Block Diagram: Bridge Rectifier

Block Diagram
This circuit, like all voltage regulators must follow the same general block diagram
Block Diagram of Power Supply
Here, we have got an input high voltage AC going into a transformer which usually
steps down the high voltage AC from mains to low voltage AC required for our
application. The following bridge rectifier and a smoothing capacitor to convert his AC
voltage into unregulated DC voltage. But this voltage will change according to varying
load and input stability. This unregulated DC voltage is fed into a voltage regulator
which will keep a constant output voltage and suppresses unregulated voltage ripples.
Now this voltage can be fed into our load.
Since the bridge rectifier has already been discussed in a previous page,I will not be
going deeper into that section, so lets gets straight to the regulator circuit,
Simple Circuit Diagram

Simple Variable Power Supply using LM317
Firstly let us discuss about the need for the smoothing capacitance.As you know the
out put of the bridge rectifier will be as follows
Output of Brige Rectifier
As you can see, although the waveform can be considered to be a DC voltage since the
output polarity does not invert itself, the large ripples that exist inthe output makes sit
almost impossible to be used in any powering applications.So it is to remove these
ripples that the smoothing capacitor[C1] is used. Now the output after the capacitor will
be
Output of Capacitor Filter
Now to design the capacitor we use the simple equation, Y=1/(4√3fRC)
where,
 Y = Ripple factor
 f = Frequency (here 50Hz)
 R = Required output voltage divided by maximum required output current
 C = Value of the capacitance to be used
To calculate Y we van use the equations,
Y=Vac-rms / Vdc
Vac-rms = Vr / 2√3
Vdc= VMax – (Vr / 2)
Now all we need to know is the value of Vr which can be selected according to our
need. Normally we take it as 0.4V which means that the maximum size of ripples in the
output waveform will be 0.4v. One dis advantage of this method is that the ripple factor
depends in output current, ie. the ripples may become larger or smaller while we vary
the load.This is the reason why it is absolutely necessary for the capacitor to be
followed by a voltage regulator IC.
The most important part of this circuit is the 317 variable voltage regulator. The 317 is
a monolithic integrated circuit with adjustable 3-terminal positive-voltage regulator
designed to supply more than 1.5 A of load current with an output voltage
adjustable over a 1.2 V to 37 V range. It also comes with internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown, and safe area compensation.All this makes it a very good candidate
for a regulator if we need a moderately accurate supply with medium power output. For
more details you may refer it’s data sheet. As you can see it has three pins,
 INPUT – This is where we give the unregulated input

 OUTPUT – This is where we will get the regulated output
 ADJUST – The variable resistor connected to this pin, controls the output
voltage
The design of the resistors are very simple, all we need to do is to follow the equations
provided in the datasheet,
Vo = 1.25 x (1 + R2 / R1) + Iadj x R2
where,
 Vo = Output voltage
 R1,R2 = Resistor values
 Iadj = current through the ADJUST pin
Some important points to be noted are,
 ADJUST pin current must be about 50 to 100 uA. So we may neglect the second
term of the equation to buy simplicity at the cost of accuracy.
 The value of R1 has to be kept fairly small some where upto 500 ohms. It is to
satisfy the minimum voltage requirement of the IC.
So this leaves us with two more components in the circuit the needs our attention,
capacitors C2 and C4. C2 is used to avoid ripples if filtering is performed at some
distance from the regulator. Its valve is taken as 0.33 uF as prescribed in the datasheet.
The capacitance C4 is very important in the circuit due to the fact that without this
capacitance ,the 317 has a tendency to act as an oscillator in the Mhz ranges. It also
has the added advantage of improving the transient response of the circuit.
Although these are the necessary components for the regulator to work properly, we
advice adding some more elements to not only improve the efficiency of the circuit but
also to provide added protection.the modified ciruit is given below,
Complete Circuit Diagram
Variable Power Supply using LM317
The capacitance C3 bypassing the ADJUST pin to ground will improve the ripple
rejection capability while the diodes are used to protect the regulator from excess
flowing through it if a battery or any other voltage source is connected across the output
terminals of the regulator. Since the value of C1 is very large it will tend to act as a
short circuit when such a condition exists. This will force a large current to flow through
the regulator rendering it useless. By adding the diode D5 current will flow through the
diode rather than the regulator and thus protecting it. The diode D6 does the same with
capacitor C3 . The value of C3 can be taken as 10uF .
It is also clear from the data sheet that the worst case scenario dropout voltage for the
LM317 is almost 2.3 V. So, to be in the safe side it is advisable to select a transformer
with at least 4V greater than the required output voltage(2.3V of 317 + 1.4V of bridge
rectifier).
Now we have a complete variable voltage regulator using LM317.
Don’t hesitate to post any doubts as the comments below.

Block Diagram: Bridge Rectifier

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Block Diagram

Block Diagram of Power Supply

Simple Circuit Diagram

Output of Brige Rectifier

Now to design the capacitor we use the simple equation, Y=1/(4√3fRC)

To calculate Y we van use the equations,

Vac-rms = Vr / 2√3

 INPUT – This is where we give the unregulated input

Vo = 1.25 x (1 + R2 / R1) + Iadj x R2

Some important points to be noted are,

Complete Circuit Diagram

Variable Power Supply using LM317

Now we have a complete variable voltage regulator using LM317.

Don’t hesitate to post any doubts as the comments below.

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