FEKO. Script Examples

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Scripting Examples
Suite 6.3
October 2013
Copyright 1998 – 2013: EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

32 Techno Avenue, Technopark, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
Tel: +27-21-831-1500, Fax: +27-21-880-1936
E-Mail: [email protected]
WWW: www.feko.info
CONTENTS i
Contents
1 Introduction 1-1
2 Scripting only examples 2-1

2.1 Example 1: Half wavelength dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Example 2: A dipole antenna in front of a plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.3 Example 3: Dipole in front of a plate with physical optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.4 Example 4: Dielectric sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.5 Example 5: Dipole in front of a dielectric beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
2.6 Example 6: Magnetic field probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.7 Example 7: Monopole on a finite circular ground plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
2.8 Example 8: A horn antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
2.9 Example 9: Dielectric cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
2.10 Example 10: Yagi-Uda antenna over a real ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42
2.11 Example 11: Dipole antenna in front of a PO plate with edge currents . . . . . 2-49
2.12 Example 12: A metallic sphere coated with a dielectric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52
2.13 Example 13: Dielectric/magnetic sphere solved with volume currents . . . . . 2-55
2.14 Example 14: Conducting cube modelled with PO and wedge correction . . . . 2-59
2.15 Example 15: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-62
2.16 Example 16: Dipole antenna in front of a metallic Fock cylinder . . . . . . . . . 2-65
2.17 Example 17: Hertzian dipole in front of a parabolic reflector . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68
2.18 Example 18: UHF antenna array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70
2.19 Example 19: Dipole antenna in front of a UTD plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-78
2.20 Example 20: Monopole antenna on a metallic UTD plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82
2.21 Example 21: Mobile communications antenna on the roof of a building . . . . 2-86
2.22 Example 22: Planar dipole antenna (using wires) on a substrate . . . . . . . . 2-91
2.23 Example 23: Dielectric cone on top of a metallic cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-96
2.24 Example 24: Planar dipole antenna on a substrate (using triangles) . . . . . . 2-100
2.26 Example 26: Input impedance of a two wire transmission line . . . . . . . . . . 2-103
2.27 Example 27: Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylindrical (UTD) mast . . . . . . 2-105
2.28 Example 28: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric PO cylinder . . . . . . . . . 2-109
2.29 Example 29: Pin fed patch antenna on a finite dielectric substrate . . . . . . . 2-112
2.30 Example 30: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116
2.31 Example 31: Wire antenna penetrating a real ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-122
2.32 Example 32: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-126
2.33 Example 33: Shielding effectiveness of a thin hollow sphere . . . . . . . . . . . 2-129
2.34 Example 34: Coaxial cable (modelled with surface triangles) . . . . . . . . . . 2-132
2.35 Example 35: Replacing antenna with equivalent sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-142
2.36 Example 36: Example of S-parameter calculation above a ground plane . . . . 2-151
October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

ii CONTENTS
2.37 Example 37: Proximity coupled patch antenna with microstrip feed . . . . . . 2-154
2.38 Example 38: Microstrip filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-157
2.39 Example 39: Log periodic antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-162
2.40 Example 40: Coupling between impedance matched dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . 2-166
2.41 Example 41: Using the MLFMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-172
Index I-1
EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd October 2013

INTRODUCTION 1-1
1 Introduction
This Scripting Examples guide presents a set of text-based or scripting examples which demon-
strate many of the features of the code FEKO. Most of the concepts, methods and applications in
this guide are represented in the Examples guide where the CADFEKO interface is used.
The examples have been selected to illustrate the features without being unnecessarily com-
plex or requiring excessive run times. The input files for the examples can be found in the
examples/Miscellaneous/TextExamples_models directory under the FEKO installation.
It is highly recommended that you refer to the Examples guide for the examples that you require,
and that this document only be considered if scripting examples are specifically required.
Before attempting to use the examples based purely on the FEKO scripting language as presented
in this document, it is suggested that you work through the examples in the Getting started guide
and familiarise yourself with the Working with EDITFEKO and Advanced concepts sections in the
FEKO Users’ manual .
Running FEKO LITE
FEKO LITE is limited with respect to problem size and therefore cannot run a number of the
examples in this guide.
For more information on FEKO LITE, please see the Getting started manual and the Installation
Guide.

SCRIPTING ONLY EXAMPLES 2-1
2 Scripting only examples
Examples in this section demonstrate advanced use of the FEKO suite using EDITFEKO for both
geometrical input and solution control. These examples require familiarity with the advanced
part of the FEKO User’s Manual, starting with section 8.
Scripting can also be used to create the geometry. For repetitive structures (such as log spiral
antennas) this may be more efficient than using CADFEKO. If the geometry is to be optimised
with OPTFEKO, it must be created using scripting.
2.1 Example 1: Half wavelength dipole
C
˜j
B
Figure 2-1: Half wavelength dipole antenna
This example shows how to calculate the radiation pattern and input impedance for a simple half
wavelength dipole shown in figure 2-1. The wavelength λis 4 m, the length of the antenna 2 m,
and the wire radius 2 mm. The input file is as follows
** A lambda/2 dipole antenna in free space

** Radiation at a wavelength lambda of 4 m
** Set the wavelength

#lambda = 4
** Segmentation parameters
#seg_len = #lambda / 20
#seg_rad = 0.002
IP #seg_rad #seg_len
** Define the points

#h = #lambda/4 ** Half the dipole length
#l = 0.4*#seg_len ** Half the length of the feed segment
** (Must be smaller than 0.5*#seg_len to allow only one segment)
DP A 0 0 -#h
DP B 0 0 -#l
DP C 0 0 #l
** Define lower half of the dipole without the feed

BL A B
** Mirror the lower half of the dipole upwards, about the plane z=0 (xy-plane)
** (with the same command electric symmetry about the plane z=0 is established)
SY 1 0 0 2

2-2 FEKO EXAMPLES: 1
** Create feed segment with the label 1

LA 1
BL B C
** End of the geometric input -- write complete geometry to output file

EG 0 0 0 0 0
** Calculate and set the frequency (approximately 75 MHz)

#freq = #c0 / #lambda ** #c0, the speed of light in vacuum, is predefined
FR 1 0 #freq
** Excite by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) on the segment with label 1

A1 0 1 1 0
** Calculate the far field in the vertical plane

FF 1 37 1 0 0 0 5 0
** End
EN
The first line of the input file must contain either the file name example_01 or it must be a
comment line or an empty line. It is usually a comment line. This is followed by the IP card
which defines the wire radius and the maximum segment length. Here the maximum segment
λ
length has been set to 20 =0.2 m. The dipole antenna is located on the z axis between the two
points A (at z = −1) and D (at z = 1). The excitation is placed in the middle of the dipole at
z = 0.
The dipole could have been constructed with a single BL card by connecting the points A and D.
(See the first example, dipole.pre, in the Getting started manual.) However, if a single wire
is used, the feed segment cannot be specified by label and no use is made of the symmetry. To
ensure that the feed segment has a unique label, the antenna is created in three sections namely
A–B, B–C and C–D. The points B and C lie symmetric about z = 0 and the distance between them
must be less than the maximum segment length such that only one segment is created.
First the points A and B are connected by means of the BL card. This generates the bottom half of
the dipole. The plane z = 0 is then defined as a plane of ideal electric symmetry (SY card). This
mirrors the existing segments to create the top half of the dipole. It is, of course, also possible
to create the top half of the dipole with another BL card and thus not to utilise symmetry. All
structures following an LA card will have the label specified by it. Since no LA card has been
used yet, all segments created thus far have the default label 0. The BL card connecting points B
and C follows the LA card and thus creates a segment with a unique label (label 1 in this case)
as no other segments are created after this LA card. This label is used in the A1 card to specify
the feed segment. The EG card ends the geometric input.
The input files for the examples can be found in the examples/simple directory under the
FEKO installation. Solutions for these examples are obtained by running PREFEKO and FEKO as
discussed in the Getting started manual.
The user is advised to run FEKO on example_01 and compare the FEKO output file example_01.out
with the extracts of the output file listed below.
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. 1

FEKO EXAMPLES: 1 2-3
real part imag. part magn. phase

Current in A 1.1032E-02 -4.3617E-03 1.1863E-02 -21.57
Admitt. in A/V 1.1032E-02 -4.3617E-03 1.1863E-02 -21.57
Impedance in Ohm 7.8392E+01 3.0994E+01 8.4296E+01 21.57
Power in Watt: 5.51599E-03
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V

Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered
LOCATION ETHETA EPHI directivity in dB ...

THETA PHI magn. phase magn. phase vert. horiz. total
...
90.00 0.00 7.387E-01 66.12 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1751791 -999.9999 2.1751791
95.00 0.00 7.346E-01 66.12 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1260442 -999.9999 2.1260442
100.00 0.00 7.222E-01 66.13 0.000E+00 0.00 1.9785679 -999.9999 1.9785679
POLARISATION
axial r. angle direction
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
The resulting input impedance is Z = (78.4 + j31.0) Ω and the maximum gain is 2.18 dB.

2.2 Example 2: A dipole antenna in front of a plate
Figure 2-2: Dipole antenna in front of a conducting plate
This example considers a λ2 dipole in front of a square conducting plate with side length λ. The
wavelength is 3 m which results in a frequency of approximately 100 MHz. The distance between
the antenna and the plate is 43 λ=2.25 m.
The horizontal radiation pattern and the near field are calculated for both a perfectly conducting
plate and a plate with losses. The complete input file is given below.
** A lambda/2 dipole antenna 3/4 lambda in front of a plate with

** side lengths equal to lambda.
#lambda = 3
#tri_len = #lambda / 7
#seglen = #lambda / 15
#segrad = 0.002
IP #segrad #tri_len #seglen

#a = #lambda/2
DP P1 0 0 0
DP P2 0 #a 0
DP P3 0 #a #a
DP P4 0 0 #a
#d = 3/4*#lambda
#h = #lambda/4
#gap = 0.45*#seglen
DP A #d 0 #h
DP B #d 0 #gap
DP C #d 0 -#gap
** A quarter of the plate is created in the quadrant y>0 and z>0 with label 2
LA 2
BP P1 P2 P3 P4
** Mirror the plate in the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall
SY 1 0 3 0

** Create the top half of the dipole antenna (without excitation)

** Use Label 0
LA 0
BL A B
** Mirror in the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- perfect electric conducting plane
SY 1 0 0 2
** Create the excitation segment with label 1
LA 1
BL B C
** End of the geometry input

EG 0 0 0 0 0
** Calculate and set the frequency

#freq = #c0 / #lambda
FR 1 0 #freq
** Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field)

A1 0 1 1
** Calculate the electric and magnetic near fields along the x axis
FE 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 0 0.1 0 0
** Calculate the far field (horizontal plane)
FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
** Add losses to the plate -- skin effect
SK 2 3 0.005 1 1.0E5
FE 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 0 0.1 0 0
FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
** End
EN
The comments at the start of the input file are followed by an IP card that sets the maximum
λ
segment length to 15 =0.2 m, the wire radius to 2 mm, and the maximum triangle edge length to
λ
7
=0.429 m.
Next, the points are defined, using DP cards, as shown in figure 2-3. A quarter plate is created
from these points by using a BP card. This is mirrored by applying magnetic symmetry to the
plane y = 0 (SY card). The top half of the antenna is then created using a BL card. The top half
of the plate and the dipole are now mirrored by specifying electric symmetry in the plane z = 0.
Thereafter the feed segment is created.

Here all triangles have label 2 (they follow the LA card that specifies label 2), the segments of
the dipole have label 0 except for the feed segment (to which the voltage gap will be applied)
which has label 1. (Note that no label increase is specified by the SY cards.)
The program PREFEKO meshes the structure into 128 triangular patches and 9 segments, as
shown in figure 2-3.
P4
P3
P1
P2
B
Figure 2-3: The meshed geometry of Example 2
After the end of geometry the frequency and excitation are set and a near and far field calculation
requested. This will yield the results for perfectly conducting triangles which is the default. The
SK card is then used to define skin effect losses. This is followed by a second set of calculation
requests.
Extracts from the lossless section of the output file example_02.out

Current in A 9.7345E-03 -5.6445E-03 1.1253E-02 -30.11
Admitt. in A/V 9.7345E-03 -5.6445E-03 1.1253E-02 -30.11
Inductance in H 7.0997E-08
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m

(total field, incident and scattered)
LOCATION EX EY ...
medium X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase
0 -1.97000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0 -1.87000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0 -1.77000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
EZ

magn. phase
7.03252E-02 139.87
6.98094E-02 149.19
6.91203E-02 158.31
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m

LOCATION HX HY ...
0 -1.97000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.90618E-04 140.39
0 -1.87000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.89841E-04 149.82
0 -1.77000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.88747E-04 159.07
HZ
magn. phase
0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00


90.00 0.00 1.240E+00 168.98 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2149 -999.9999 7.2149
90.00 2.00 1.238E+00 168.90 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2011 -999.9999 7.2011
90.00 4.00 1.232E+00 168.65 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1595 -999.9999 7.1595
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
The extract below shows the same results when losses are included on the triangles

Current in A 9.7345E-03 -5.6445E-03 1.1253E-02 -30.11
Admitt. in A/V 9.7345E-03 -5.6445E-03 1.1253E-02 -30.11

POWER LOSS METAL (in Watt)
| in the segments | in the

Label | skineffect conc.load distr.load coating | triangles
2| 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | 3.0107E-07
total | 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | 3.0107E-07
Total loss in the segments: 0.0000E+00 W

Total loss in the triangl.: 3.0107E-07 W
Loss metal (total): 3.0107E-07 W
LOCATION EX EY ...
0 -1.97000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0 -1.87000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0 -1.77000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
EZ
magn. phase
7.02916E-02 139.86
6.97747E-02 149.18
6.90846E-02 158.30
LOCATION HX HY ...
0 -1.97000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.90538E-04 140.39
0 -1.87000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.89759E-04 149.81
0 -1.77000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.88663E-04 159.06
HZ
magn. phase
0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00


90.00 0.00 1.235E+00 168.98 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2146 -999.9999 7.2146
90.00 2.00 1.233E+00 168.90 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2008 -999.9999 7.2008
90.00 4.00 1.227E+00 168.65 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1592 -999.9999 7.1592
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Figures 2-4 and 2-5 show the near field along the x axis and the horizontal radiation.

Figure 2-4: Electric near field along the x axis for Example 2
Figure 2-5: Radiation pattern (in dB) in the horizontal plane ϑ=90◦ for Example 2

2.3 Example 3: Dipole in front of a plate with physical optics
This example uses the same structure as Example 2 shown in figure 2-3, but in this case the
physical optics (PO) approximation is used to determine the currents on the surface of the plate.
The triangles on the plate all have label 2 and this is therefore be specified in the PO card to
define the PO region. The complete input file is given below.
** A lambda/2 dipole antenna 3/4 lambda in front of a plate with
** side lengths equal to lambda.
#lambda = 3
#segrad = 0.002
IP #segrad #tri_len #seglen

#a = #lambda/2
DP P1 0 0 0
DP P2 0 #a 0
DP P3 0 #a #a
DP P4 0 0 #a
#d = 3/4*#lambda
#h = #lambda/4
#gap = 0.45*#seglen
DP A #d 0 #h
DP B #d 0 #gap
DP C #d 0 -#gap
** A quarter of the plate is created in the quadrant y>0 and z>0 with label 2
LA 2
BP P1 P2 P3 P4
** Mirror the plate in the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall
SY 1 0 3 0
** Create the top half of the dipole antenna (without excitation)
** Use Label 0
LA 0
BL A B
** Mirror in the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- perfect electric conducting plane
SY 1 0 0 2
** Create the excitation segment with label 1
LA 1
BL B C
** PO approximation for the plate with the label 2, ray search is switched off
PO 2 1 0 0 0
** End of the geometry input

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Calculate and set the frequency

FR 1 0 #freq
** Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field)

A1 0 1 1
FE 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 0 0.1 0 0
FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
** End
EN
Note that the addition of a single PO card is the only change from the input file used for Exam-
ple 2. (Besides the fact that the skin effect is not considered here.)
Extracts from the output file example_03.out follow

Current in A 9.7098E-03 -5.7193E-03 1.1269E-02 -30.50
Admitt. in A/V 9.7098E-03 -5.7193E-03 1.1269E-02 -30.50
in free space
LOCATION EX EY EZ
X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase magn. phase
-1.9700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 7.655E-02 139.69
-1.8700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 7.625E-02 149.18
-1.7700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 7.582E-02 158.50
-1.6700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 7.525E-02 167.64
in free space
LOCATION HX HY HZ
-1.9700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 1.977E-04 137.30 0.000E+00 0.00
-1.8700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 1.958E-04 146.53 0.000E+00 0.00
-1.7700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 1.935E-04 155.57 0.000E+00 0.00
-1.6700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 1.906E-04 164.39 0.000E+00 0.00


90.00 0.00 1.246E+00 170.01 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2683872 -999.9999 7.2683872
90.00 2.00 1.244E+00 169.91 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2547916 -999.9999 7.2547916
90.00 4.00 1.238E+00 169.62 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2139059 -999.9999 7.2139059
POLARISATION


0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-6 shows the distribution of the near field along the x axis and figure 2-7 the radiation
pattern in the horizontal plane. It is clear that there is good correlation between the PO method
and the method of moments results (figures 2-4 and 2-5). There is, however, a big difference in
the computation time.
Figure 2-6: Electric near field along the x axis for Example 3
Figure 2-7: Radiation pattern (in dB) in the horizontal plane ϑ=90◦ for Example 3

2.4 Example 4: Dielectric sphere
Figure 2-8: Dielectric sphere with incident plane wave
Here a dielectric sphere with radius R = 1 m and a dielectric constant of " r = 3 is located at
the origin of the coordinate system. The excitation is an electromagnetic plane wave (shown in
figure 2-8) propagating in the z direction and polarised in the x direction. The free space wave-
length is 20 m. The calculation is done using the equivalent surface current method. (Examples 9
and 13 discuss using the volume current method for dielectrics.)
** A lossless dielectric sphere with radius R=1m and Epsilon=36.
** Excitated by means of an incident plane wave with lambda 20m
** (3.33m in the dielectric)
** Set parameters
#lambda = 20
#r = 1
#epsr = 36
#tri_len = #lambda / sqrt(#epsr) / 8
IP #tri_len
** Create the sphere

** Define points
DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 0 #r
DP C #r 0 0
** Assign the medium’s properties

ME 1 0
** Create an eighth of the sphere

KU A B C 0 0 90 90 #tri_len
** Mirroring in all three coordinates

** yz-plane: ideal electric conducting plane
** xz-plane: ideal magnetic conducting plane
** xy-plane: only geometric symmetry
SY 1 2 3 1

** The sphere is modelled with planar trianglular patches, allowing only

** an approximate representation of the real geometry. To improve the
** agreement with an exact solution, one can scale the sphere created so
** far so that the surface of the discretised sphere equals the surface
** of the real sphere:
** Without the TG card here below FEKO calculates the total surface of these
** triangles as 12.127642. Scale the sphere such that the total triangle
** surface is the same as that of the sphere.
#a_sphere = 4*#pi*(#r^2)
#a_triang = 12.127642
#s = sqrt (#a_sphere / #a_triang)
TG 0 #s
** End of the geometry

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Assign the dielectric properties

DI 1 #epsr 1 0
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave

FR 0 #freq
A0 0 1 1 1 0 -180 0 0
** Calculate near fields along the z axis

#delta = #r / 20 ** stepping
#zrange = 2*#r ** values between -zrange and +zrange are plotted
#nz = floor( 2*#zrange/#delta ) + 1
FE 1 1 1 #nz 0 0 0 -#zrange 0 0 #delta
** Radar cross section in the vertical plane PHI=0

FF 1 91 1 0 0 0 2
** End
EN
The meshed structure is similar to figure 2-8 but has 176 triangles. Note that here only one ME
card is used as all the triangles lie on the surface of the dielectric and there are no conducting
structures. Note also the use of the DI card to specify the parameters and the fact that only one
FE card is required to calculate the near field inside and outside the dielectric region.

