Introduction to Land Use Planning

Workshop 1: Land Use and Transportation

M2D2 – Multi Modal Development and Delivery

March 10, 2015

1
Agenda

•  Purpose of Planning
•  History and Legal
Context
•  Types of Plans
•  Relationship between
Land Use and
Transportation Plans -
Placemaking

2
“Trend is not
destiny.”
-Lewis
Mumford

3
Why plan?

“The best way to

predict the future is to
invent it.”
- Immanuel Kant

4
Why plan?

“By failing to prepare,

you are preparing to
fail.”
-Benjamin Franklin

5
Why plan?

“Have a plan. Follow the

plan and you’ll be surprised
how successful you can be.
Most people don’t have a
plan. That’s why it is easy to
beat most folks.”
- Paul “Bear” Bryant

6
Why plan?

•  Respond to an evolving market

•  Catalyze economic and fiscal
health
•  Provide housing and
transportation choice
•  Make efficient use of
infrastructure
•  Preserve open space
•  Protect critical environmental
areas and sensitive land
•  Reduce urban runoff
•  Reduce vehicle miles traveled

7
Why Plan?

•  Good plans shape

good decisions
•  Money follows plans
•  Required

8
Daily Benefits of Planning

•  The daily commute

•  The work place
•  A place to recreate
•  A place to relax
•  A safe and affordable
lifestyle
•  An opportunity to
shape the community
•  Confidence in the
future
9
Current Planning Issues

•  Sustainability •  Recovery
–  Energy –  Energy
–  Transportation –  Transportation
–  Social Equity –  Housing
–  Economy •  Climate Change
•  Livability –  Energy
–  Transportation –  Transportation
–  Housing –  Food
–  Environment
–  Health
–  Food

10
History and legal basis for planning

•  Planning and Zoning activities are allowed under

state and federal constitutions as an exercise of
“police power,” i.e., local government’s responsibility
to protect the health, safety and welfare of its
citizens.
•  Early zoning ordinances – involving separation of
uses – first occurred in urban areas like New York
City, San Francisco, and Chicago, in the 1890s and
early 1900s, in response to tenement slum
conditions and close proximity of industry next to
residential areas – spread of tuberculosis, influenza,
dysentery, as well as spread of crime, were rampant.
11
History and legal basis for planning

•  1924 – basic concept of

zoning was challenged
in Amber Realty vs. City
of Euclid, OH –
“Euclidian Zoning”, or
dividing City into zoning
districts. Supreme
Court upheld Euclid’s
right to segregate uses
as a means to protect
public health, safety, Na#onal  Cleveland-­‐Style  Polka  Hall  of  Fame    
Euclid,  OH  
and welfare

12
History and legal basis for planning

•  Standard Zoning Enabling Act – 1925. Promulgated

by U.S. Department of Commerce during Herbert
Hoover administration. Viewed as a means to
protect the interests of business as well as
residents. Provided model language for zoning
ordinances.
•  Standard Enabling Planning Act followed, also out of
Department of Commerce. Set forth that zoning and
land use regulations should not be ad-hoc decisions,
but instead should be based on comprehensive
planning goals and objectives arrived at
democratically.
13
History and legal basis for planning

•  Zoning has evolved to where now we can regulate

signage, zone for aesthetics (design review programs),
and impose landscape requirements on developments,
all in an effort to protect public health, safety and welfare.
•  Due Process – no plan or zoning regulation can be
adopted without adequate and meaningful opportunity
for public involvement.
•  Equal Protection – Nobody gets preferential treatment
under a legitimate regulatory program.
•  Regulatory Takings – Occurs when “all economic use of
a property has been removed as a result of the
imposition of a regulation. Also called “inverse
condemnation.”

14
The Future of Planning

•  Changing
demographics
•  Changing lifestyles
•  Disaster mitigation
•  Transportation
choices
•  Housing choices
•  Energy conservation
•  Green infrastructure
15
Types of plans

•  Land use plans

•  Transportation plans
•  Economic development
plans
•  Housing needs
assessments
•  Emergency response plans
•  Park and recreation plans
•  Open space plans
•  Village plans/downtown
plans
•  Neighborhood plans

16
Regional strategies

From “Regional
Planning for a
Sustainable America”
edited by Carlton K.
Montgomery, Rutgers
University Press, 2011
www.regionalplans.org

17
Growth management maps

•  Map growth and

conservation zones
•  Framework for local
planning/zoning
•  Mandatory vs.
voluntary

18
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19
Tax revenue sharing
•  Eliminates or
mitigates local
competition for tax
revenue that leads to
sprawl
•  Extremely difficult to
implement

20
Transfer of development rights
•  Mechanism for
preserving open
space as a price of
development
•  Supply and demand
key to success

21
Controls on development of resource lands

•  Identification and
mapping of critical
lands
•  Identification of
critical habitats
•  Protection through
zoning and
development
regulations

22
Land and development rights acquisition

•  Land Acquisition
•  Conservation
easement
•  Water trusts

23
 Innovative regional
infrastructure planning
•  Link land use and
infrastructure
•  Scenario planning
•  Proactive approach
to development
“subsidy”

24
Water resource planning

•  Water supply
•  Water quality
•  Clean up water by
managing land use
•  Federal mandate

25
Sustainable community design policies

•  Design review
•  Dark sky regulations
•  Mixed use requirements
•  Professional office
limitations
•  Formula business
restrictions
•  Building footprint
limitations
•  Shopping center square
footage limitations
•  Drive-up limitations
•  Affordable housing

26
Inclusive public engagement

If you don’t do
things with people,
they assume you
are doing things to
them.

