from any point on
the circle to any one of the fixed diameter in a constant ratio is an ellipse.
• Auxiliary circle ia a circle concentric with the ellipse and having diameter equal
to the major axis of the ellipse.
• Maximum four normals can be drawn to ellipse.
• If the two circles of different radii touchs each other externally, then the locus
of centre of the third of variable radius which touches these two circles
externally is hyperbola.
• The locus of all points from where perpendicular tangents are drawn to the
hyperbola is the director circle of the hyperbola.

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Important Concepts and Formulae

• Case II: Point – Point form

• Case III: Slope intercept form

• Case IV: Intercept form

• Case V: Normal form

Distance of a Point from a Line

Distance between two Parallel Lines

Angle between two Lines

Position of point w.r.t Line

• Remove the variable

Note: ‘e’ can never be negative.

Some Interseting Facts

• Tangents at the extremities of the focal chord intersect at right angle on

• Maximum four normals can be drawn to ellipse.

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