When PREFEKO meshes a sphere, all the triangle corners lie on the surface of the sphere. Thus
the meshed sphere is, on average, slightly smaller than the original sphere and the accuracy may
be improved by increasing the radius of the sphere as done here.
Extracts from the output file example_04.out are given below.
Scaling by a factor 1.018E+00
Surface of the triangles in m*m: 12.5663706
LOCATION EX ...
medium X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase
0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -2.00000E+00 9.13919E-01 39.25
0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.97500E+00 9.10146E-01 38.92
0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.95000E+00 9.06153E-01 38.60
...
1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -2.50000E-02 1.21019E-01 2.49
1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.11022E-16 1.20985E-01 -1.29
1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-02 1.21338E-01 -5.07
EY EZ
magn. phase magn. phase
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00

0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00

LOCATION ETHETA EPHI scattering cross sect. ...

THETA PHI magn. phase magn. phase in m*m
0.00 0.00 1.105E-01 -0.95 0.000E+00 0.00 1.53332E-01
2.00 0.00 1.104E-01 -0.95 0.000E+00 0.00 1.53169E-01
4.00 0.00 1.102E-01 -0.95 0.000E+00 0.00 1.52681E-01
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Figures 2-9 and 2-10 compare the near field along the z axis and the radar cross section as a
function of the angle to exact (theoretical) results. Note that the radius of the meshed sphere is
slightly larger than that of the theoretical one along the z axis.

Figure 2-9: Near field along the z axis
Figure 2-10: Bistatic radar cross section of the dielectric sphere

2.5 Example 5: Dipole in front of a dielectric beam
The problem of a dipole in front of a lossy dielectric beam, as shown in figure 2-11, is next.
The calculation is done using the equivalent surface current method, but could just as well be
done with volume equivalent currents. The geometry and the electrical parameters (such as the
dielectric constant) can be determined from the input file
J KL
I
E
F GH
** A Dipole antenna in front of a lossy dielectric cube.

** See article Sarkar (IEEE AP-37 S.673) and Karimullah
** (IEEE MTT-28 S.1218)
** Parameters for segmentation

IP 0.0277 0.33 0.70
** Geometric Structure
** lower half of the dipole antenna
DP A 0 0 -2.77
DP B 0 0 -0.34
DP C 0 0 0.34
BL A B
** lower half of the dielectric solid
DP E -0.1 0.2 -0.85
DP F 0.1 0.2 -0.85
DP G 0.1 0.4 -0.85
DP H -0.1 0.4 -0.85
DP I -0.1 0.2 0
DP J 0.1 0.2 0
DP K 0.1 0.4 0
DP L -0.1 0.4 0
ME 1 0
BP E H G F
BP E F J I
BP J F G K

BP L K G H
BP I L H E
** Mirroring around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric conducting plane
SY 1 0 0 2
** Create excitation segment with label 1

ME 0
LA 1
BL B C
** End of the geometric input

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Dielectric data
DI 1 113 1 0.62
** Set the frequency

FR 1 0 27.0E6
** Excitation by means of a voltage source (E-field) on dipole

A1 0 1 1
** Calculate the electric near field (along the y axis)

FE 1 1 100 1 0 0 -0.395 0 0 0.01 0
** Far field calculation

FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
** End
EN
Here we use an ME card to define the dielectric volume and a second one to switch back to
conductors in free space in order to construct the feed segment (which must be defined after
specifying the symmetry).
Below we list extracts from the output file example_05.out


Current in A 1.1076E-02 -3.2407E-03 1.1540E-02 -16.31
Admitt. in A/V 1.1076E-02 -3.2407E-03 1.1540E-02 -16.31
POWER BUDGET IN THE DIELECTRIC (in Watt)
Integration of the normal component of the power density vector pointing into the
respective medium over the surface of the dielectric body (MoM surface equiv. princip.)
or volume integral for the corresponding medium (FEM and MoM volume equiv. princip.)
medium power dens. metallic network source power loss

integral losses losses power in medium
0 unknown 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.54361E-03 unknown
1 1.64229E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.64229E-04
LOCATION EX ...
0 0.00000E+00 -3.95000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0 0.00000E+00 -3.85000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00
...
1 0.00000E+00 2.05000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00
1 0.00000E+00 2.15000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00
EY EZ
0.00000E+00 0.00 3.37382E-01 173.86
0.00000E+00 0.00 3.39730E-01 174.37
0.00000E+00 0.00 1.83275E-01 -122.12

0.00000E+00 0.00 1.70781E-01 -124.80


90.00 0.00 7.295E-01 67.46 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1694 -999.9999 2.1694
90.00 2.00 7.296E-01 67.46 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1705 -999.9999 2.1705
90.00 4.00 7.297E-01 67.47 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1716 -999.9999 2.1716
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

2.6 Example 6: Magnetic field probe
D
C
The current in a circular loop wire can be used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic field.
The conducting wire is shielded against electric fields by a conducting sleeve. The structure is
shown in figure 2-12. The input file is listed below.
** A magnetic field probe in the form of a frame antenna with

** shielding against electric fields. Wave length approximately 10 m.
IP 0.005 0.25 0.15
** Create a quarter of the torus in the area y<0 and z<0
DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 0 1
DP C -1 0 0
DP D -1.1 0 0
TO A B C D 175 180 0.25 0.12 0
** Mirroring around the plane z=0 (xy-plane only geometrically symmetric)

SY 1 0 0 1
** Create the inner conductor in the form of a half circle
CL A B C 180 0.15
** mirror around the plane y=0 (xz-plane, ideal conducting electric plane)
SY 1 0 2 0
** End of the geometric input -- no geometry data in output file

EG 1 0 0 0 0

FR 1 0 30.0E6
** Examine multiple incident fields. Step the angle of incidence THETA

** from 0 to 90 in steps of 10 degrees. Polarisation is such that for
** THETA=90 the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the
** circle. For any angle of THETA the electric field is always in the
** y direction.
A0 0 10 1 1 0 0 0 90 10

** Start the calculation with the OS card and output the segment currents
OS 3
** End
EN
Extracts from the output file example_06.out are

EXCITATION BY PLANE LINEAR POLARISED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Number of excitation: N = 1
Frequency in Hz: FREQ = 3.00000E+07
Wavelength in m: LAMBDA = 9.99308E+00
Direction of incidence: THETA = 0.00 PHI = 0.00
Dir. of polarisation: ETA = 90.00
Direction of propag.: BETA0X = 0.00000E+00
BETA0Y = 0.00000E+00
BETA0Z = -6.28754E-01
Field strength in V/m: |E0X| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0X) = 0.00
(Phase in deg.) |E0Y| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(E0Y) = 0.00
|E0Z| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0Z) = 0.00
VALUES OF THE CURRENT IN THE SEGMENTS in A
Segment centre IX IY ...

number x/m y/m z/m magn. phase magn. phase
1 -9.94415E-01 -7.45211E-02 0.00000E+00 5.204E-04 -91.14 6.944E-03 88.86
2 -9.72202E-01 -2.21899E-01 0.00000E+00 1.536E-03 -91.14 6.729E-03 88.86
3 -9.28271E-01 -3.64319E-01 0.00000E+00 2.477E-03 -91.14 6.312E-03 88.86
4 -8.63604E-01 -4.98602E-01 0.00000E+00 3.300E-03 -91.14 5.715E-03 88.86
5 -7.79645E-01 -6.21746E-01 0.00000E+00 3.965E-03 -91.14 4.972E-03 88.86
IZ
magn. phase
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
Direction of propag.: BETA0X = -1.09182E-01
BETA0Y = 0.00000E+00
BETA0Z = -6.19201E-01
|E0Z| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0Z) = 0.00

Segment centre IX IY ...

1 -9.94415E-01 -7.45211E-02 0.00000E+00 5.260E-04 -94.88 7.019E-03 85.12
2 -9.72202E-01 -2.21899E-01 0.00000E+00 1.553E-03 -94.88 6.802E-03 85.12
3 -9.28271E-01 -3.64319E-01 0.00000E+00 2.504E-03 -94.88 6.380E-03 85.12
4 -8.63604E-01 -4.98602E-01 0.00000E+00 3.335E-03 -94.88 5.777E-03 85.12
5 -7.79645E-01 -6.21746E-01 0.00000E+00 4.008E-03 -94.88 5.026E-03 85.12
IZ
magn. phase
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00
0.000E+00 0.00

2.7 Example 7: Monopole on a finite circular ground plane
E
A
A monopole antenna of length λ4 and radius 10−5 λ is located in the middle of a circular ground
plane with a radius R such that 2π λR =3. The structure is shown in figure 2-13 and the input file
is
** A lambda/4 monopole antenna, on a finite circular ground plane with

** radius R, where 2*PI*R/lambda = 3, i.e. R=1.91m.
** lambda=4m, and the wire radius is 10^-5*lambda.
** Comparisons to the results obtained can be found in the book "Monopole

** Elements on Circular Ground Planes" from Melvin M. Weiner et.al.
** PP. 66, 175, 230
** Parameters for segmentation

#lam = 4
#tri_len = #lam/10
#segl = #lam/40
IP 1e-5*#lam #tri_len #segl
** Radius of the ground plane

#rad = 3 * #lam / ( 2 * #pi )

DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 0 1
DP D #rad 0 0
DP E 0 0 0.6*#segl
** Create a quarter of the circular ground plane, that will be treated

** with the MoM.
KR A B D 90 #tri_len
** Mirror this to form a full circle (ideal magnetic wall)
SY 1 3 3 0
** Create monopole, and the feed segment (label 1)
LA 0
BL E B
LA 1
BL A E
** End of geometric input

EG 1 0 0 0 0


FR 1 0 #c0/#lam
** Excitation be means of a voltage gap at the first segment of the

** monopole -- radiating exactly 2 watt
A1 0 1 1 0
PW 1 2
** Write the surface currents to the output file

OS 1 1
** To display the full pattern in GraphFEKO, we need a calculation

** where theta goes from 0 to 360 while phi remains constant
FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2
** Calculate the far field and integrate this to obtain the radiated
** power. The pattern should be omni-directional in the phi-direction
** such that we can use large increments for this angle.
FF 3 90 12 0 1 15 2 30
** For FEKO LITE replace the line above with
** FF 3 90 6 0 1 90 2 60
** End
EN
Note that we switch off averaging of the currents at the OS card. Averaging may require a
significant amount of run time and is no longer required for the post processor. Extracts from the
output file example_07.out are given below.

Current in A 2.4577E-01 -1.9206E-01 3.1191E-01 -38.01
Admitt. in A/V 1.5101E-02 -1.1801E-02 1.9165E-02 -38.01
Power in Watt: 2.00000E+00


0.00 0.00 1.683E-16 107.91 2.454E-15 169.09 -336.2662 -312.9904 -312.9701
2.00 0.00 1.020E+00 103.82 0.000E+00 0.00 -20.6209 -999.9999 -20.6209
4.00 0.00 2.033E+00 103.78 0.000E+00 0.00 -14.6280 -999.9999 -14.6280
POLARISATION
0.0600 -91.90 LEFT
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Gain is a factor of 1.00000E+00 ( 0.00 dB) larger than directivity
The directivity/gain is based on an active power of 2.00000E+00 W

and on a power loss of 0.00000E+00 W


Integration of the normal component of the Poynting vector in the angular

grid DTHETA = 2.00 deg. and DPHI = 30.00 deg. ( 1080 sample points)
angular range THETA angular range PHI radiated power
0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 0.00 .. 360.00 deg. 1.92627E+00 Watt
1.00 .. 179.00 deg. 15.00 .. 345.00 deg. 1.76578E+00 Watt
The power supplied by the voltage source is 2 W, but the power calculated by integrating in the far
field is 1.926 W — a difference of 3.7%. A difference this large implies that a finer segmentation
may be required. The radiation pattern is shown in figure 2-14.
Electric far field |E_Theta|

15º 0º 345º
30º 330º
45º -5 315º
60º -10 300º

-15
75º 285º
-20
90º 270º
105º 255º
120º 240º
135º 225º
150º 210º
165º 180º 195º
Figure 2-14: Radiation pattern of the monopole as a function of ϑ

2.8 Example 8: A horn antenna
CZ
DZ
C
AZ CY
BZ
B
BY
A
AY
A horn antenna structure, as shown in figure 2-15, is examined next.

In particular, we want to use this example to compare different options available in FEKO to feed
this structure:
• Modelling a real feed pin with a wire inside the waveguide using the A1 card as a voltage
source along the wire.
• Using the waveguide feed (AW card) to directly impress the desired mode (here a T E10
mode in the rectangular waveguide section).
• Using the AP card to model an impressed field distribution on an aperture. While this
method is more complex to use than the direct AW card, and also as opposed to the AW
card input impedances or S-parameters cannot be obtained, it shall be demonstrated here
since this technique can be used for any user defined field distribution or any waveguide
cross sections (which might not be supported directly at the AW card).
These different feed options are illustrated in figure 2-16.

When using a feed wire pin with an A1 voltage source, then the input file is:
** A pyramidal horn antenna for the frequency 1.645 GHz.

** using a wire feed with a voltage source as excitation (A1 card)
** Set a scaling factor so that all dimensions below are in cm

#scal = 0.01
SF 1 #scal
** Parameters of the structure (all in cm)

#freq = 1.645e9 ** frequency

Figure 2-16: Illustrating the different options to model a waveguide feed: Feed pin with A1 voltage source
(left), waveguide port excitation with AW card (middle), and field distribution in an aperture
with AP card (right)
#lam = #c0/#freq/#scal ** wavelength (scale so that also in cm)

#wa = 12.96 ** waveguide width
#wb = 6.48 ** waveguide height
#ha = 55.00 ** horn width
#hb = 42.80 ** horn height
#wl = 30.20 ** length of the waveguide section
#fl = #wl - #lam/4 ** position of the feed wire in the waveguide
#hl = 46.00 ** length of the horn section
#edgelen = #lam / 6 ** note that a mesh of lam / 6 is rather coarse
#seglen = #lam / 15
#segrho = #seglen / 12
IP #segrho #edgelen #seglen
** Define the corner points for a quarter of the horn in the

** quadrants y>0 and z>0 including the feed structure.
**
** Wave guide end
DP C -#wl #wa/2 #wb/2
DP CZ -#wl 0 #wb/2
DP CY -#wl #wa/2 0
DP C0 -#wl 0 0
** Transition from wave guide to horn
DP B 0 #wa/2 #wb/2
DP BZ 0 0 #wb/2
DP BY 0 #wa/2 0
** Horn opening
DP A #hl #ha/2 #hb/2
DP AZ #hl 0 #hb/2
DP AY #hl #ha/2 0
** Feed
#z = 0.45*#seglen
DP DU -#fl 0 -#z
DP DO -#fl 0 #z
DP DZ -#fl 0 #wb/2
** Create the surfaces in the quadrants y>0 and z>0

** Wave guide end
BP C CZ C0 CY
** Wave guide top
BT C CZ DZ

BQ C DZ BZ B
** Wave guide walls
BP C B BY CY
** Horn walls
BQ B A AY BY
** Horn top
BQ B A AZ BZ
** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall.
SY 1 0 3 0
** Create half of the feed wire

BL DO DZ
** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall.

SY 1 0 0 2
** Create the feed segment with the label "Feed"

LA Feed
BL DU DO

EG 1 0 0 0

FR 1 0 #freq
** Scale the power to 1 Watt

PW 1 0 1
** The excitation by a voltage source

A1 0 Feed 1 0
** Calculate the horizontal radiation pattern

FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90 0 1
** Calculate the vertical radiation pattern

FF 1 361 1 0 0 0 1 0
** Integration of the full 3-D pattern over a sphere to get the radiated power
** accurately (use symmetry, only 1/4 sphere, multiply power by 4).
** A test using a finer angular stepping has shown that a stepping of 5 deg.
** is fully sufficient for the dimensions under consideration (must be adjusted
** if a horn antenna with higher gain is modelled, since then more sidelobes occur)
#stepping = 5
#nthe = 90/#stepping + 1
#nphi = 180/#stepping + 1
FF 3 #nthe#nphi0 0 0 #stepping #stepping
** End
EN
This file can be found in the examples directory under the name example_08_a1.pre. Note the
use of a triangle on the upper waveguide wall to ensure an attachment point for the feed wire
which runs from top to bottom. Symmetry will ensure that there is also an attachment point on
the bottom wall.
Extracts from the output file example_08_a1.out are given below.