27
Relationship between land use and
transportation plans – Placemaking

28
Traditional approach

•  Transportation systems
prioritize high speed
mobility
•  Auto oriented
development follows
•  All other modes at
disadvantage
•  Spread out development
increases transportation
demand
•  Cycle repeats
From  Integra#ng  Land  Use  and  Transporta#on  Planning  Through  
Placemaking  by  Gary  Toth  

29
Placemaking
•  Access rather than mobility
•  Urban streets as places of
social and economic
exchange
•  Non-motorized transportation
is key to urban cores
•  Neighborhood streets safe
for play
•  Commercial streets safe for
walking and cycling while
moving through and local
traffic
•  Plan for people and places,
not cars and traffic
From  Integra#ng  Land  Use  and  Transporta#on  Planning  Through  
Placemaking  by  Gary  Toth  

30
Placemaking

“Transportation – the
process of going to a
place – can be wonderful
if we rethink the idea of
transportation itself. We
must remember that
transportation is the
journey, but enhancing
the community is always
the goal.”
From  Integra#ng  Land  Use  and  Transporta#on  Planning  Through  
Placemaking  by  Gary  Toth  

31
 Reduce Infrastructure Costs
“the application of smart growth strategies over
the next 25 years could save as much as $250
billion, mainly in the form of infrastructure
investment.”
Federal Reserve Vice Chairman of the Board of
Governors, Edward Gramlich

Savings of:
–  12% on road-building
–  6% on water and sewer
–  4 % on annual operations

32
Smart Growth is Smart Business, NALGEP & SGLI
Smart growth improves fiscal outcomes
NJ study shows that by
2020, a compact plan
produces savings over
the business-as-usual
plan:
–  Local governments cut
annual fiscal deficit by
nearly 40%
–  $870 million less in local
road infrastructure costs
–  $1.45 BILLION less
statewide in sewer and
other infrastructure

The Costs and Benefits of Alternative Growth

Patterns (NJ) 2000
Smart growth strategies bolster economic
outcomes
Arlington  County,  VA:    

•  44.5  million  square  feet  of  office  

space  County-­‐wide  
•  41  million  square  feet  (92%)  in  
Metro  sta#on  areas  
•  More  than  50%  of  the  County’s  
real  estate  tax  revenue  on  11%  
of  land  area  
•  58K  trips  to  Metro  by  foot  (73%)  
and  47.2  %  of  residents  in  this  
corridor  use  transit  to  get  to  
work  
From Dennis Leach, www.reconnectingamerica.org. 2003

34
Annual tax revenues generated from
this area went from $400K before
redevelopment (1995) to over $10
million after redevelopment (2003).  
      Portland  saves  $2.6  Billion  
for  its  residents  to  invest  
in  the  local  economy  with  
be`er  transporta#on  
policies  
Source: Joe Cortright, Portland’s Green Dividend,
CEO for Cities, July 2007.

36
Sacramento  

•  $7.5  billion,  or  23%,    in  road  and  u#lity  infrastructure  

savings  for  smart  growth  vs.  base  case  scenario.  
•  $8.4  billion,  or  56%,  in  land  mi#ga#on  purchase  
savings  for  smart  growth  scenario.  

37
•  The  es#mated  annual  impact  of  rural  public  
transporta#on  on  the  na#onal  economy  was  
over  $1.2  billion    

•  Research:  in  one  study,  rural  coun#es  with  

transit  service  were  found  to  have  11  percent  
greater  average  growth  of  net  earnings  
compared  with  coun#es  without  transit  

38
Review

•  Purpose of Planning
•  History and Legal
Context
•  Types of Plans
•  Relationship between
Land Use and
Transportation Plans -
Placemaking

39
 Mul$  Modal  Development  and  Delivery  (M2D2)  is  a  project  developed  in  partnership  
between  the  Michigan  Department  of  Transporta#on  and  Smart  Growth  America  to  
support  Michigan’s  economic  recovery  by  improving  MDOT’s  ins#tu#onal  capacity  to  plan,  
design,  construct,  operate  and  maintain  Michigan’s  transporta#on  system  
 for  Complete  Streets  and  mul#ple  modes.  

www.smartgrowthamerica.org