Current in A 4.5710E-02 -7.2878E-03 4.6287E-02 -9.06
Admitt. in A/V 1.0447E-03 -1.6656E-04 1.0579E-03 -9.06


...
90.00 -4.00 5.235E+01 89.32 0.000E+00 0.00 16.5992 -999.9999 16.5992
90.00 -3.00 5.320E+01 89.86 0.000E+00 0.00 16.7405 -999.9999 16.7405
90.00 -2.00 5.383E+01 90.26 0.000E+00 0.00 16.8416 -999.9999 16.8416
90.00 -1.00 5.420E+01 90.49 0.000E+00 0.00 16.9022 -999.9999 16.9022
90.00 0.00 5.433E+01 90.57 0.000E+00 0.00 16.9225 -999.9999 16.9225
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR


0.00 0.00 5.250E+00 -151.58 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.3749 -999.9999 -3.3749
1.00 0.00 5.394E+00 -135.39 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.1399 -999.9999 -3.1399
2.00 0.00 5.512E+00 -119.59 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.9527 -999.9999 -2.9527
3.00 0.00 5.591E+00 -104.04 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.8279 -999.9999 -2.8279
4.00 0.00 5.628E+00 -88.58 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.7707 -999.9999 -2.7707
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR


-2.50 .. 92.50 deg. -2.50 .. 182.50 deg. 3.27767E-01 Watt
0.00 .. 90.00 deg. 0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 2.38229E-01 Watt

Note that the source power is calculated from a single current and may possibly not be very
accurate. In this example since the PW card is used to normalise the power this is scaled to exactly
1.00000 W. We can obtain a more accurate calculation of the radiated power by integrating the
far field. (Note that this gives the radiated power which is not the same as the source power
for lossy antennas.) In this example, the integrated radiated power is 4 times 0.238229 W, i.e.
0.95292 W (we only integrated over a quarter of the far field region). Thus there is a 4.7%
power error. This is quite large and caused by the coarse meshing of only λ6 . The actual power
is 0.209 dB lower than the calculated source power. Since the power is used to normalise the
directivity calculation, the actual directivity is 0.209 dB higher than the calculated values. The
directivity might therefore be compensated by specifying a 0.209 dB offset in POSTFEKO.
As mentioned in the beginning, instead of physically modelling the feed wire, one can also
use a waveguide port excitation (AW card) directly in FEKO. The corresponding input file is
example_08_aw.pre and looks like this:
** A pyramidal horn antenna for the frequency 1.645 GHz
** using a rectangular waveguide port excitation (AW card)
** of the TE_10 mode

#scal = 0.01
SF 1 #scal

#fl = #wl - #lam/4 ** position of the excitation in the waveguide
#m = 1 ** mode index in first dimension
#n = 0 ** mode index in second dimension
#seglen = #lam / 15
** Compute the critical wavelength in the rectangular waveguide

** for the mode (#m/#n) under consideration
#lam_c = 2/sqrt((#m/#wa)*(#m/#wa)+(#n/#wb)*(#n/#wb))
** Check whether this mode is propagating at all in the waveguide

** (if not we could still use such a mode as feed, the AW card supports
** this, then just in the formula below the sqrt() argument would be
** negative, so catch this case here and print an error)
!!if (#lam > #lam_c) then
!! print "Error: Excitation mode is below cut-off!"
!! print " Free space wavelength ", #lam
!! print " Critical wavelength ", #lam_c
!! exit
!!endif

** Compute the wavelength of this mode in the waveguide

#lam_h = #lam/sqrt(1-(#lam/#lam_c)*(#lam/#lam_c))
** Change the position of the excitation (offset of a quarter wavelength)

#fl = #wl-#lam_h/4
** Define the corner points for the waveguide port (for AW card)
DP FZ -#fl -#wa/2 #wb/2
DP FY -#fl #wa/2 -#wb/2
DP F0 -#fl -#wa/2 -#wb/2

** quadrants y>0 and z>0 including the waveguide port
**
** Waveguide port
DP C -#fl #wa/2 #wb/2
DP CZ -#fl 0 #wb/2
DP CY -#fl #wa/2 0
DP C0 -#fl 0 0
** Transition from waveguide to horn
DP B 0 #wa/2 #wb/2
DP BZ 0 0 #wb/2
DP BY 0 #wa/2 0
** Horn opening
DP AZ #hl 0 #hb/2
DP AY #hl #ha/2 0
** Create the surfaces in the quadrants y>0 and z>0. Note that in order to
** get a high resolution mesh at the port, we are using local mesh refinement.
**
** Waveguide port (we use here the label "Port", also note that the normal
** vector of the created structure must point into the waveguide towards
** the horn)
LA Port
BP C CZ C0 CY #edgelen/4#edgelen/4
** Waveguide top and side walls
LA: Waveguide
BQ C CZ BZ B #edgelen/4
BQ C B BY CY #edgelen/4
** Horn walls and top
LA Horn
BQ B A AY BY
BQ B A AZ BZ
** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall
SY 1 0 3 0
** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall

SY 1 0 0 2

EG 1 0 0 0

FR 1 0 #freq

PW 1 0 1

** Waveguide port excitation, TE10-mode

AW 0 Port 1 1 0 F0 FY FZ
1 2 2 #m #n

FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90 0 1

FF 1 361 1 0 0 0 1 0
#stepping = 5
** End
EN
It is worth mentioning the local mesh refinement used for the triangles representing the wave-
guide port. This is necessary since in the example here even though not excited, also higher
order modes up to the order (5/5) are considered and this field distribution must be represented
properly by the mesh across the port.
When looking at the results, then one finds the following:
DATA OF THE WAVEGUIDE PORT NO. 1

Reflection coeff. 6.0344E-02 -7.3900E-02 9.5408E-02 -50.77
Modal coefficients of propagating backward waves

Mode indices Backward Coefficient in V/m Backward Coefficient in A/m
m n magn. phase magn. phase
TE 1 0 4.73887E+01 -50.77 8.94473E-02 -50.77


...
90.00 -4.00 5.344E+01 -131.57 0.000E+00 0.00 16.7785 -999.9999 16.7785
90.00 -3.00 5.432E+01 -131.03 0.000E+00 0.00 16.9205 -999.9999 16.9205
90.00 -2.00 5.496E+01 -130.64 0.000E+00 0.00 17.0220 -999.9999 17.0220
90.00 -1.00 5.534E+01 -130.41 0.000E+00 0.00 17.0829 -999.9999 17.0829
90.00 0.00 5.547E+01 -130.33 0.000E+00 0.00 17.1033 -999.9999 17.1033
POLARISATION

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR


0.00 0.00 5.259E+00 -14.79 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.3604 -999.9999 -3.3604
1.00 0.00 5.337E+00 2.29 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.2331 -999.9999 -3.2331
2.00 0.00 5.431E+00 19.17 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.0805 -999.9999 -3.0805
3.00 0.00 5.536E+00 35.78 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.9143 -999.9999 -2.9143
4.00 0.00 5.642E+00 52.07 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.7506 -999.9999 -2.7506
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR


-2.50 .. 92.50 deg. -2.50 .. 182.50 deg. 3.39552E-01 Watt
0.00 .. 90.00 deg. 0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 2.46615E-01 Watt
From these results, one can see that the actually radiated power is 4 times 0.246615 W, i.e.
0.98646 W, and hence the power budget error is just a mere 1.3% or 0.06 dB. This is despite
the coarse meshing of the horn as such (similar to the A1 type excitation). But a local mesh
refinement is used here for the port region.
As indicated in the beginning of this example and as displayed in figure 2-16, a third excitation
option exists in FEKO, and this can be found in the input file example_08_ap.pre: The user
can define an arbitrary field distribution in an aperture and use this as excitation:
** A pyramidal horn antenna for the frequency 1.645 GHz

** using a user defined field distribution as excitation (AP card)

#scal = 0.01
SF 1 #scal



#fl = #wl - #lam/4 ** position of the excitation in the waveguide
#seglen = #lam / 15
** Mode definition for the waveguide excitation, TE10-mode in a rectangular

** waveguide
** General parameters
#m = 1 ** mode index in first dimension
#n = 0 ** mode index in second dimension
** Calculate known things
** ----------------------
** #la_c, #la_h, #zfh, #zfe, #beta, #beta_c
** Critical wavelength of waveguide mode
#lam_c = 2/sqrt((#m/#wa)*(#m/#wa)+(#n/#wb)*(#n/#wb))
** Wavelength in waveguide
!!if (#lam > #lam_c) then
#below_cut_off = 1
#lam_h = #lam/sqrt((#lam/#lam_c)*(#lam/#lam_c)-1)
!!else
#below_cut_off = 0
#lam_h = #lam/sqrt(1-(#lam/#lam_c)*(#lam/#lam_c))
!!endif
#zfh = #zf0*#lam_h/#lam ** H-mode impedance in waveguide
#zfe = #zf0*#lam/#lam_h ** E-mode impedance in waveguide
#beta = 2*#pi/#lam_h ** prop const. in waveguide
#beta_c = 2*#pi/#lam_c ** critic. prop const. in waveguide
** ----------------------
** Calculate offset lambda_h/4 to set the source apart from the the short at waveguide end
#offs = #lam_h/4
#wp = #wl-#offs
** Define the corner points for the waveguide feed (for AP card)
DP RG_1 -#wp -#wa/2 -#wb/2
DP RG_2 -#wp #wa/2 -#wb/2
DP RG_3 -#wp -#wa/2 #wb/2

** quadrants y>0 and z>0 including the feed structure.
**
** Wave guide end
DP C -#wl #wa/2 #wb/2
DP CZ -#wl 0 #wb/2
DP CY -#wl #wa/2 0
DP C0 -#wl 0 0
** Transition from waveguide to horn
DP B 0 #wa/2 #wb/2
DP BZ 0 0 #wb/2
DP BY 0 #wa/2 0
** Horn opening


DP AZ #hl 0 #hb/2
DP AY #hl #ha/2 0
** Points for feed of horn
DP F -#wp #wa/2 #wb/2
DP FZ -#wp 0 #wb/2
DP FY -#wp #wa/2 0
** Create the surfaces in the quadrants y>0 and z>0

**
** Waveguide end
LA Short
BP C CZ C0 CY
** Waveguide top and walls
LA: Waveguide
BQ C CZ FZ F #edgelen/3
BQ F FZ BZ B #edgelen/3
BQ C F FY CY #edgelen/3
BQ F B BY FY #edgelen/3
** Horn walls and top
LA Horn
BQ B A AY BY
BQ B A AZ BZ
** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall
SY 1 0 3 0
** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall

SY 1 0 0 2

EG 1 0 0 0

FR 1 0 #freq

PW 1 0 1
** Waveguide port excitation, TE10-mode, using an AP card

** ----------------------
** Sampling parameters
#max_x = 15
#max_y = 15
#max_x = max(#max_x+2,#m*5) ** no. of samples in x shall be > #m*5
#max_y = max(#max_y+2,#n*5) ** no. of samples in y shall be > #n*5
#border_v = 0.05 ** border distance (relative) from the outer meshed structure
** Amplitude of the excited H_z field
#ampli = 1.0 ** [A/m] of H_z using H10-mode
#phase = 0.0 ** [deg]
** Field components for the TE-mode
#Hz0 = #ampli ** [A/m]
#E2 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#pi/#wb*#zfh*#n
#E3 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#pi/#wa*#zfh*#m
#Ep2 = #phase+90.0
#Ep3 = #phase-90.0
#H2 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#m*#pi/#wa
#H3 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#n*#pi/#wb

!!if (#below_cut_off = 0) then

#Hp2 = #phase+90.0
#Hp3 = #phase+90.0
!!else
#Hp2 = #phase
#Hp3 = #phase
!!endif
#argn =#n*#pi/#max_y
#argm =#m*#pi/#max_x
** Set the AP card
AP 0 -9 RG_1 RG_2 RG_3 1 #max_x #max_y 1 0
!!for #j=1 to (#max_y )
#arg = #argn*(#j-0.5)
#Ef2 = #E2*sin(#arg)
#Ef3 = #E3*cos(#arg)
!! for #i=1 to (#max_x)
#arg = #argm*(#i-0.5)
#Em2 = #Ef2*cos(#arg)
#Em3 = #Ef3*sin(#arg)
!! if((#i=1) or (#j=1) or (#i=#max_x) or (#j=#max_y)) then
#Em2 = 0.0
#Em3 = 0.0
!! endif
#Em2 #Ep2 #Em3 #Ep3
!! next
!!next
!!for #j=1 to (#max_y)
#arg = #argn*(#j-0.5)
#Hf2 = #H2*cos(#arg)
#Hf3 = #H3*sin(#arg)
!! for #i=1 to (#max_x)
#arg = #argm*(#i-0.5)
#Hm2 = #Hf2*sin(#arg)
#Hm3 = #Hf3*cos(#arg)
!! if((#i=1) or (#j=1) or (#i=#max_x) or (#j=#max_y)) then
#Hm2 = 0.0
#Hm3 = 0.0
!! endif
#Hm2 #Hp2 #Hm3 #Hp3
!! next
!!next
** ----------------------

FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90 0 1

FF 1 361 1 0 0 0 1 0
#stepping = 5

** End
EN
Here the modal distribution of the T E10 mode in a rectangular waveguide is evaluated directly
in FEKO and passed as excitations by means of the general AP card. This is of course much more
complex to set up than using a readily available AW type feed, but could be more general (e.g.
waveguide cross section which is not supported at the AW card).
The results of this AP feed in the *.out file shall not be reproduced here. The power budget
error is again very small, only 0.34% or 0.015 dB.
The far field directivity of all the three options to model the waveguide are shown in figures 2-17
and 2-18 for the horizontal and vertical radiation patterns, respectively. One realises an excellent
agreement of the three methods under consideration. The data plotted here are the direct FEKO
results, the indicated correction of the directivity in POSTFEKO has not been done.
Figure 2-17: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane ϑ=90◦

Figure 2-18: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane ϕ=0◦

2.9 Example 9: Dielectric cube
In Example 4 a dielectric sphere was examined using the equivalent surface current method.
Here a dielectric cube is to be examined with the volume current method.
The cube edge length is a = 2 m and the dielectric constant is " r =4. The cube is situated at the
origin of the coordinate system. As in Example 4, the excitation is an x polarised (electric field)
incident wave propagating in the z direction (see figure 2-8). The free space wavelength in this
case is 10 m. The cube is shown in figure 2-19.
** A dielectric cube consisting of volume elements.

** The side length is 2 meters.
** Calculation of the near field and RCS when excited by a plane wave
** Set segmentation parameters

#freq = 30.0e6
#epsr = 4
#lambda = #c0/#freq / sqrt(#epsr)
IP #lambda/10
** Define the corner points

DP A 0 0 0
DP B 1 1 1
** Set the medium

ME Cube
** Create an eighth of the cube
QU A B 1
** Mirror the eight to form the whole cube

SY 1 2 3 1

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Set the material parameters

DI Cube #epsr 1
** Plane wave excitation

FR 1 0 #freq
A0 0 1 0 180 0 0

** Calculate the electric near field along the z axis

FE 1 1 1 40 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0.1
FE 7
FE 1 1 1 40 0 0 0 1.1 0 0 0.1
** Calculate the far field (RCS)

FF 1 91 1 0 0 0 2
** End
EN
Results extracted from the output file example_09.out are
in free space
LOCATION EX EY EZ
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 -5.0000 1.060E+00 178.30 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 -4.9000 1.065E+00 175.07 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 -4.8000 1.069E+00 171.87 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 -4.7000 1.072E+00 168.70 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00
inside the dielectric cuboids
LOCATION EX EY EZ SAR cuboid no.

X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase magn. phase in W/kg
0.167 0.167 0.167 7.646E-01 -18.06 7.336E-03 -14.69 3.474E-02 74.50 0.000E+00 1
0.167 0.167 0.500 7.978E-01 -32.85 7.392E-03 -19.50 3.086E-02 43.47 0.000E+00 2
0.167 0.167 0.833 8.203E-01 -47.49 7.348E-03 -22.31 2.712E-02 7.58 0.000E+00 3


0.00 0.00 5.036E-01 -8.97 0.000E+00 0.00 3.187E+00
2.00 0.00 5.033E-01 -8.97 0.000E+00 0.00 3.183E+00
4.00 0.00 5.024E-01 -8.97 0.000E+00 0.00 3.171E+00
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-20 shows the distribution of the near field along the z axis. (The second FE card calcu-
lates the fields at the centres of the cuboids. Due to the piecewise constant basis functions, the
field on the z axis is equal to that inside the adjacent cuboids. These values are used in the plot.)
Figure 2-21 shows the RCS in the vertical plane ϕ=0.

Figure 2-20: Near field along the z axis
Figure 2-21: Bistatic radar cross section in the plane ϕ=0

2.10 Example 10: Yagi-Uda antenna over a real ground
B3
E1 D1 C1 A1
B1
E2 D2 C2 B2 A2
In this example we consider the radiation of a horizontally polarised Yagi-Uda antenna consisting
of a dipole, a reflector and three directors. The frequency is 400 MHz. The antenna is located 3 m
above a real ground which is modelled with the reflection coefficient approximation as well as
the Green’s function formulation. For comparison, the calculation is also done without a ground
plane. The geometry is shown in figure 2-22 and the input file is
** A horizontally polarised Yagi-Uda antenna 3m above a ground plane, at 400 MHz
** The antenna consists of a reflector, a dipole and 3 directors
** Set some parameters

#freq = 400.0e6 ** Frequency
#lambda = #c0 / #freq ** Wave length
#h = 3 ** Height of the antenna
#d = 0.25*#lambda ** Distance between the elements
#lr = 0.477*#lambda ** Length of the reflector
#li = 0.451*#lambda ** Length of the dipole
#ld = 0.442*#lambda ** Length of the directors
#rho = 0.0025*#lambda ** The wire radius
** Parameter of the ground

#epsr = 10 ** Relative permittivity
#mur = 1 ** Relative permeability
#sigma = 1.0e-3 ** Conductivity

#segl = #lambda / 15
IP #rho #segl
** Create half of the reflector

DP A1 -#d 0 #h
DP A2 -#d #lr/2 #h
BL A1 A2
** Create half the dipole (without the feed segment)

DP B1 0 0.4*#segl #h
DP B2 0 #li/2 #h
BL B1 B2
** Create half of each of the 3 directors

DP C1 #d 0 #h
DP C2 #d #ld/2 #h
BL C1 C2

DP D1 2*#d 0 #h
DP D2 2*#d #ld/2 #h
BL D1 D2
DP E1 3*#d 0 #h
DP E2 3*#d #ld/2 #h
BL E1 E2
** Mirror around the plane y=0 (electric wall)

SY 1 0 2 0
** Create the feed segment with the label 1

DP B3 0 -0.4*#segl #h
LA 1
BL B3 B1
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Set frequency and excitation (1 watt)

FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
PW 1 1
** --------------
** Firstly calculate the horizontal and the vertical radiation patterns
** without the ground plane
FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2 0
** --------------
** Repeat with a real ground (reflexion coefficient approximation)
BO 1 #epsr #sigma #mur
** Far field calculations now only in upper hemisphere (z>0)
** Avoid calculating the far field exactly at the interface
FF 1 1 181 1 85 0 0 2
FF 1 360 1 1 -89.75 0 0.5 0
** --------------
** Repeat for real ground plane using the exact Sommerfeld formulation
BO 0
GF 11 1 0 1 1 0
#epsr 1 #sigma
FF 1 1 181 1 85 0 0 2
FF 1 360 1 1 -89.75 0 0.5 0
** End
EN
The following are extracts from the output file example_10.out
DATA FOR THE GREEN’S FUNCTION
free space

Current in A 2.0866E-01 1.3553E-01 2.4881E-01 33.00

Admitt. in A/V 2.1770E-02 1.4140E-02 2.5959E-02 33.00
Impedance in Ohm 3.2306E+01 -2.0983E+01 3.8523E+01 -33.00


90.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.732E+01 -76.56 -999.9999 10.952297 10.952297
90.00 2.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.726E+01 -76.61 -999.9999 10.932851 10.932851
90.00 4.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.708E+01 -76.77 -999.9999 10.874376 10.874376
POLARISATION
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
GROUND PLANE IS PRESENT (reflection coefficient approximation)
relative permittivity: 10.0000

relative permeability: 1.0000
conductivity in S/m: 1.0000E-03
electric loss tangent 4.4938E-03
magnetic loss tangent: 0.0000E+00

Current in A 2.0840E-01 1.3452E-01 2.4804E-01 32.84
Admitt. in A/V 2.1715E-02 1.4017E-02 2.5846E-02 32.84

LOCATION ETHETA EPHI gain in dB ...

85.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.287E+01 14.26 -999.9999 14.865021 14.865021
85.00 2.00 8.017E-02 80.94 4.278E+01 14.21 -39.69811 14.845511 14.845527
85.00 4.00 1.595E-01 80.78 4.249E+01 14.06 -33.72558 14.786843 14.786904
POLARISATION
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0017 89.96 RIGHT
0.0034 89.92 RIGHT
Multilayer dielectric substrate

number of layers NLAYER = 1

ground plane present top GPLANE_TOP = No
bottom GPLANE_BOT = No
Data for the single layers

no. height z_max z_min relative relative conductivity ...
in m in m in m permitt. permeab. in S/m
0 infinity +infinity 0.00000E+00 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00
1 1.50000E-03 0.00000E+00 -infinity 10.00000 1.00000 1.00000E-03
tan(delta) tan(delta)
(electric) (magnetic)
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
4.49378E-03 0.00000E+00

Current in A 2.0850E-01 1.3022E-01 2.4583E-01 31.99
Admitt. in A/V 2.1737E-02 1.3576E-02 2.5628E-02 31.99


85.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.290E+01 14.22 -999.9999 14.8697 14.8697
85.00 2.00 8.016E-02 80.91 4.280E+01 14.17 -39.6990 14.8502 14.8503
85.00 4.00 1.594E-01 80.75 4.251E+01 14.01 -33.7265 14.7916 14.7916
POLARISATION
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0017 89.96 RIGHT
0.0034 89.92 RIGHT
Figure 2-23: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane ϑ=90◦ (E plane) in the absence of the ground plane

Figure 2-24: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane ϕ=0◦ (H plane) in the absence of the ground plane
Figure 2-25: Radiation pattern in the plane ϑ=85◦ with a ground plane (reflection coefficient method)

Figure 2-26: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane ϕ=0◦ (H plane) with a ground plane (reflection coef-
ficient method)
Figure 2-27: Radiation pattern in the plane ϑ=85◦ with a ground plane (Green’s function)

Figure 2-28: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane ϕ=0◦ (H plane) with a ground plane (Green’s func-
tion)

2.11 Example 11: A dipole antenna in front of a metallic plate with PO and
edge currents
As in Example 3, a dipole in front of a metallic plate is treated with the physical optics approx-
imation. Here additional “correction” currents are added to the edges of the metal plate. This
significantly improves the accuracy compared to the standard PO implementation. The geometry
is shown in figure 2-29.
D
G B
FE
The input file is given below. The two KA cards specify the edges for which edge correction must
be taken into account — note that they are effected by symmetry.
** A dipole antenna, of length lambda/2, in front of a metallic plate

** of dimension 3*lambda by 5*lambda. The dipole is d=3/4*lambda away from the plate.
** The plate region is solved by means of the physical optics approximation
** and the effects of the bordering edges have been taken into
** account using edge currents
** Variables
#lambda = 1 ** Wave length
#h = #lambda/4 ** Dipole height
#a = 2.5*#lambda ** Half edge length of plate
#b = 1.5*#lambda ** Half edge width of plate
#d = 3/4*#lambda ** Distance between dipole and plate
#tri_len = #lambda/5 ** Maximum edge length of the triangles
#seglen = #lambda/28 ** Maximum segment length
** Set the segmentation parameters

IP 0.002 #tri_len #seglen
** Create a quarter of the plate with the label 2
DP A -#a 0 0
DP B 0 0 0
DP C 0 0 #b
DP D -#a 0 #b
LA 2
BP A B C D

** Edges for the edge currents

KA C D 2
KA D A 2
** Mirror around the plane x=0 (magnetic wall)
SY 1 3 0 0 0
** Create upper half of the dipole with the label 0
#temp = 0.45*#seglen
DP E 0 -#d -#temp
DP F 0 -#d #temp
DP G 0 -#d #h
LA 0
BL F G
** mirror around the plane z=0 (electrical wall)
SY 1 0 0 2 0
** create the feed segment with the label 1
LA 1
BL E F
** Use PO approximation on the plate
PO 2 1 1 0 0

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** The excitation
FR 1 0 #freq
** Choose voltage so that exactly 1 Watt is radiated
** (This illustrates scaling the volatage, one could also use a PW card.)
A1 0 1 15.2007 0
** Current distribution on the plate
OS 2 1
** Far field
FF 1 1 361 0 90 0 0 1
** End
EN
Results extracted from the output file example_11.out are


Current in A 1.3048E-01 -7.5950E-02 1.5098E-01 -30.20
Admitt. in A/V 8.5841E-03 -4.9965E-03 9.9324E-03 -30.20
VALUES OF THE CURRENT DENSITY VECTOR ON TRIANGLES in A/m
Triangle centre JX JY ...

1 -2.43590E+00 0.00000E+00 6.25000E-02 2.592E-04 118.60 0.000E+00 0.00
2 -2.37179E+00 0.00000E+00 1.25000E-01 8.446E-04 98.74 0.000E+00 0.00
3 -2.43590E+00 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-01 5.931E-04 136.07 0.000E+00 0.00
JZ Current magnitude in the
magn. phase 3 corner points
7.563E-03 36.91 7.531E-03 8.055E-03 7.001E-03
6.935E-03 35.51 7.562E-03 7.001E-03 8.055E-03
6.542E-03 40.91 7.001E-03 7.562E-03 5.427E-03



90.00 0.00 8.852E+00 87.86 0.000E+00 0.00 1.1982932 -999.9999 1.1982932
90.00 1.00 8.432E+00 83.37 0.000E+00 0.00 0.7760847 -999.9999 0.7760847
90.00 2.00 8.026E+00 78.72 0.000E+00 0.00 0.3473062 -999.9999 0.3473062
POLARISATION
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-30: Radiation pattern of the horizontal plane ϑ=90◦

2.12 Example 12: A metallic sphere coated with a dielectric
This example considers a dielectric coated metallic sphere, i.e. the triangular patches on the
metallic sphere also represent the surface of the dielectric. The inside of the sphere is free space.
It is also possible to solve a metallic sphere embedded in a spherical dielectric Green’s function
region, but we will not consider it in this example.
A cut through the geometry is shown in figure 2-31.
The input file is
** Metallic sphere coated with a dielectric sphere (FEKO results can

** be compared to the exact solution, see figures in Examples Guide)
** Variables
#b = 1 ** Radius of the dielectric sphere
#a = 0.25 ** Radius of the metallic sphere
#eps = 4 ** Relative dielectric constant
#lambda = 2.0944 ** Free space wavelength
#tri_len = #lambda / sqrt(#eps) / 5
IP #tri_len
** Define points
DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 -#a 0
DP C 0 -#b 0
DP D 0 0 #a
DP E 0 0 #b
** Create an eighth of the dielectric sphere in the quadrants x>0,y<0,z>0

ME 1 0

KU A E C 0 0 0 90 90
** Create an eighth of the metallic sphere, that forms the inner edge of the
** dielectric sphere (we assume that the interiour of the metallic sphere is
** filled with air, one could also fill it with the dielectric material)
ME 1 0 1
#len = 0.7 * #tri_len
KU A D B 1 0 0 90 90 #len
** Mirroring of the eighth of the sphere using electric and magnetic symmetry
SY 1 2 3 1

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Program control
** Parameters of the dielectric medium

DI 1 #eps 1

FR 1 0 #freq
A0 0 1 1 1 0 -180 0 0
** Calculate the far field (bistatic RCS)

FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 1
** Near field along the z axis (avoid the surfaces of the sphere and coating)
FE 1 1 1 80 0 0 0 -1.975 0 0 0.05
** End
EN


0.00 0.00 2.590E+00 -106.96 0.000E+00 0.00 8.43144E+01
1.00 0.00 2.589E+00 -106.98 0.000E+00 0.00 8.42144E+01
2.00 0.00 2.584E+00 -107.04 0.000E+00 0.00 8.39151E+01
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
LOCATION EX ...

0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.97500E+00 1.32744E+00 -36.03

0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.92500E+00 1.39808E+00 -40.39
0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.87500E+00 1.44917E+00 -44.39
...
1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -9.75000E-01 7.17665E-01 106.88
1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -9.25000E-01 1.01341E+00 97.48
1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -8.75000E-01 1.29607E+00 90.61
EY EZ
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00

0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00
Figure 2-32: Variation of the E x field along the z axis compared to the exact solution

2.13 Example 13: Sphere with dielectric and magnetic properties solved
with the volume equivalent current method
This example examines a homogeneous dielectric and magnetic sphere with " r =µ r =4, excited
by an incident plane wave. The calculations are done with the volume current method. The
geometry is shown in figure 2-33.
The input file is as follows
** A dielectric and magnetic sphere in the field of an incident plane

** wave (volume current method)
** Set some parameters as input

#r = 1.02 ** Sphere radius
#betrad = 0.3 ** Product of propagation constant times sphere radius
#mur = 4 ** The relative permeability
#epsr = 4 ** The relative dielectric constant
** Compute some derived parameters

#beta = #betrad / #r ** Propagation constant
#lambda = 2*#pi / #beta ** Wavelength in free space
#lambda_di = #lambda / sqrt(#mur*#epsr) ** Wavelength in the medium
#freq = #c0 / #lambda ** The frequency

** We can use here a rather fine mesh since the problem is electrically
** small and we don’t get many elements
#cube_len = #lambda_di / 20
IP #cube_len
** Define corner points

DP A 0 0 0
DP B #r 0 0

DP C 0 #r 0
DP D 0 0 #r
** Set the medium for the sphere

ME Sph
** Create an eighth of the sphere

DK A B C D 3 #cube_len
** Mirror around all there coordinate planes

** yz-plane: ideal electric conducting plane
** xz-plane: ideal magnetic conducting plane
** xy-plane: only geometric symmetry
SY 1 2 3 1

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Set the material parameters

DI Sph #epsr #mur

FR 1 0 #freq
A0 0 1 1 1 0 -180
** Near field calculation along the z axis

** Note that the near fields cannot be calculated on the surface of a cuboid,
** thus a small offset is required
#offs = #r/1000
FE 3 1 1 201 0 #offs #offs -5+#offs 0 0 0.05
** Output fields inside the cuboids (forming the sphere)

FE 7
** Radar cross section in the vertical plane Phi=0

FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 1
** End
EN


in free space
LOCATION EX EY EZ
0.00100 0.00100 -4.9990 1.003E+00 84.29 6.476E-10 -3.25 3.011E-06 141.55
0.00100 0.00100 -4.9490 1.004E+00 83.45 6.757E-10 -3.03 3.120E-06 142.13
0.00100 0.00100 -4.8990 1.004E+00 82.62 7.054E-10 -2.81 3.233E-06 142.70
0.00100 0.00100 -4.8490 1.004E+00 81.78 7.369E-10 -2.59 3.352E-06 143.27
in free space
LOCATION HX HY HZ
0.00100 0.00100 -4.9990 1.719E-12 -3.25 2.664E-03 84.29 7.994E-09 141.55
0.00100 0.00100 -4.9490 1.794E-12 -3.03 2.664E-03 83.45 8.281E-09 142.13
0.00100 0.00100 -4.8990 1.873E-12 -2.81 2.664E-03 82.62 8.583E-09 142.70
0.00100 0.00100 -4.8490 1.956E-12 -2.59 2.664E-03 81.78 8.899E-09 143.27
inside the dielectric cuboids
LOCATION EX EY EZ SAR cuboid no.

X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase magn. phase in W/kg
0.128 0.128 -0.128 6.130E-01 4.80 3.415E-04 -0.70 3.623E-02 91.27 0.000E+00 1
0.128 0.128 -0.383 6.045E-01 15.20 3.619E-04 -21.50 3.649E-02 93.92 0.000E+00 2
0.128 0.128 -0.637 5.847E-01 25.63 1.932E-03 -157.66 3.652E-02 99.97 0.000E+00 3
0.128 0.128 -0.860 5.202E-01 33.46 7.309E-03 20.56 3.698E-02 132.30 0.000E+00 4
inside the magnetic cuboids
LOCATION HX HY HZ cuboid no.

0.128 0.128 -0.128 9.064E-07 -0.70 1.627E-03 4.80 9.618E-05 91.27 289
0.128 0.128 -0.383 9.607E-07 -21.50 1.605E-03 15.20 9.685E-05 93.92 290
0.128 0.128 -0.637 5.129E-06 -157.66 1.552E-03 25.63 9.694E-05 99.97 291
0.128 0.128 -0.860 1.940E-05 20.56 1.381E-03 33.46 9.816E-05 132.30 292


0.00 0.00 7.924E-02 -0.44 0.000E+00 0.00 7.890E-02
1.00 0.00 7.923E-02 -0.44 0.000E+00 0.00 7.889E-02
2.00 0.00 7.921E-02 -0.44 0.000E+00 0.00 7.885E-02
3.00 0.00 7.918E-02 -0.44 0.000E+00 0.00 7.879E-02

4.00 0.00 7.914E-02 -0.44 0.000E+00 0.00 7.871E-02

POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-34 shows the distribution of the near field. The exact solution and the solution obtained
with equivalent surface currents (similar to Example 4) are also given. For the volume current
method inside the dielectric, two sets of calculations are requested by the two commands
** Near field along the z axis

FE 3 1 1 201 0 #offs #offs -5+#offs 0 0 0.05
** Fields inside the sphere
FE 7
The first card calculates the field on regular intervals and is the one used for figure 2-34. Note that
the first parameter of this card specifies Both fields in free space rather than inside a dielectric. The
option Both fields inside dielectric is used to select the interior problem in the surface equivalence
problem and should not be used with volume currents. Also note the small offset which is used
to avoid sampling the near field on the surface of the cuboids.
The second card gives the field at the centre of each cuboid. This data is not on a regular grid/line
and is not simple to plot with POSTFEKO.
Figure 2-34: Distribution of the electric near field just off the z axis

2.14 Example 14: Perfectly conducting cube modelled with PO and wedge
correction
Figure 2-35 shows an ideal conducting cube with an incident plane wave as excitation. The
surface currents will be calculated with the physical optics approximation. Wedge correction
terms are also taken into account.
BB
GG
A
AA
F
FF
DD
HH
EE
** Ideal conducting cube with the edge length a.

** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave with wave length 1 m.
** Calculation with the PO using correction currents on the wedges.
** Variables
#lam = 1
#a = 2*#lam ** Cube edge length
** Parameters for Segmentation

IP #lam/5.5
** Define points
DP A 0 0 #a/2
DP B 0 -#a/2 #a/2
DP C 0 -#a/2 0
DP D #a/2 -#a/2 0
DP E #a/2 0 0
DP F #a/2 0 #a/2
DP G #a/2 -#a/2 #a/2
** Create an eighth of the cube
LA 3
BP A B G F
LA 2
BP B C D G
LA 1
BP F G D E
** Mirror three times

** Only geometric symmetry due to rounding errors when searching for

** shaded opposite sides.
** One face of the cube is always illuminated and the other in the shade
SY 1 1 0 0 3
CB 6 3
CB 5 2
SY 1 0 1 0 4
CB 5 1
CB 7 3
CB 8 4
SY 1 0 0 1 6
CB 7 1
CB 8 2
CB 10 4
CB 12 6
** Apply PO to all surfaces. (For the cube all normals point

** outward and the surface is closed. Thus, as no triangles
** may be illuminated form behind, use the option NOSHADE=2.)
PO 1 2 0 0 0 9
** Create the four wedges on the front side

DP AA -#a/2 #a/2 #a/2
DP BB -#a/2 -#a/2 #a/2
DP CC -#a/2 -#a/2 -#a/2
DP DD #a/2 -#a/2 -#a/2
DP EE #a/2 #a/2 -#a/2
DP FF #a/2 #a/2 #a/2
DP GG #a/2 -#a/2 #a/2
DP HH -#a/2 #a/2 -#a/2
KL GG BB DD FF 2 3
KL BB CC GG AA 2 4
KL CC DD BB HH 2 9
KL DD GG CC EE 2 1
KL GG FF BB DD 3 1
KL FF AA GG EE 3 6
KL AA BB FF HH 3 4
** Create another two that are just illuminated, PHI<270 degrees
KL AA HH BB FF 4 6
KL HH CC AA EE 4 9
** End of geometric input

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Set the frequency for a 1m wavelength

FR 1 0 #c0/#lam
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave. Not quite perpendicular,

** to ensure that the one side of the cube is illuminated and the other is
** shaded. Determine the monostatic radar cross section.
A0 0 90 1 1 0 0.5 269.99 0 1
FF 2
** End
EN
It is sometimes required to relabel structures after applying cards that increment labels (such as

SY and TG) — this is done with the CB card.



0.50 269.99 3.907E+00 91.43 3.533E-05 155.76 1.918E+02
...
1.50 269.99 3.813E+00 91.61 3.866E-05 164.50 1.827E+02
...
2.50 269.99 3.642E+00 91.16 3.571E-05 176.16 1.667E+02
...
3.50 269.99 3.557E+00 91.05 4.229E-05 150.52 1.590E+02
...
4.50 269.99 3.196E+00 91.98 5.233E-05 -176.93 1.284E+02
POLARISATION
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -180.00 LEFT
0.0000 180.00 LEFT
Figure 2-36 shows the calculated monostatic radar cross section.
Figure 2-36: The monostatic radar cross section of the cube

2.15 Example 15: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric sphere
Figure 2-37 shows a dipole antenna in front of a dielectric sphere that will be examined in this
example. The sphere can be modelled with either the equivalent surface current or the volume
current. Here a third method is used namely a special Green’s function. This saves a large amount
of memory, but is only applicable to spherical or planar dielectrics.
Figure 2-37: The geometry of Example 15
** A Dipole Antenna in front of a dielectric sphere
** Set parameters
#lambda = 1 ** Wave length
#a = #lambda ** Distance between the dipole and the sphere
#r = 0.4*#lambda ** Radius of the sphere
#epsr = 4 ** Relative dielectric constant
#segr = #lambda/1000
#segl = #lambda/20
#cube_len = #lambda/sqrt(#epsr)/6
IP #segr #segl #cube_len
** Define corner points

DP P1 #r+#a 0 -#lambda/4
DP P2 #r+#a 0 -0.4*#segl
DP P3 #r+#a 0 0.4*#segl
** Create the lower half of the antenna

BL P1 P2
**
** Mirror around the plane z=0
SY 1 0 0 2
**
** Create the feed segment
LA 1
BL P2 P3

**

EG 1 0 0 0 0
**
** Use special Green’s functions for the sphere
GF 1 0 #r #epsr 1
**
** Excitation
#freq = #c0/#lambda
FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
**
** The Antenna radiates 1 Watt of power
PW 1 1
**
** Far field in the horizontal plane
FF 1 1 73 1 90 0 5
**
** End
EN
Note that only the dipole is created in the geometry section. The sphere is added as a Green’s
function with the GF card. In this case a single dielectric sphere is used, but it may be up to three
layers thick.

Current in A 1.5096E-01 -5.4399E-02 1.6046E-01 -19.82
Admitt. in A/V 1.1395E-02 -4.1061E-03 1.2112E-02 -19.82


90.00 0.00 7.152E+00 -148.25 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.689351 -999.9999 -0.689351
90.00 5.00 7.188E+00 -150.72 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.645993 -999.9999 -0.645993
90.00 10.00 7.305E+00 -157.97 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.506468 -999.9999 -0.506468
90.00 15.00 7.519E+00 -169.56 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.254768 -999.9999 -0.254768
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-38: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane

2.16 Example 16: Dipole antenna in front of a metallic cylinder (Fock the-
ory)
Figure 2-39 shows a dipole antenna, placed in front of a metallic cylinder. In this example the
current distribution on the surface of the cylinder is approximated using Fock theory.
P3
C
P2
P1
** Metallic cylinder with the dipole antenna in front of it.

** Calculations are done by means of Fock-theory
**
** Set the parameters
#lambda = 1 ** the wave length
#r = 0.5*#lambda ** radius of the cylinder
#h = 1.0*#lambda ** half the height of the cylinder
#l = 0.5*#lambda ** length of the dipole antenna
#d = 0.8*#lambda ** Distance of the dipole from the cylinder
** Parameters for the segmentation

#segr = #lambda/1000
#segl = #lambda/15
#tri_len = #lambda/6.5
IP #segr #tri_len #segl
**
DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 0 #h
DP C #r 0 0
DP D 0 0 -#h

#temp = 0.4*#segl
DP P1 0 -#r-#d -#temp
DP P2 0 -#r-#d #temp
DP P3 0 -#r-#d #l/2
**
** Create an eighth of the cylinder
LA 2
ZY A B C 90 #tri_len
**
** Mirroring
SY 1 3 1 0 0
**
** Create half of the dipole
LA 0
BL P2 P3
**
** Mirroring
SY 1 0 0 2 0
** Feed segment
LA 1
BL P1 P2
**
** Define the cylinder surface as a Fock region
FO 1 2 D B 0 0
**

EG 1 0 0 0 0
FR 1 #freq
** Excitation
A1 0 1 1 0
** Radiation Pattern in the horizontal plane
FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
** End
EN
Extracts from the output file example_16.out are given on the next page.


Current in A 1.0285E-02 -3.9435E-03 1.1015E-02 -20.98
Admitt. in A/V 1.0285E-02 -3.9435E-03 1.1015E-02 -20.98


90.00 0.00 8.965E-01 47.59 0.000E+00 0.00 4.1607962 -999.9999 4.1607962
90.00 2.00 9.352E-01 34.25 0.000E+00 0.00 4.5278265 -999.9999 4.5278265
90.00 4.00 9.674E-01 21.07 0.000E+00 0.00 4.8220364 -999.9999 4.8220364
POLARISATION
0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-40 shows the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane.

2.17 Example 17: Hertzian dipole in front of a parabolic reflector
Figure 2-41 shows a meshed parabolic reflector. A Hertzian dipole is placed at the focal point of
the parabolic reflector.
** Parabolic reflector with a Hertzian dipole at its focal point

**
** Parameters
#lam = 1 ** Wavelength
#r = 4*#lam ** Radius of the parabolic reflector
#h = 2*#lam ** Height of the parabolic reflector
#f = (#r^2) / (4*#h) ** Focal distance
#tri_len = #lam/5
IP #tri_len
** Create a quarter of the reflector

DP A 0 0 0
DP B 1 0 0
DP C 0 0 #r
DP D #h 0 #r
PB A B C D 90 #tri_len
** Using symmetry
SY 1 0 3 2
** Treat the reflector with PO

PO 0 1 1 0 0
** End of the geometrical input

EG 1 0 0 0
** Excitation
#freq = #c0 / #lam
FR 1 0 #freq
A5 0 1 0 #f 0 0 0 0
** Far field calculation

FF 1 361 1 0 0 0 1
** End
EN


...
88.00 0.00 2.210E+03 1.98 0.000E+00 0.00 23.139655 -999.9999 23.139655
89.00 0.00 2.299E+03 2.05 0.000E+00 0.00 23.482399 -999.9999 23.482399
90.00 0.00 2.329E+03 2.08 0.000E+00 0.00 23.596207 -999.9999 23.596207
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR

0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-42 shows the radiation pattern in the vertical plane.
Figure 2-42: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane

2.18 Example 18: UHF antenna array
Figure 2-43 shows a UHF antenna array consisting of 32 UHF antenna elements — an individual
element is shown in figure 2-44.

Figure 2-44: A single UHF antenna “element”
** UHF Antenna Array

** Parameters for the Problem (everything in millimetres)
#freq = 102.1e6 ** Frequency (Hertz)
#br = 2450 ** Width of the reflector
#hr = 1700 ** Height of the reflector
#xd = 737 ** Distance between the dipole and the reflector
#yd = 784 ** sideways displacement of the dipole (referenced to the middle)
#h = 690 ** Height (half of the length) of the dipole
#xiver = 3000 ** Distance of the inner fields (in the direction of the mast)
#xaver = 4000 ** Distance of the outer fields (in the direction of the mast)
#zver = 3200 ** Height displacement of the individual fields
#pha = 30 ** Phase (in degrees) in the first plane (bottom)
#phb = 10 ** Phase in the second plane
#phc =-60 ** Phase in the third plane
#phd =-40 ** Phase in the fourth plane
#phe =-40 ** Phase in the fifth plane
#phf =-40 ** Phase in the sixth plane
#phg = 50 ** Phase in the seventh plane
#phh = 80 ** Phase in the eighth plane (top)
#lambda = #c0 / #freq * 1000 ** Wavelength in mm

** (without the wire that lie in the plane of symmetry)
#dya = 325
#dyb = 625
#dyc = 925
#dyd = #br/2 ** 1225mm
#dz = #hr /2
DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 #dya 0
DP C 0 #dyb 0
DP D 0 #dyc 0
DP E 0 #dyd 0
DP F 0 0 #dz
DP G 0 #dya #dz
DP H 0 #dyb #dz
DP I 0 #dyc #dz
DP J 0 #dyd #dz

DP M 0 0 -#dz
IP 20 #segl
LA 10
BL F G
BL G H
BL H I
BL I J
BL J E
IP 6
BL B G
BL H C
BL I D
** Create a quarter of the dipole antenna

IP 20
DP K #xd #yd 0
#z = 0.7*#segl
DP N #xd #yd #z
DP L #xd #yd #h
LA 1
BL K N
LA 10
BL N L
** Mirror the whole geometry in the plane z=0

SY 1 0 0 1 1
CB 11 10
** Create the wires in the symmetry plane z=0

** Reflector
IP 20
BL A B
BL B C
BL C D
BL D E
** Dipole mount
IP 20
BL A K
** Mirror the whole geometry in the plane y=0

SY 1 0 1 0 2
CB 12 10
** Create the wire in the symmetry plane y=0

IP 20
BL M A
BL A F
** Shift the previous antenna section up and forwards by half

TG 0 0 10 0 0 #xaver/2 #zver/2
** Create the section above, and increase label by 10

TG 1 1 10 10 0 #zver
** Create another section above, an increase label by another 10

#dx = (#xiver-#xaver)/2
TG 1 11 20 10 0 #dx #zver
** Create another section above, an increase label by another 10

TG 1 21 30 10 0 #zver
** Rotate the four sections that have been generated by 45 degrees

TG 0 0 40 0 0 45
** Mirror the geometry, to create the total geometry

SY 1 0 0 1 40
SY 1 3 0 0 80
SY 1 0 3 0 160
** Scale the millimetres to metres

SF 0.001

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Program control (save solution to a *.str file)

PS 0 1 1 0
** Frequency specification
FR 1 0 #freq
** Excitation of the 32 dipoles

** First plane (bottom)
A1 0 72 1 #pha
A1 1 152 1 #pha
A1 1 154 1 #pha
A1 1 314 1 #pha
A1 1 312 1 #pha
A1 1 232 1 #pha
A1 1 234 1 #pha
A1 1 74 1 #pha
A1 1 71 1 #pha+180
A1 1 151 1 #pha+180
A1 1 153 1 #pha+180
A1 1 313 1 #pha+180
A1 1 311 1 #pha+180
A1 1 231 1 #pha+180
A1 1 233 1 #pha+180
A1 1 73 1 #pha+180
** Second Plane
A1 1 62 1 #phb
A1 1 142 1 #phb
A1 1 144 1 #phb
A1 1 304 1 #phb
A1 1 302 1 #phb
A1 1 222 1 #phb
A1 1 224 1 #phb
A1 1 64 1 #phb
A1 1 61 1 #phb+180
A1 1 141 1 #phb+180
A1 1 143 1 #phb+180
A1 1 303 1 #phb+180
A1 1 301 1 #phb+180
A1 1 221 1 #phb+180
A1 1 223 1 #phb+180
A1 1 63 1 #phb+180
** Third plane
A1 1 52 1 #phc

A1 1 132 1 #phc
A1 1 134 1 #phc
A1 1 294 1 #phc
A1 1 292 1 #phc
A1 1 212 1 #phc
A1 1 214 1 #phc
A1 1 54 1 #phc
A1 1 51 1 #phc+180
A1 1 131 1 #phc+180
A1 1 133 1 #phc+180
A1 1 293 1 #phc+180
A1 1 291 1 #phc+180
A1 1 211 1 #phc+180
A1 1 213 1 #phc+180
A1 1 53 1 #phc+180
** Fourth plane
A1 1 42 1 #phd
A1 1 122 1 #phd
A1 1 124 1 #phd
A1 1 284 1 #phd
A1 1 282 1 #phd
A1 1 202 1 #phd
A1 1 204 1 #phd
A1 1 44 1 #phd
A1 1 41 1 #phd+180
A1 1 121 1 #phd+180
A1 1 123 1 #phd+180
A1 1 283 1 #phd+180
A1 1 281 1 #phd+180
A1 1 201 1 #phd+180
A1 1 203 1 #phd+180
A1 1 43 1 #phd+180
** Fifth plane
A1 1 1 1 #phe
A1 1 81 1 #phe
A1 1 83 1 #phe
A1 1 243 1 #phe
A1 1 241 1 #phe
A1 1 161 1 #phe
A1 1 163 1 #phe
A1 1 3 1 #phe
A1 1 2 1 #phe+180
A1 1 82 1 #phe+180
A1 1 84 1 #phe+180
A1 1 244 1 #phe+180
A1 1 242 1 #phe+180
A1 1 162 1 #phe+180
A1 1 164 1 #phe+180
A1 1 4 1 #phe+180
** Sixth plane
A1 1 11 1 #phf
A1 1 91 1 #phf
A1 1 93 1 #phf
A1 1 253 1 #phf
A1 1 251 1 #phf
A1 1 171 1 #phf
A1 1 173 1 #phf
A1 1 13 1 #phf
A1 1 12 1 #phf+180

A1 1 92 1 #phf+180
A1 1 94 1 #phf+180
A1 1 254 1 #phf+180
A1 1 252 1 #phf+180
A1 1 172 1 #phf+180
A1 1 174 1 #phf+180
A1 1 14 1 #phf+180
** Seventh plane
A1 1 21 1 #phg
A1 1 101 1 #phg
A1 1 103 1 #phg
A1 1 263 1 #phg
A1 1 261 1 #phg
A1 1 181 1 #phg
A1 1 183 1 #phg
A1 1 23 1 #phg
A1 1 22 1 #phg+180
A1 1 102 1 #phg+180
A1 1 104 1 #phg+180
A1 1 264 1 #phg+180
A1 1 262 1 #phg+180
A1 1 182 1 #phg+180
A1 1 184 1 #phg+180
A1 1 24 1 #phg+180
** Eighth plane (top)
A1 1 31 1 #phh
A1 1 111 1 #phh
A1 1 113 1 #phh
A1 1 273 1 #phh
A1 1 271 1 #phh
A1 1 191 1 #phh
A1 1 193 1 #phh
A1 1 33 1 #phh
A1 1 32 1 #phh+180
A1 1 112 1 #phh+180
A1 1 114 1 #phh+180
A1 1 274 1 #phh+180
A1 1 272 1 #phh+180
A1 1 192 1 #phh+180
A1 1 194 1 #phh+180
A1 1 34 1 #phh+180
** Calculate Radiation Patterns

FF 1 1 361 0 90 0 1
FF 1 721 1 0 0 0 0.5
FF 1 721 1 0 0 45 0.5
** High resolution in the vertical plane

FF 1 201 1 0 90 0 0.1
FF 1 201 1 0 90 45 0.1
** Determine the power in the far field (1/8 sphere)

FF 3 180 18 0 0.5 1.25 1 2.5
** End
EN


Current in A 1.7444E-02 1.4629E-02 2.2766E-02 39.99
Admitt. in A/V 2.2421E-02 3.9475E-03 2.2766E-02 9.99


90.00 0.00 3.446E+01 -31.05 0.000E+00 0.00 11.351448 -999.9999 11.351448
90.00 1.00 3.442E+01 -30.92 1.101E-02 -91.15 11.341705 -58.56179 11.341705
90.00 2.00 3.431E+01 -30.55 2.199E-02 -91.37 11.312743 -52.55015 11.312745
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0003 0.01 RIGHT
0.0006 0.02 RIGHT
Figures 2-45 and 2-46 shows the radiation patterns in the horizontal and vertical planes.

Figure 2-46: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane ϕ=0◦

2.19 Example 19: Dipole antenna in front of a UTD plate
This example considers a dipole antenna in front of a metallic plate which is used as a reflector,
similar to Examples 2 and 3. In Example 2 the whole structure is treated with the moment
method, whereas in Example 3, the currents on the surface on the reflector are approximated by
means of physical optics(PO). In this example the plate is treated by means of diffraction theory
(UTD). The geometry is shown in figure 2-47.
** A half lambda dipole in front of a metallic plate with

** an edge length 3*lambda d=3/4 lambda apart. The dipole
** is treated with MoM and the plate with UTD
#lambda = 3 ** Wavelength
#h = #lambda/4 ** Half the dipole height
#a = 1.5*#lambda ** Half edge length of the plate
#d = 3/4*#lambda ** Distance between dipole and plate
#seglen = #lambda/28 ** Maximum segment length
#rho = 0.002*#lambda ** Segment radius
**
IP #rho #seglen
** The upper half of the dipole is assigned the label 0

#temp = 0.45*#seglen
DP E #d 0 -#temp
DP F #d 0 #temp
DP G #d 0 #h
LA 0
BL F G
** Mirroring around the plane z=0 (electric wall)

SY 1 0 0 2 0

** Excitation segment is assignment the label 1

LA 1
BL E F
** Create the plate (polygon in the UTD region)

DP A 0 -#a -#a
DP B 0 #a -#a
DP C 0 #a #a
DP D 0 -#a #a
PY A B C D
** Parameters for the UTD:

** GO and diffraction, no double diffraction and no edge diffraction
UT 1 1 0 0 3 0

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Frequency
FR 1 0 #freq
** Excitation by means of a voltage source with the power of 1 Watt

A1 0 1 1 0
PW 1 1
** Far Field (horizontal pattern)

FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
** Near field
FE 1 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 0 0.1 0 0
** End
EN
Extracts from the output file example_19.out are shown on the next page.


Current in A 1.3111E-01 -7.6455E-02 1.5177E-01 -30.25
Admitt. in A/V 8.5945E-03 -5.0119E-03 9.9491E-03 -30.25

Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.0800E+03 m)

90.00 0.00 1.757E+01 -32.18 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1191372 -999.9999 7.1191372
90.00 2.00 1.761E+01 -32.30 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1362156 -999.9999 7.1362156
90.00 4.00 1.771E+01 -32.64 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1855920 -999.9999 7.1855920
90.00 6.00 1.787E+01 -33.15 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2617670 -999.9999 7.2617670
90.00 8.00 1.806E+01 -33.77 0.000E+00 0.00 7.3558859 -999.9999 7.3558859
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
in free space (determined with UTD)
LOCATION EX EY EZ
-1.9700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 7.063E-02 79.63
-1.8700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 6.778E-02 84.33
-1.7700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 6.484E-02 88.83
-1.6700 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 6.179E-02 93.11
...
4.63000 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 5.409E+00 -62.21
4.73000 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 5.251E+00 -73.75
4.83000 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 5.102E+00 -85.31
4.93000 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.963E+00 -96.90
Figure 2-48 shows the near field values along the x axis and figure 2-49 the radiation pattern in
the horizontal plane.

Figure 2-48: Electric near field

2.20 Example 20: Monopole antenna on a metallic UTD plate
This example considers the UTD solution of a monopole antenna on a square plate. Figure 2-50
shows the geometry.
In the past the attachment point between a wire and a UTD polygonal plate was specified by
defining a very short stub on the opposite side of the plate. This is no longer required — in fact
it will result in an error — as FEKO now automatically determines contact points between wires
and polygonal plates (and the ground plane specified by the BO and GF cards).
** Monopole antenna on a square ground plate of finite size using the

** MoM/UTD hybrid method (coupling between MoM and UTD for the plate)
** Parameters for the geometry

#lam = 1 ** Wave length
#h = #lam/4 ** Height of the monopole antenna
#a = 5*#lam ** Edge length of the plate
** Segmentation parameters for the wire antenna

#seglen = #lam/20
#segrad = #lam/1000
IP #segrad #seglen
** Defining the edge points of the plate

DP P1 #a/2 #a/2 0
DP P2 -#a/2 #a/2 0
DP P3 -#a/2 -#a/2 0
DP P4 #a/2 -#a/2 0
** Generate the plate

PY P1 P2 P3 P4
** Points for the monopole antenna

DP A 0 0 0
#temp = 0.9*#seglen
DP B 0 0 #temp
DP C 0 0 #h
** Create monopole antenna (Excitation segment with label 1)

LA 1
BL A B

LA 0
BL B C
** Parameters for the UTD (Edge and corner diffraction is taken into account)
UT 1 2 0 0 7 0

EG 0 0 0 0 0
** Excitation by a voltage source (1 Watt)

#freq = #c0 / #lam
FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
PW 1 1
** Calculated the far field in 2 vertical planes

FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2 0
FF 1 181 1 0 0 45 2 0
** End
EN
At node 1 the segments 1 and 2 are located.

Only one half of the basis function gn over the segment 1 is considered.
The segment 2 is regarded as not existant and will be ignored.

Current in A 2.0472E-01 -8.5277E-02 2.2178E-01 -22.61
Admitt. in A/V 2.0956E-02 -8.7292E-03 2.2701E-02 -22.61


0.00 0.00 1.077E-18 103.30 2.160E-18 78.69 -377.1356 -371.0914 -370.1270
2.00 0.00 1.253E+00 99.18 0.000E+00 0.00 -15.8175 -999.9999 -15.8175
4.00 0.00 2.229E+00 98.05 0.000E+00 0.00 -10.8148 -999.9999 -10.8148
6.00 0.00 2.738E+00 95.66 0.000E+00 0.00 -9.0289 -999.9999 -9.0289
POLARISATION
0.1711 -115.18 RIGHT
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR

0.0000 180.00 LINEAR


0.00 45.00 2.242E-18 86.82 8.929E-19 57.89 -370.7665 -378.7625 -370.1270
2.00 45.00 1.283E+00 99.18 0.000E+00 0.00 -15.6133 -999.9999 -15.6133
4.00 45.00 2.450E+00 98.21 0.000E+00 0.00 -9.9944 -999.9999 -9.9944
6.00 45.00 3.390E+00 96.79 0.000E+00 0.00 -7.1739 -999.9999 -7.1739
POLARISATION
0.1711 -160.18 RIGHT
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Figures 2-51 and 2-52 presents the radiation patterns in the vertical plane.

15º 0º 345º
30º 330º
45º 0.8 315º
60º 0.6 300º

0.4
75º 285º
0.2
90º 270º
105º 255º
120º 240º
135º 225º
150º 210º
165º 180º 195º
Figure 2-51: Radiation pattern in the plane ϕ=0◦


15º 0º 345º
30º 330º
45º 0.8 315º
60º 0.6 300º

0.4
75º 285º
0.2
90º 270º
105º 255º
120º 240º
135º 225º
150º 210º
165º 180º 195º
Figure 2-52: Radiation pattern in the plane ϕ=45◦

2.21 Example 21: Mobile communications antenna on the roof of a build-

ing
A mobile communications antenna which transmits at 900 MHz, has been placed on top of a
building. The resulting radiation pattern must be calculated. To simplify the modelling the
antenna is replaced with a Hertzian dipole. Of course more complex antennas can be considered
at the expense of solution time. The building is assumed to be a perfectly conducting body.
Figure 2-53 shows the geometry under consideration.
D4
B4
C4
D1 D3
C3 B3
B1 C1
D2
C2
B2
A4
A3
A1
A2
Figure 2-53: Geometry of Example 21

** A mobile communications antenna (in this case replaced by a Hertzian dipole)
** on the roof of a building
** Frequency
#freq = 900.0e6
** Dimensions
#a = 30
#b = 20
#c = 20
#d = 26
#e = 16
#f = 3
** Declare points
DP A1 #b/2 -#a/2 0
DP A2 #b/2 #a/2 0
DP A3 -#b/2 #a/2 0
DP A4 -#b/2 -#a/2 0
DP B1 #b/2 -#a/2 #c
DP B2 #b/2 #a/2 #c
DP B3 -#b/2 #a/2 #c
DP B4 -#b/2 -#a/2 #c
DP C1 #e/2 -#d/2 #c

DP C2 #e/2 #d/2 #c
DP C3 -#e/2 #d/2 #c
DP C4 -#e/2 -#d/2 #c
DP D1 #e/2 -#d/2 #c+#f
DP D2 #e/2 #d/2 #c+#f
DP D3 -#e/2 #d/2 #c+#f
DP D4 -#e/2 -#d/2 #c+#f
** Construct building
PY A1 A2 A3 A4
PY A1 A2 B2 B1
PY A2 A3 B3 B2
PY A3 A4 B4 B3
PY A4 A1 B1 B4
PY B1 B2 C2 C1
PY B2 B3 C3 C2
PY B3 B4 C4 C3
PY B4 B1 C1 C4
PY C1 C2 D2 D1
PY C2 C3 D3 D2
PY C3 C4 D4 D3
PY C4 C1 D1 D4
PY D1 D2 D3 D4
** Parameters for the UTD

UT 1 2 0 0 15 0
** End of the Geometry

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Excitation by means of a Hertzian dipole

FR 1 0 #freq
#x = #b/2 - 1.75
#y = 0
#z = 21.5
A5 0 1 #x #y #z
** Far field calculations

FF 1 1 720 0 89.99 0.25 0.5
FF 1 720 1 0 0.25 0.01 0.5
FF 1 1440 1 0 0.125 90.01 0.25
** End
EN
DATA FOR GO/UTD
Consideration of:
geometrical optics (direct and refl.rays): yes
edge and wedge diffraction (not multiple): yes
corner diffraction: yes
double diffraction: yes
creeping waves: no
tip diffraction: no
Maximum number of reflections/diffractions: 2

Using UTD according to Kouyoumjian

Coupling MoM-UTD is taken into account


WARNING: Largeness parameter K= 0.627466636 is less than 1
WARNING 1010: Assumptions of UTD not fulfilled
...
89.99 0.25 1.098E+03 7.67 4.838E-01 138.39 7.5221168 -59.59419 7.5221176
89.99 0.75 1.109E+03 6.59 9.479E-01 141.86 7.6113774 -53.75230 7.6113806
89.99 1.25 1.101E+03 5.53 1.630E+00 138.88 7.5446845 -49.04441 7.5446941
89.99 1.75 1.107E+03 3.44 2.338E+00 136.42 7.5985177 -45.91079 7.5985371
POLARISATION
0.0003 -0.02 LEFT
0.0006 -0.03 LEFT
0.0011 -0.06 LEFT
0.0015 -0.08 LEFT


0.25 0.01 4.451E+01 0.14 7.102E-03 -151.46 -20.31874 -96.26041 -20.31874
0.75 0.01 4.835E+01 85.62 1.005E-02 -26.20 -19.59954 -93.24160 -19.59954
1.25 0.01 4.943E+01 168.50 1.425E-02 81.05 -19.40837 -90.21248 -19.40837
1.75 0.01 4.897E+01 -112.03 1.940E-02 -179.19 -19.48928 -87.53100 -19.48928
2.25 0.01 4.535E+01 -35.71 2.629E-02 -83.34 -20.15654 -84.89069 -20.15654
POLARISATION
0.0001 -0.01 RIGHT
0.0002 180.00 RIGHT
0.0003 -180.00 RIGHT
0.0004 0.01 RIGHT
0.0004 0.02 RIGHT


0.13 90.01 6.106E+00 -72.02 4.434E+01 144.44 -37.57305 -20.35080 -20.26924
0.38 90.01 1.225E+01 -67.70 4.441E+01 144.08 -31.52408 -20.33881 -20.02022
0.63 90.01 7.767E+00 -41.69 4.445E+01 143.36 -35.48249 -20.33007 -20.19946
0.88 90.01 7.313E+00 15.89 4.442E+01 142.25 -36.00593 -20.33594 -20.21980
1.13 90.01 9.597E+00 -12.28 4.435E+01 140.77 -33.64459 -20.34883 -20.15011
POLARISATION
0.0808 -83.64 RIGHT
0.1376 -76.54 RIGHT
0.0149 -80.12 RIGHT
0.1313 -84.33 LEFT
0.0945 -78.98 LEFT

Note the warning 1010 which states that ray paths do not have the required minimum length.
These paths starts to violate the far field assumption of the UTD. This does not imply that the
results will be incorrect, but does indicate that the user should verify it. Figures 2-54, 2-55
and 2-56 presents the radiation patterns in the horizontal and the two vertical planes.
Figure 2-55: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane with ϕ=0.01◦

Figure 2-56: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane with ϕ=90◦

2.22 Example 22: Planar dipole antenna (modelled using wire segments)
on a substrate
y x
m
44 m ~
l=1
w=
1.2 4.5
5m er =
m
mm
1.5
h=
Figure 2-57: Figure of a planar dipole antenna on a substrate
Figure 2-57 shows a planar dipole antenna with length l = 144 mm and width w = 1.25 mm
located on a planar substrate with thickness h = 1.5 mm. The substrate does not have a ground
plane.
The input impedance of the antenna as a function of frequency in the band 700 MHz to 900 MHz,
as well as the vertical radiation pattern at 830 MHz must be calculated.
Relatively narrow planar antennas may be modelled as a wire and this approach will be used in
this example. (Example 24 shows the use of surface triangles.) The input file is
** Example of a printed dipole antenna on a
** dielectric substrate
** Parameters
#w = 1.25 ** Width of the metal strips (all dimensions in mm)
#rad = 0.25*#w ** Equivalent radius of the segments
#len = 144 ** Length of the antenna
** Maximum segmentation length

#lambda = 1000*#c0/900E6 ** Free space wavelength (in mm) at 900 MHz
** Set the segmentation parameters

IP #rad #segl
** Generate the dipole antenna
#x = 0.45*#segl
DP A -#x 0 0
DP B #x 0 0
DP C #len/2 0 0
BL B C
SY 1 2 0 0
LA 1
BL A B

** Scaling factor (dimensions in mm)

SF 1.0e-3
** End of geometry input

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Substrate (no ground plane)

#epsr = 4.5 ** Relative permittivity
#h = 1.5 ** Height (in mm)
GF 11 2 1 1 0
#h #epsr 1 0
0 1 1 0
** Voltage source as excitation

A1 0 1 1 0
** Frequency loop 700 .. 900 MHz

FR 9 0 700e6 900e6
** Initiate the computation

** (we are interested in the input impedance only)
OS 0
** Now we consider the frequency 830 MHz and compute the

** radiation patterns in the xz- and yz-planes
FR 1 0 830e6
FF 1 179 1 1 -89 0 1
FF 1 179 1 1 -89 90 1
** End
EN
EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT SEGMENT
Number of voltage source: N = 1

Wavelength in m: LAMBDA = 4.28275E-01
Open circuit voltage in V: |U0| = 1.00000E+00
Phase in deg.: ARG(U0) = 0.00
Source at segment w. label: ULA = 1
Absolute number of segment: UNR = 9

ground plane present? GPLANE = No

1 1.50000E-03 0.00000E+00 -1.50000E-03 4.50000 1.00000 0.00000E+00

2 infinity -1.50000E-03 -infinity 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00

tan(delta) tan(delta)
(electric) (magnetic)
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

Current in A 3.1627E-03 8.9264E-03 9.4702E-03 70.49
Admitt. in A/V 3.1627E-03 8.9264E-03 9.4702E-03 70.49

Source at segment w. label: ULA = 1
Absolute number of segment: UNR = 9

Current in A 5.4795E-03 1.0562E-02 1.1899E-02 62.58
Admitt. in A/V 5.4795E-03 1.0562E-02 1.1899E-02 62.58


-89.00 0.00 1.614E-02 -97.09 0.000E+00 0.00 -32.3024 -999.9999 -32.3024
-88.00 0.00 2.704E-02 -102.32 0.000E+00 0.00 -27.8209 -999.9999 -27.8209
-87.00 0.00 3.844E-02 -106.12 0.000E+00 0.00 -24.7643 -999.9999 -24.7643
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
0.0000 0.00 LINEAR



-89.00 90.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.924E-01 -5.55 -999.9999 -7.1396 -7.1396
-88.00 90.00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.973E-01 10.93 -999.9999 -2.5270 -2.5270
-87.00 90.00 0.000E+00 0.00 6.171E-01 22.43 -999.9999 -0.6530 -0.6530
POLARISATION
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
The input impedance as a function of frequency (extracted with POSTFEKO), is
Freq (Hz) Real (ohm) Imag (ohm) Magnitude Phase

7.0000E+02 3.5265E+01 -9.9532E+01 1.0560E+02 -70.490
7.2500E+02 3.8702E+01 -7.4600E+01 8.4042E+01 -62.580
7.5000E+02 4.2418E+01 -5.0203E+01 6.5724E+01 -49.805
7.7500E+02 4.6437E+01 -2.6265E+01 5.3350E+01 -29.493
8.0000E+02 5.0788E+01 -2.6996E+00 5.0860E+01 -3.043
8.2500E+02 5.5500E+01 2.0575E+01 5.9191E+01 20.341
8.5000E+02 6.0611E+01 4.3645E+01 7.4690E+01 35.757
8.7500E+02 6.6158E+01 6.6559E+01 9.3846E+01 45.173
9.0000E+02 7.2187E+01 8.9396E+01 1.1490E+02 51.079
The input impedance as a function of frequency and the radiation pattern at 830 MHz are pre-
sented in figures 2-58 and 2-59 respectively.
Figure 2-58: Smith chart of the input impedance in the frequency range from 700 MHz to 900 MHz. The
curve runs clockwise on the Smith chart.

Far field gain

xz plane
O
15º
O 0º 345º
O yz plane
O O
30º 330º
O
0 O
45º 315º
-5
O O
60º 300º
-10
O
75º -15 285º
O
-20
O O
90º 270º
O O
105º 255º
O O
120º 240º
O O
135º 225º
O O
150º 210º
O O
165º 180º O 195º
Figure 2-59: Vertical radiation pattern (Gain in dB) of the antenna at 830 MHz

2.23 Example 23: Dielectric cone on top of a metallic cylinder
Figure 2-60: Meshed geometry of Example 23
This example is also considered in the description of the ME card in the User’s Manual. The
geometry is shown in figure 2-60. The metal cylinder can be considered to be filled with air. In
this case the input file is as follows (example_23a.pre)
** Computation of the RCS of a dielectric cone on top of a
** metallic cylinder. See Fig. 3 in IEEE Trans. on Antennas
** and Propagation, vol. 39, no. 7, July 1991, p. 1036.
** Here: Inside of the metallic cylinder is assumed to be filled

** with air (medium 0)
#a = 0.3*#lambda ** Radius of the cylinder
#h = 0.6*#lambda ** Height of the cylinder and the cone
IP #tri_len

DP A 0 0 0
DP AO 0 0 #h
DP AU 0 0 -#h
DP C #a 0 0
DP CU #a 0 -#h
** Generate the geometry (only one quarter)

** Cylinder side and bottom - triangles are in air (medium 0)
ME 0
KR AU A CU 90

ZY AU A CU 90
** Cone - triangles on the surface of a dielectric
ME 1 0
KK A AO C 90 0
** Cylinder top/cone bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface
ME 0 1 1
KR A AO C 90
** Symmetry
SY 1 2 3 0
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Dielectric properties
DI 1 #epsr 1 0
** Frequency
FR 1 0 #freq
** Incident plane wave

A0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
** Bistatic RCS computation

FF 1 181 0 0 0 0 1
** End
EN
The model can also be constructed such that the cylinder is filled with the same dielectric as the
cone. (Such an approach will decouple the internal and external problems and can be very useful
for certain applications with a high shielding factor. One must, however, be aware of the fact that
the number of basis functions will be larger, which will influence the run time and memory.)
In this case the ME cards in the geometry block of the input file (example_23b.pre) will be
slightly different and the block will be as follows.

** Cylinder side and bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface
** Note that the normal directions require two ME cards
ME 0 1 1
KR AU A CU 90
ME 1 0 1
ZY AU A CU 90
** Cone - triangles on the surface of a dielectric
ME 1 0
KK A AO C 90 0
** Cylinder top/cone bottom - metallic triangles inside a dielectric
ME 1
KR A AO C 90
One may also fill the cylinder with a different dielectric medium. (This will require even more
basis functions than filling the cylinder with the cone dielectric.) Then the geometry block of the
input file (example_23c.pre) will then be as follows.


** Cylinder side and bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface
** The surface between medium 2 and air (medium 0)
ME 0 2 1
KR AU A CU 90
ME 2 0 1
ZY AU A CU 90
** Cone - triangles on the surface of a dielectric (medium 1)
ME 1 0
KK A AO C 90 0
** Cylinder top/cone bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface
** The surface between medium 1 and medium 2
ME 2 1 1
KR A AO C 90
Extracts from the output file example_23a.out are given below.


0.00 0.00 6.226E-01 45.43 0.000E+00 0.00 4.189E+00
1.00 0.00 6.223E-01 45.43 0.000E+00 0.00 4.186E+00
2.00 0.00 6.215E-01 45.45 0.000E+00 0.00 4.176E+00
3.00 0.00 6.203E-01 45.47 0.000E+00 0.00 4.160E+00
4.00 0.00 6.185E-01 45.50 0.000E+00 0.00 4.137E+00
POLARISATION
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Figure 2-61 shows the radar cross section pattern.

Figure 2-61: The bistatic radar cross section as a function of the angle ϑ

2.24 Example 24: Planar dipole antenna on a substrate (using triangles)
The example of a planar dipole antenna in figure 2-57 is examined again, this time as a planar
metallic strip modelled by triangular elements. (Note that the dimensions differ from those in
figure 2-57.) The model of the dipole, without substrate, is shown in figure 2-62.
Figure 2-62: Discretised strip dipole antenna
** Example of a printed dipole antenna on a substrate

** Infinite substrate with Green’s function
** Dipole parameters
#w = 8 ** width of the metallisation (all dimensions in mm)
#len = 2*100 ** length of the dipole antenna
** Substrate parameters
#h = 6 ** height
#epsr = 4 ** rel. permittivity
** Maximum segmentation length

#freq = 1.0e9
#lambda = #c0 / #freq
#tri_len = #lambda / 25 * 1000 ** in mm
** Generate the dipole antenna

IP #tri_len
DP A 0 -#w/2 0
DP B #len/2 -#w/2 0
DP C #len/2 #w/2 0
DP D 0 #w/2 0
LA 1
BP A B C D
SY 1 2 0 0 1
** Scaling factor (dimensions in mm)

SF 1.0e-3

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Green’s function
GF 11 2 0 1 1 0
#h #epsr 1 0

1 1 0
** Voltage source across an edge as excitation

AE 0 1 2 1
** Frequency
FR 1 0 #freq
** Far-field pattern
FF 1 90 1 1 -89 0 2
FF 1 90 1 1 -89 90 2
** End
EN
Note the use of the AE card rather than the A7 card to excite the dipole. The AE card is much
simpler to use, especially for structures where there is more than one edge in parallel.
The extracts from the output file example_24.out are similar to those of Example 22, but they
cannot be compared directly since the dimensions of the dipoles differ.


1 6.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 -6.00000E-03 4.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00
2 infinity -6.00000E-03 -infinity 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00
tan(delta) tan(delta) mass density
(electric) (magnetic) in kg/m^3
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

Current in A 1.4973E-03 2.5676E-03 2.9723E-03 59.75
Admitt. in A/V 1.4973E-03 2.5676E-03 2.9723E-03 59.75
Capacitance in F 5.4761E-13



...
1.00 0.00 2.590E-01 14.29 2.848E-05 85.82 1.7459 -77.4292 1.7459
3.00 0.00 2.583E-01 14.33 8.527E-05 85.80 1.7213 -67.9056 1.7213
5.00 0.00 2.568E-01 14.41 1.415E-04 85.78 1.6721 -63.5063 1.6721
POLARISATION
0.0001 0.00 LEFT

0.0003 0.01 LEFT
0.0005 0.01 LEFT

2.26 Example 26: Input impedance of a two wire transmission line
A two wire transmission line with length l = 0.6λ and characteristic impedance Zo =360 Ω is
terminated with a real load Zl =50 Ω. The input impedance of the transmission line may be
found from transmission line theory
Zi = (75.6 + j253.9) Ω
This structure is modelled in FEKO. The wire radius is 2mm and the separation is calculated to
give a characteristic impedance of 360 Ω. The remaining parameters may be determined from
the input file
** This is an example to compute the input impedance

** of a loaded two wire transmission line
** Parameters
#a = 0.002 ** wire radius
#Z_0 = 360 ** the desired characteristic impedance
#Z_l = 50 ** the load
#freq = 20.0e6 ** the frequency
#ll = 0.6 ** length of the transmission line in wavelengths
** compute the spacing of the two wires (approximate

** formula for D>>a)
#D = #a * exp(#Z_0 / 120)
** compute the wavelength

#lam = #c0 / #freq
** the length of the transmission line

#l = #ll*#lam
** (Note that the segment length should be short as compared
** to the wavelength but also not too long as compared to the
** separation distance between the two parallel wires.)
#segl = min ( #lam/10, 5*#D )
IP #a #segl
** definition of the structure

#z = min ( 0.45*#segl, #D/6 )
DP A 0 0 -#z
DP B 0 0 #z
DP C 0 0 #D/2
DP D #l 0 #D/2
DP E #l 0 #z
DP F #l 0 -#z
BL B C
BL C D
BL D E
SY 1 0 0 2
LA 1
BL A B
LA 2
BL E F

** end of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** excitation
FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
** load
LZ 2 #Z_l 0
** Just compute the input impedance

OS 0
** end
EN
The FEKO result for the input impedance is:

Current in A 1.0466E-03 -3.5339E-03 3.6856E-03 -73.50
Admitt. in A/V 1.0466E-03 -3.5339E-03 3.6856E-03 -73.50
This result shows good agreement with the result from transmission line theory. Note that FEKO
also models the radiation from the transmission line correctly while this is not included in the
transmission line theory.
In a similar manner it is possible, for example for EMC purposes, to investigate the coupling of
electromagnetic fields into cables.

2.27 Example 27: Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylindrical (UTD) mast
With this example the use of UTD for a cylinder is shown. A four element Yagi-Uda antenna
is placed in front of a cylindrical mast. To reduce computational time, the coupling between
the MoM region (antenna) and the UTD region (cylinder) is neglected. Figure 2-63 shows the
geometry of the model. Note that the cylinder is considered infinitely long for computational
purposes.
The exact data for the geometry may be determined from the input file
** A four element Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylindrical mast, which

** is considered as infinitely long and treated with UTD.
** Only the influence of the mast on the radiation pattern is investigated,
** the influence on the input impedance of the antenna is not considered.
** For acceleration of the computation the coupling is neglected.
** Define some necessary variables

#lambda = #c0 / #freq ** Wavelength
#d = 0.30 * #lambda ** Distance between individual elements
#lr = 0.475 * #lambda ** Length of reflector
#l = 0.453 * #lambda ** Length of the dipole
#ld = 0.446 * #lambda ** Length of the director
#h = 0 ** Height of the element
#a = 1.5 ** Longitudinal shift of element from origin
#b = 1 ** Radius of mast
#c = 2 ** Half of mast length (only for input purposes,
** The UZ card actually uses an infinite mast)
#rho = 0.0025*#lambda
#segl = #lambda/20
IP #rho #segl

** Generation of the Yagi-Uda Antenna

DP A 0 0 -#c
DP B 0 0 #c
DP C #b 0 -#c
#x = #a
DP A1 #x 0 #h
DP A2 #x #lr/2 #h
#x = #x + #d
DP B1 #x -0.4*#segl #h
DP B2 #x 0.4*#segl #h
DP B3 #x #l/2 #h
#x = #x + #d
DP C1 #x 0 #h
DP C2 #x #ld/2 #h
#x = #x + #d
DP D1 #x 0 #h
DP D2 #x #ld/2 #h
** Define half of the antenna

LA 0
BL A1 A2
BL B2 B3
BL C1 C2
BL D1 D2
** Mirror it in the plane y=0

SY 1 0 2 0
** Feed segment
LA 1
BL B1 B2
** Define the mast as an infinite UTD cylinder

UZ A B C 360 -1 -1
UT 1 2 0 0 31 1
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Excitation
FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
** Radiation diagram
FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2
FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2 0
** End
EN

Current in A 3.5051E-02 9.5055E-03 3.6317E-02 15.17
Admitt. in A/V 3.5051E-02 9.5055E-03 3.6317E-02 15.17



90.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.332E+00 -164.63 -999.9999 10.239742 10.239742
90.00 2.00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.320E+00 -165.29 -999.9999 10.206376 10.206376
90.00 4.00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.281E+00 -167.27 -999.9999 10.105962 10.105962
POLARISATION
0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR


0.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 -999.9999 -999.9999 -999.9999
2.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 5.514E-01 61.40 -999.9999 -5.385792 -5.385792
4.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 9.118E-01 111.32 -999.9999 -1.017019 -1.017019
POLARISATION
0.0000 0.00 UNDEF.
0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR
In horizontal and vertical radiation patterns of the Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylinder are
shown in figures 2-64 and 2-65.
Figure 2-64: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane (ϑ=90◦ )

Figure 2-65: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane (ϕ=0◦ )

2.28 Example 28: Resonant dipole antenna in front of a dielectric cylinder

treated with physical optics (PO)
With this example we demonstrate the use of the PO for a dielectric body. A resonant dipole
antenna (i.e. the input impedance of the antenna on its own in free space is purely real) is placed
in front of a dielectric cylinder. The impedance is investigated as a function of the distance to the
cylinder by performing a grid-search with the FEKO optimiser, OPTFEKO.
Since the PO is applied to the dielectric cylinder, the equivalent currents are zero in the region
shadowed from the sources. For a metallic cylinder one could simply leave out the back of the
cylinder and the top and bottom surfaces. However, in the case of a dielectric cylinder we need
to define the complete cylinder in order to uniquely define the regions of the different media (i.e.
air and dielectric). The geometry is shown in Figure 2-66. Since this is a closed body, we must
ensure that all normals point outwards and then select the option “Full ray tracing, illumination
only from outside” at the PO card. This avoids doing ray tracing to determine if the back triangles
are illuminated and leads to a significant saving in computation time.
Figure 2-66: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric cylinder
For this example OPTFEKO could be used to vary the distance — see OPTFEKO in the FEKO
User’s Manual. The *.pre input file provided for this example (and listed below) is constructed
for a fixed distance using the “defined” function such that it may be used as is with OPTFEKO.
(Without the “defined” function, the values OPTFEKO writes to the top of the file will merely be
overwritten.)
** Resonant dipole in front of a dielectric cylinder

** Treated with PO
** Variable that may be varied by OPTFEKO:

!!if not(defined(#d)) then

#d = 0.4 ** Distance from antenna to cylinder

!!endif
** Other variables
#lambda = #c0 / #freq ** Wavelength
#h = 0.25*#lambda * 0.9627087 ** Dipole length (chosen such that the free
** space input impedance is purely real)
#b = #lambda ** Radius of cylinder
#c = 2*#lambda ** Half the cylinder height
#epsr = 4
#muer = 1
#sigma = 0.05
#segr = #lambda / 1000
** Create one an eighth of a cylinder with label 5 (make sure

** that the normal vector points outwards, can be used at the
** PO card to accelerate ray tracing)
LA 5
ME 1 0
DP A 0 0 0
DP B 0 0 #c
DP C #b 0 0
ZY A B C 0 90 #tri_len
DP F 0 0 2*#c
DP E #b 0 #c
KR B F E 90 #tri_len
** Mirror the structure

SY 1 1 0 3
** Half of dipole antenna (in free space, with label 0)

DP AD #d+#b -0.4*#segl 0
DP BD #d+#b 0.4*#segl 0
DP CD #d+#b #h 0
ME 0
LA 0
BL BD CD
** Mirroring
SY 1 2
** Define the feed segment with label 1

LA 1
BL AD BD
** Use the PO approximation on dielectric cylinder (use NOSHADE=2

** as no triangles may be illuminated from behind/inside)
PO 5 2 1 0 0
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0
** Excitation

FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0 **ImpComputation
** Set the dielectric parameters

DI 1 #epsr #muer #sigma
** Compute on the antenna impedance as output

OS 0
** End
EN
The calculated impedance is:

Current in A 1.4195E-02 -6.4119E-04 1.4209E-02 -2.59
Admitt. in A/V 1.4195E-02 -6.4119E-04 1.4209E-02 -2.59
When, as indicated above, OPTFEKO is used to vary the distance #d, one can obtain, for example,
the imaginary part of the input impedance as a function of distance as shown in Figure 2-67
based on the evaluated goal value provided in the optimisation *.pfg file plotted in POSTFEKO.
In order to do this, the file example_28.opt, generated from the CADFEKO example_28.cfx
model, must be used as input for OPTFEKO:
In figure 2-67 the symbols represent the method of moments result, which is both computa-
tionally and storage wise very intensive. The smooth graph shows the result of the much more
efficient PO method.
Figure 2-67: Variation of the imaginary part of the input impedance with distance

2.29 Example 29: Pin fed patch antenna on a finite dielectric substrate
Feed pin
Ground plane
Figure 2-68: Pin fed patch antenna on a finite dielectric substrate. The geometry has been cut away to
show the feed pin.
The structure in figure 2-68 is a rectangular patch (31.1807 mm × 46.7480 mm) on a finite
dielectric substrate (50 mm × 80 mm) operating at 3 GHz. The patch is excited with a feed pin
8.9 mm from the centre of the long edge. The input file is as follows
** Pin-fed rectangular patch antenna on a finite dielectric substrate
** Scaling factor since all dimensions below in mm

SF 1 0.001
** Dimensions of the patch

#len_x = 31.1807
#len_y = 46.7480
** Dimensions of the substrate

#gnd_x = 50
#gnd_y = 80
** Feed location and wire diameter

#feed_x = 8.9
#diam = 1.3
#h = 2.87 ** Height
** Frequency (for the discretisation)

#freq = 3.0e9
#lam = 1000 * #c0 / #freq / sqrt(#epsr) ** Wavelength in mm
#tri_len = #lam / 12
#fine_tri = #lam / 16
#segl = #lam / 15
#segr = #diam/2
** Generate one half of the structure

#x1 = #len_x - #feed_x
#x2 = #len_x/2 - #feed_x - #gnd_x/2
#x3 = #len_x/2 - #feed_x + #gnd_x/2
DP A -#feed_x 0 0
DP B #x1 0 0
DP C #x1 #len_y/2 0

DP D 0 0 0
DP E -#feed_x #len_y/2 0
DP F #x3 0 0
DP G #x3 #gnd_y/2 0
DP H #x2 #gnd_y/2 0
DP I #x2 0 0
DP J #x3 0 -#h
DP K #x3 #gnd_y/2 -#h
DP L #x2 #gnd_y/2 -#h
DP M #x2 0 -#h
DP N 0 0 -#h
** Dielectric substrate
ME 1 0
BQ B F G C #fine_tri
BQ C G H E #fine_tri
BQ E H I A #fine_tri
BP F J K G
BP G K L H
BP H L M I
** Metallic patch
ME 1 0 1
BT D B C #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri
BQ D C E A #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri
** Metallic ground plane

BT N K J
BQ N M L K
** Symmetry to create the full structure

SY 1 0 3 0
** Feed wire (will be a single segment) with label 1

LA 1
BL N D

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Dielectric properties
DI 1 #epsr 1
** Frequency
FR 1 0 #freq
** Voltage source at the wire centre with impressed power

PW 1 1
A1 0 1 1 0
** Far-field pattern
FF 1 73 1 1 0 0 5
FF 1 73 1 1 0 90 5
** Compute the radiated power in the far-field (only one half)

FF 3 37 37 0 0 0 5 5
** End
EN

Extracts from the output file are

Current in A 2.5176E-01 -1.9007E-01 3.1545E-01 -37.05
Admitt. in A/V 3.1691E-02 -2.3926E-02 3.9708E-02 -37.05
POWER BUDGET IN THE DIELECTRIC (in Watt)
Integration of the normal component of the power density vector pointing into the
respective medium over the surface of the dielectric body (MoM surface equiv. princip.)
or volume integral for the corresponding medium (FEM and MoM volume equiv. princip.)
medium power dens. metallic network source power loss

integral losses losses power in medium
0 unknown 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 unknown
1 -1.29236E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 -2.92358E-01


-2.50 .. 182.50 deg. -2.50 .. 182.50 deg. 5.01128E-01 Watt
0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 4.86098E-01 Watt
Note that the power flowing into the dielectric is negative as the source (which has been scaled to
1 W) is located inside it. We would, however, have expected 1 W to be flowing out of the dielectric
surface. The integral of the power in the far field is also a little less than the expected 0.5 W.
This indicates that the power is not calculated very accurately and the mesh should be refined if
this is a critical parameter. The radiation patterns on the other hand are not that sensitive to the
mesh density. Figure 2-69 compares the pattern in the plane ϕ=90◦ to the pattern (calculated in
the next example) for an infinite ground plane and Green’s function dielectric.

Figure 2-69: Far field gain of the patch antenna on a finite substrate in the plane ϕ=90◦ . Note that the
pattern obtained with the Green’s function has to be 0 in the region 90◦ ≤ϕ≤270◦ as the
ground plane is assumed to be infinite.

2.30 Example 30: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate

Z
Substrate height: 2.87mm Metallic ground plane

Rel dielectric constant: 2.2
Figure 2-70: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate
The structure in figure 2-70 is a patch antenna on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane.
The patch is 31.1807 mm by 46.7480 mm and is to be fed 8.9 mm inward form the centre of
the long side (at the origin of the coordinate system in the figure). The structure is excited with
an A2 card which applies a voltage between the bottom of a vertical pin and the ground plane.
The patch has been created similar to the one in Example 29 such that there is a node at the pin
position. The input impedance is calculated as a function of frequency and the radiation patterns
only at the centre frequency. The input file example_30a.pre is as follows
** A rectangular patch antenna on a dielectric substrate with

** a metallic ground plane (wire pin feed)

SF 1 0.001

#len_x = 31.1807
#len_y = 46.7480

#feed_x = 8.9
#diam = 1.3
#h = 2.87 ** Height

#freq = 3.0e9
IP #diam/2 #lam/15 #lam/15
** Generate one quarter of the structure

#x = #len_x - #feed_x

DP A -#feed_x 0 0
DP B #x 0 0
DP C #x #len_y/2 0
DP D 0 0 0
DP N 0 0 -#h
** Patch
BT D B C
BQ D C E A
** Symmetry to create the full structure

SY 1 0 3 0
** Feed wire (will be a single segment) with label 1

LA 1
BL N D
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Substrate (with groundplane)

GF 10 1 0 1 1
#h #epsr 1
** Voltage source at the wire centre with impressed power

A2 0 -1 1 0 0 0 -#h
** Frequency loop in order to compute the impedance

FR 17 0 2.8e9 3.2e9
** Change the line above as shown below to run with FEKO LITE
** FR 10 0 2.8e9 3.2e9
** Just compute the impedance, no output of surface currents

OS 0
** Far-field pattern at centre frequency

FR 1 0 3.0e9
FF 1 73 1 1 0 0 5
FF 1 73 1 1 0 90 5
** End
EN

Extracts from the output file example_30a.out are
EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT NODE
Name:
Source at segment w. label: ULA = not specified
Basis function index: UNR = 318
Location of the excit. in m: X = 0.00000E+00
Y = 0.00000E+00
Z = -2.87000E-03
Positive feed direction: X = 0.00000E+00
Y = 0.00000E+00
Z = -1.00000E+00

bottom GPLANE_BOT = Yes

1 2.87000E-03 0.00000E+00 -2.87000E-03 2.20000 1.00000 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
metallic ground plane (bottom) at z= -0.00287 m

Current in A 3.8445E-03 -1.3988E-02 1.4507E-02 -74.63
Admitt. in A/V 3.8445E-03 -1.3988E-02 1.4507E-02 -74.63
The structure could also be excited with a coaxial probe approximation. When the A4 card is
used, the source (a surface charge effectively representing a current source) is placed at the
centre of the nearest triangle. Thus we create the complete patch with a single BP card — shown
in figure 2-71 — such that there will be a triangle whose centre is reasonably close to the feed
position. (Note the positions of the specified and actual feed points in the figure.)

Z
Specified excitation point
Actual probe position
Substrate height: 2.87mm

Metallic ground plane
Rel dielectric constant: 2.2
Figure 2-71: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate
The input file, example_30b.pre, is as follows
** A rectangular patch antenna on a dielectric substrate with

** a metallic ground plane (coaxial probe feed model)

SF 1 0.001

#len_x = 31.1807
#len_y = 46.7480

#feed_x = 8.9
#diam = 1.3
#h = 2.87 ** Height

#freq = 3.0e9
IP #lam/15
** Points for the patch

#x = #len_x - #feed_x
DP C #x #len_y/2 0
DP CY #x -#len_y/2 0
DP EY -#feed_x -#len_y/2 0
** The whole patch (we use no symmetry so that there might be a

** triangle with its centroid close to the desired feed location)
BP EY CY C E
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0

** Substrate (with groundplane)

GF 10 1 0 1 1
#h #epsr 1
** Excitation by coaxial probe

A4 0 -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 #diam/2
** Frequency loop in order to compute the impedance

FR 17 0 2.8e9 3.2e9
** Change the line above as shown below to run with FEKO LITE
** FR 10 0 2.8e9 3.2e9
** Just compute the impedance, no output of surface currents

OS 0
** Far-field pattern at centre frequency

FR 1 0 3.0e9
FF 1 73 1 1 0 0 5
FF 1 73 1 1 0 90 5
** End
EN
The output file is very similar to the one for the A2 feed above, differing mainly in the description
of the sources. Extracts from the output file example_30b.out follow.
EXCITATION BY CURRENT SOURCE AT TRIANGLE
Name:
Number of current source: N = 1
Feed current in A: |I0| = 1.00000E+00
Phase in deg.: ARG(I0) = 0.00
Source at triangle w. label: ULA = not specified
Absolute number of triangle: UNR = 34
Location of the excit. in m: X = -1.47602E-03
Y = 7.08303E-04
Z = 0.00000E+00
Radius feed pin in m: RAD = 6.50000E-04
DATA OF THE CURRENT SOURCE NO. 1

Voltage in V 1.0550E+01 6.4159E+01 6.5021E+01 80.66
Admitt. in A/V 2.4954E-03 -1.5176E-02 1.5380E-02 -80.66
Reference plane for impedance: z = -0.00287 m
The S11 results for the two models are presented on a Smith chart in figure 2-72. The radia-
tion patterns of the two models — as shown in figure 2-69 — are virtually the same. The pin
model requires more time for the calculation of the Green’s function interpolation tables, but

for subsequent runs the solution time is about the same for the two models. Also, with the A4
approximation, the interpolation tables requires only 5 kByte of storage versus the 48 kByte re-
quired for the pin model and the associated z directed currents. This will, however, only be
significant for very large problems.
The difference in the impedance is caused by the inaccuracy in the position of the A4 probe as
well as the approximations used in the probe model. The probe model decreases in accuracy as
the wire radius and/or the dielectric thickness increase. In most cases where the input impedance
is of significance, the wire pin model will be worth the additional computational requirements.
Figure 2-72: Input impedance of the patch antennas with different feed models as a function of frequency

2.31 Example 31: Wire antenna penetrating a real ground
The structure for this example, shown in figure 2-73, is a dipole antenna, constructed from wire
segments, partly buried in a real ground.
m
m
.4
1 32
~
Free space m Wire radius
m 0.25 mm
6
7.
11
mm
.5 a
62
Lossless dielectric ground with er = 16
** Wire antenna partly buried in the earth

**
** See also: K.A. Michalski and D. Zheng, "Electromagnetic Scattering and
** Radiation by Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape in Layered Media, Part II:
** Implementation and Results for Contiguous Half-Spaces",
** IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 345-352,
** Mar. 1990
** There is a comparison with NEC-4 data
** Some parameters
#alpha = 45 ** Tilt angle of the wire
#epsr = 16 ** Earth parameters
** Positions along the strip

#minus_l = -0.0625 ** Length in earth
#plus_l = 0.25 ** Length in air
#feed_l = 0.1176 ** Position of the voltage source
#lambda = #c0 / #freq / sqrt(#epsr)
#segrad = 0.00025
IP #segrad #seglen
** Points for the wire antenna

#x = #minus_l * sin(rad(#alpha))
#z = #minus_l * cos(rad(#alpha))
DP A #x 0 #z
DP B 0 0 0
#x_feed = #feed_l * sin(rad(#alpha))
#z_feed = #feed_l * cos(rad(#alpha))
DP C #x_feed 0 #z_feed

#x = #plus_l * sin(rad(#alpha))
#z = #plus_l * cos(rad(#alpha))
DP D #x 0 #z
** Create the wire

BL A B
BL B C
BL C D
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Excitation
FR 1 0 #freq
A2 0 -1 1 0 #x_feed 0 #z_feed
** Earth (dielectric half space)

GF 11 1 0 1 1
#epsr 1
** Print the currents along the wire

OS 1 1
** End
EN
The current distribution along the wire as well as the input impedance is calculated. Extracts
from the output file follows
EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT NODE

Source at segment w. label: ULA = -1
Absolute number of node: UNR = 17
Location of the excit. in m: X = 8.31558E-02
Y = 0.00000E+00
Z = 8.31558E-02
Positive feed direction: X = 7.07107E-01
Y = 0.00000E+00
Z = 7.07107E-01


no. height z_max z_min relative relative conductivity

1 infinity 0.00000E+00 -infinity 16.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00

Current in A 9.1204E-03 -2.7879E-03 9.5370E-03 -17.00
Admitt. in A/V 9.1204E-03 -2.7879E-03 9.5370E-03 -17.00
Segment centre IX
number x/m y/m z/m magn. phase magn.
1 -4.05113E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.05113E-02 1.500E-03 -27.590.000E+00
2 -3.31456E-02 0.00000E+00 -3.31456E-02 4.188E-03 -27.080.000E+00
3 -2.57799E-02 0.00000E+00 -2.57799E-02 6.322E-03 -26.290.000E+00
4 -1.84142E-02 0.00000E+00 -1.84142E-02 7.934E-03 -25.380.000E+00
IY IZ
phase magn. phase
0.00 1.500E-03 -27.59
0.00 4.188E-03 -27.08
0.00 6.322E-03 -26.29
0.00 7.934E-03 -25.38

Figure 2-74 compares the current calculated with FEKO with published NEC-4 results.
Real part, NEC result

Imag part, NEC result
Real part, FEKO result
Imag part, FEKO result
Figure 2-74: Current distribution along the partly buried dipole antenna

2.32 Example 32: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet
z hi Hi
Ei
y
1m Si
b=
Ji
^
n
ji
a=
2m
x
Figure 2-75: Geometry of Example 32 with the incident plane wave
The geometry for this example is shown in figure 2-75 — a thin dielectric plate. The size, thick-
ness and material parameters can be determined from the input file below. The plate is illumi-
nated by an incident plane wave such that the bistatic radar cross section may be calculated.
As indicated in the section “Dielectric solids” in the “General comments” chapter of the User’s
manual, there are a number of ways with which such a thin dielectric plate may be treated
in FEKO. In principle we may use the volume equivalence principle, discretising the dielectric
into small cuboids (as was done for the cube in Example 9). However, it uses substantially less
memory to realise the sheet with the SK card. The input file is as follows
** RCS (radar cross section) computation of a thin dielectric plate
** Customisable parameters
#a = 2 ** Length of the plate
#b = 1 ** Width of the plate
#d = 0.004 ** Thickness of the plate
#tand = 0.03 ** Loss tangent
#thetai = 20 ** Angle of incidence
#phii = 50 ** - " -
#etai = 60 ** Polarisation angle
#lambda0 = #c0 / #freq
#lambda = #lambda0 / sqrt(#epsr)
IP #tri_len
** quarter plate
DP A 0 0 0
DP B #a/2 0 0
DP C #a/2 #b/2 0
DP D 0 #b/2 0
BP A B C D
** Symmetry (Geometrical only due to arbitrary incidence direction)

SY 1 1 1 0

** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Excitation
FR 1 1 #freq
A0 0 1 1 1 0 #thetai #phii #etai
** Define the thin dielectric sheet

SK 0 4 #d 1 0 #tand #epsr
** Bistatic RCS (vertical cut)

FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2 0
** End
EN
The geometry is discretised into triangular elements, similar to conducting plates. The thin
dielectric sheet formulation is then applied to all triangles with the given label. We are interested
in the calculated RCS. Extracts from the output file follows
Direction of propag.: BETA0X = -4.60764E-01
BETA0Y = -5.49117E-01
BETA0Z = -1.96945E+00
Field strength in V/m: |E0X| = 9.65425E-01 ARG(E0X) = 180.00
(Phase in deg.) |E0Y| = 1.96747E-01 ARG(E0Y) = 0.00
|E0Z| = 1.71010E-01 ARG(E0Z) = 0.00
DATA OF LABELS
Label 0: Skin = 4 Load = 0 Coating = 0

Triangle thickness: 4.00000E-03 m
Layer = 1 Eps_r = 7.000E+00 Sigma = 1.168E-03 S/m tan(delta)= 3.000E-02
All segments and triangles without a listed label are perfectly conducting
POWER LOSS (in Watts)

Label| skineffect conc.load distr.load coating | triangles
0| 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | 4.3458E-06
total| 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | 4.3458E-06

Total loss in the triangl.: 4.3458E-06 W
Loss (total): 4.3458E-06 W



0.00 0.00 1.491E-02 177.12 2.870E-03 -2.66 2.89548E-03
2.00 0.00 1.473E-02 177.11 2.836E-03 -2.66 2.82847E-03
4.00 0.00 1.452E-02 177.10 2.797E-03 -2.66 2.74713E-03
POLARISATION
0.0007 169.10 RIGHT
0.0008 169.11 RIGHT
0.0008 169.10 RIGHT
Figure 2-76 shows the bistatic RCS as a function of the angle ϑ in the plane ϕ=0.
Figure 2-76: Bistatic RCS of a thin dielectric sheet

2.33 Example 33: Shielding effectiveness of a thin hollow sphere
Figure 2-77: The meshed geometry of the thin-walled hollow sphere used in Example 33
This example determines the shielding effectiveness of a hollow sphere. The sphere radius is 1 m
and the silver walls have a thickness of only 2.5 nm. The geometry is shown in figure 2-77.
In the input file listed below, the hollow sphere is excited by an incident plane wave and the
electric and magnetic fields are calculated at the centre thereof.
** Computation of the electric and magnetic shielding factor of

** a thin hollow silver sphere.
** Customisable parameters
#r0 = 1 ** Sphere radius
#fmax = 50.0e6 ** Maximum frequency (for the segmentation)
#d = 2.5e-9 ** Thickness of the shell
#sigma = 6.1e7 ** Conductivity (silver)
#lambda = #c0 / #fmax
#tri_len = min (#lambda/8, #r0/4)
IP #tri_len
** Quarter sphere
DP A 0 0 0
DP B #r0 0 0
DP C 0 0 #r0
KU A B C 0 0 0 90 90 #tri_len
** Mirroring using symmetry

SY 1 1 3 2

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Define the losses

SK 0 3 #d 1 #sigma
** excitation by a plane incident wave

A0 0 1 1 1 0 90 180 0

** Here we consider just one single frequency (can be extended to a loop)

FR 1 0 #fmax
** Electric and magnetic near-field at the sphere centre

FE 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
** End
EN
Extracts from the output file follows
Direction of propag.: BETA0X = 1.04792E+00
BETA0Y = 0.00000E+00
BETA0Z = 0.00000E+00
|E0Z| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(E0Z) = 0.00
DATA OF LABELS

Triangle thickness: 2.50000E-09 m
Sigma = 6.100E+07 S/m Mue_r = 1.000E+00 tan(delta_mue) = 0.000E+00
Penetration depth of the skin effect: 9.11319E-06 m
POWER LOSS METAL (in Watt)

Label | skineffect conc.load distr.load coating | triangles
0| 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | 7.0066E-04
total | 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | 7.0066E-04

Total loss in the triangles: 7.0066E-04 W
Loss metal (total): 7.0066E-04 W
in free space
LOCATION EX EY EZ
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.2075E-02 53.41
in free space

LOCATION HX HY HZ
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 1.0249E-04 105.82 0.000E+00 0.00
From the two field strength values E = 3.206· 10−2 m V

and H = 1.025 · 10−4 mA , and the inci-
dent field strength Ei =1 m
V
and H i =2.6544 · 10−3 mA (derived from Ei and the free space wave
impedance), we can determine the shielding factor
E
ae = −20 log = 29.881 dB
Ei
H
am = −20 log = 28.265 dB
Hi
These values may be compared to those in the book by Kaden: ae =29.698 dB for electric shield-
ing factor and am =28.310 dB for magnetic screen absorption. These results are in excellent
agreement with the FEKO results.

2.34 Example 34: Coaxial cable (modelled with surface triangles)
Figure 2-78: Coaxial cable with the upper half cut away to see the inner conductor
This example discusses modelling a coaxial cable in FEKO. For typical coaxial cables (up to a few
hundred Ohm characteristic impedance), the inner conductor is thick relative to the rest of the
geometry. Thus it cannot be modelled with a single wire. Rather both inner and outer conductors
are constructed with meshed cylinders.
To get an accurate calculation of the input impedance, it is important that the excitation should
give the best possible approximation of a proper TEM mode. There are two options to accomplish
such a feed in FEKO:
• Using the AW card to model the TEM mode directly. This is the preferred option.
• Using an edge excitation (AE card).
• Using a model with wires: Sometimes the AW card cannot be used (for instance a non-
supported cross section of the coaxial cable like elliptical) and then alternative ways of
modelling a feed must be used. One can use 8 segments radially connecting the inner
conductor to the outer conductor as can be seen in figure 2-79. Then also a shorted quar-
ter wavelength stub should be added to enclose the feed segments to prevent them from
causing external radiation.
The input file (example_34_aw.pre) using a TEM mode at a waveguide port is as follows:
** Model of a coaxial cable using cylindrical surface elements.
** This example illustrates how to
** - excite a proper TEM mode with an AW card waveguide port
** - apply the load at edges
** The coaxial cable is loaded at the end:

** load resistor: 40 Ohm
** wave impedance: 70 Ohm
** length of the cable: 80 mm

Figure 2-79: Feed model with 8 wires and using a shortened stub to prevent external radiation
** wavelength: 120 mm
**
** The theoretical input impedance (assuming ideal transmission lines) is as follows:
** reflection coefficient at the load
** r_2 = (40 Ohm - 70 Ohm) / (40 Ohm + 70 Ohm)
** = -0.2727
**
** reflection coefficient at the source
** r_1 = r_2 * exp(-j * 2*pi * 2 * 80 mm / 120 mm)
** = 0.1364 + j*0.23621
** = 0.2728 / 60ř (magnitude / phase)
**
** input impedance
** Z_in = 70 Ohm * (1+r_1) / (1-r_1)
** = (80.8247 + j*41.2478) Ohm
**
** User defined variables

#scaling = 1.0e-3 ** unit for the geometrical dimensions (here in mm)
#r_inner = 2 ** inner radius in mm
#Zc = 70 ** wave impedance of the coaxial cable in Ohm
#Rload = 40 ** load resistor at the end
#len = 80 ** length of the cable in mm
#lambda = 120 ** wavelength in mm
** Compute outer radius of the cable

#r_outer = #r_inner * exp(#Zc/60)
** Select the maximum edge length of the triangles for the curved inner and
** outer sections so that the geometry of the arc can be represented accurately
#curved_len_i = 2*#pi*#r_inner / 8
#curved_len_o = 2*#pi*#r_outer / 8
** Segmentation parameters and wire radius

#edge_len = min (#lambda/10, 4*#curved_len_i)
#seg_len = #edge_len
#seg_rad = #seg_len / 50
IP #seg_rad #edge_len #seg_len
** Some point definitions for the actual cable

DP A 0 0 0
DP B #len 0 0
DP Ci 0 #r_inner 0
DP Co 0 #r_outer 0

** Points to create a metallic plate at the load

DP C #len*2 0 0
DP Cli #len #r_inner 0
DP Clo #len #r_outer 0
** We create a small angular section of the cylinders to ensure that we have

** nodes at the future connection points. We also create the port and load in
** this section to ensure connection.
#angle = 360 / 16
#maxlen_i = min (#edge_len, #curved_len_i)
#maxlen_o = min (#edge_len, #curved_len_o)
LA: Innerconductor
ZY A B Ci 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Main inner conductor
LA: Outerconductor
ZY A B Co 0 #angle #maxlen_o ** Main outer conductor
LA Port
KR A B Co Ci #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate
LA Load
KR B C Clo Cli #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate
** Make copies while rotating around the x-axis to create the complete structure
TG 15 -1 -1 0 1 #angle
** Scale the whole geometry (units are in mm)

SF 1 #scaling
** End of geometry definition

EG 1 0 0 0 0

#freq = #c0 / (#lambda*#scaling)
FR 1 0 #freq
** Excite the port with a TEM mode using an AW card.

AW 0 Port 3 1.0 0.0 A Co B Ci
3 3 0 0 0
** Load the end of the coaxial cable

LE: Innerconductor : Load : 0 : : : #Rload
** Impedance computation and output of surface currents for the POSTFEKO

** display (e.g. graphical check for the TEM mode)
OS 1 1
** Compute the near-field in a cross section across the cable close to the
** feed, can be used in order to check the proper TEM mode
#x = min(#len/5, #r_outer)
#n = 40
#start = -1.2*#r_outer
#width = 2.4*#r_outer
#delta = #width / (#n-1)
FE 3 1 #n #n 0 #x #start #start #delta #delta
** Compute the near-fields inside of the coaxial in a plane parallel to the

** axis, this allows to display e.g. the standing wave pattern
#nx = 60
#nz = 20
#deltax = #len / #nx

#deltaz = (#r_outer - #r_inner) / #nz

#startx = #deltax/2
#startz = #r_inner + #deltaz/2
FE 3 #nx 1 #nz 0 #startx 0 #startz #deltax #deltaz
** End
EN
From the output file we find:
DATA OF THE WAVEGUIDE PORT NO. 1

Reflection coeff. 1.1773E-01 2.5858E-01 2.8412E-01 65.52
this agrees well with the theoretically expected input reflection coefficient. See the comments in
the *.pre file above, this should be 0.2728 (magnitude) and 60◦ (phase). Or in dB, the FEKO
computed value for S11 is -10.93 dB, as compared to the theoretically expected value of -11.28 dB
for an ideal transmission line.
The input file (example_34_ae.pre) using an edge excitation (AE card) is as follows:
** - excite a mode on the co-ax (by using edge feed)

**
** reflection coefficient at the load
** r_2 = (40 Ohm - 70 Ohm) / (40 Ohm + 70 Ohm)
** = -0.2727
**
** reflection coefficient at the source
** r_1 = r_2 * exp(-j * 2*pi * 2 * 80 mm / 120 mm)
** = 0.1364 + j*0.23621
**
** input impedance
** Z_in = 70 Ohm * (1+r_1) / (1-r_1)
** = (80.8247 + j*41.2478) Ohm
**
** We will use 1 voltage sources to excite a proper TEM mode in the cable
** Thus the source input impedance is also
** Z_source = (80.8247 + j*41.2478)

SF 1 #scaling



IP #edge_len

DP A 0 0 0
DP B #len 0 0
DP Ci2 0 #r_inner 0
DP: Ci1 : : : : : 0 : (#r_outer+#r_inner)/3 : 0
DP Co 0 #r_outer 0

** nodes at the future connection points. We also create the short in this
** section to ensure connection.
#angle = 360 / 16
LA: Port1_1
KR A B Co Ci1 #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate
LA: Port1_2
KR A B Ci1 Ci2 #angle #maxlen_i #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate
** Copy feed to load

TG: 1 : Port1_1 : Port1_2 : 2 : 0 : : : : #len
** Connector cylinders
LA Inner
ZY A B Ci2 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Main inner conductor
LA Outer
** Make copies while rotating around the x-axis to create a quarter structure
TG 3 -1 -1 1 #angle
** Create the full model using symmetry (again adjust the load labels)
SY 1 0 3 3

EG 1 0 0 0

!!print "Frequency = ", #freq, " Hz"
FR 1 0 #freq
** Excite with edge source

AE: 0 : inner : Port1_2 : 0 : : 1 : 0 : #Zc
** Load the end of the coaxial cable

LE: Inner : Port1_4 : 0 : : 1 : #rload
** Only impedance to be calculated

OS 1 1
** End
EN
From the output file we find:

Current in A 1.0428E-02 -3.0979E-03 1.0878E-02 -16.55
Admitt. in A/V 1.0428E-02 -3.0979E-03 1.0878E-02 -16.55
The theoretically expected input impedance (as described in the *.pre file above) are close to
the FEKO computed values (88.12 + j26.18) Ω. The FEKO computed value for S11 is -14.60 dB,
as compared to the theoretically expected value of -11.28 dB for an ideal transmission line.
When using an alternative modelling with feed wires as in figure 2-79, then this input file
(example_34_a1.pre) is as follows:
** - excite a proper TEM mode (by using more feed elements)
** - match the open wire end (adding a lambda/4 long shorted stub)
** Note that the AW card is the preferred option to excite a TEM
** mode in a coaxial cable, see example file "example_34_aw". Here
** we use feed wires for illustration purposes to demonstrate an
** alternative way of modelling such a source.

**
** Reflection coefficient at the load
** r_2 = (40 Ohm - 70 Ohm) / (40 Ohm + 70 Ohm)
** = -0.2727
**
** Reflection coefficient at the source
** r_1 = r_2 * exp(-j * 2*pi * 2 * 80 mm / 120 mm)
** = 0.1364 + j*0.23621
** = 0.2728 / 60ř (magnitude / phase)
**
** Input impedance
** Z_in = 70 Ohm * (1+r_1) / (1-r_1)

** = (80.8247 + j*41.2478) Ohm

**
** We will use 8 voltage sources to excite a proper TEM mode in the cable
** (see note at the A1 cards below). Thus the "per source" input impedance
** should be
** Z_source = 8 * (80.8247 + j*41.2478)
** = (646.6 + j*330.0)


** We have to adjust the maximum number of connections

** (otherwise FEKO will print an error message that we have to do so)
#maxnv = 2*16
** Segmentation parameters and wire radius

#seg_len = #edge_len
#seg_rad = #seg_len / 50
IP #seg_rad #edge_len #seg_len

DP A 0 0 0
DP B #len 0 0
DP Ci 0 #r_inner 0
DP Co 0 #r_outer 0
** If we just want to use the coaxial cable to excite, for example a horn
** antenna, we need not be concerned about radiation to the open side. But
** if we want to prevent this, or want to get more accurate input impedance
** values, a shorted lambda/4 long stub can be added to the feed side. This
** transforms to an open at the feed position. As stated above, the stub
** can generally be omitted, but we include it to demonstrate the principle.
#stub_len = #lambda / 4
DP Bs -#stub_len 0 0
DP Csi -#stub_len #r_inner 0
DP Cso -#stub_len #r_outer 0

** nodes at the future connection points. We also create the short in this
** section to ensure connection.
#angle = 360 / 16
ZY A B Ci 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Main inner conductor

ZY Bs A Csi 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Stub inner conductor

ZY Bs A Cso 0 #angle #maxlen_o ** Stub outer conductor
KR Bs A Cso Csi #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate
** Make copies while rotating around the x-axis to create a quarter structure
TG 3 0 0 0 1 #angle
** Add wires to be used later as feed and load. If some feed and load wires
** lie in the principle planes, we cannot make optimal use of symmetry. Thus
** we rotate the wires out of this plane.
LA 1
BL Ci Co
TG 1 1 2 #angle
TG 1 1 1 1 2 2*#angle
TG 1 1 2 9 2 #len
** Adjust the labels of all load segments so that they are all 10
CB 11 10
** Create the full model using symmetry (again adjust the load labels)
SY 1 0 3 0 2
CB 12 10
SY 1 0 0 3 4
CB 14 10

SF 1 #scaling

EG 1 0 0 0 0

FR 1 0 #freq
** Excite the eight wires in phase to get a proper TEM mode. One could also
** use a single wire and feed unsymmetrically. This, however, will cause the
** excitation of higher order modes which will corrupt the input impedance
** (even though these modes decay as the wave propagates away from the feed).
A1 0 1 1 0
A1 1 2 1 0
A1 1 3 1 0
A1 1 4 1 0
A1 1 5 1 0
A1 1 6 1 0
A1 1 7 1 0
A1 1 8 1 0
** Load the end of the coaxial cable (note that the eight wires are in
** parallel which gives an additional factor 8 for the resistance of each
** wire). The length of the wires is #scaling*(#r_outer-#r_inner) and the
** required distributed resistance is:
#Rdist = 8 * #Rload / (#r_outer - #r_inner) / #scaling
LD 10 #Rdist
** Impedance computation and output of surface currents for the POSTFEKO

** display (e.g. graphical check for the TEM mode)
OS 1 1

** Compute the near-field in a cross section across the cable close to the
** feed, can be used in order to check the proper TEM mode
#x = min(#len/5, #r_outer)
#n = 40
#start = -1.2*#r_outer
#width = 2.4*#r_outer
#delta = #width / (#n-1)
FE 3 1 #n #n 0 #x #start #start #delta #delta
** Compute the near-fields inside of the coaxial in a plane parallel to the

** axis, this allows to display e.g. the standing wave pattern
#nx = 60
#nz = 20
#deltax = (#len + #stub_len) / #nx
#deltaz = (#r_outer - #r_inner) / #nz
#startx = -#stub_len + #deltax/2
#startz = #r_inner + #deltaz/2
FE 3 #nx 1 #nz 0 #startx 0 #startz #deltax #deltaz
** End
EN
Note that the TG as SY cards use the option to increment the label. This ensures that the feed
segments all have unique labels (labels 1 to 8). We have to use separate excitation (A1 cards) for
each of these segments. Also, the CB card is used a number of times to ensure that all the load
segments have the same label (label 10 in this case).
The output file contains the following output for the sources (each of the other six sources are
symmetrical to one of these two)

Current in A 1.1426E-03 -5.8673E-04 1.2844E-03 -27.18
Admitt. in A/V 1.1426E-03 -5.8673E-04 1.2844E-03 -27.18

Current in A 1.1428E-03 -5.8665E-04 1.2846E-03 -27.17
Admitt. in A/V 1.1428E-03 -5.8665E-04 1.346E-03 -27.17
The calculated impedances (692.57 +j355.64) Ω and (692.55 +j355.52) Ω are quite close to the
theoretically predicted (646.6 +j330.0) Ω — see the derivation at the start of the *.pre file.
Note that the model includes radiation from the open load as well as the fact that there will be
higher order modes. In terms of the reflection coefficient S11 in dB related to the transmission

line impedance of 70 Ω, we find here a value of -10.71 dB, which compares very well to the AW
card result of -10.93 dB.
The electric near field on an orthogonal cross section near the feed segments is shown in fig-
ure 2-80. This shows that the field distribution is close to that of the TEM mode, but not exactly
so. Note that the near field is calculated on a rectangular grid which explains the stepped be-
haviour of the contours near the conductors.
Figure 2-80: Electric near field orthogonal to the coaxial cable near the feed

2.35 Example 35: Horn antenna in front of a reflector replaced with equiv-
alent surface currents or far field pattern
Figure 2-81: Horn in front of a parabolic reflector
This example considers a horn antenna in front of a parabolic reflector. The reflector is treated
with the PO and the horn with the MoM. Even if the MoM is decoupled from the PO, the cal-
culation of the interaction between the MoM basis functions and the PO triangles can be quite
time consuming. More so if the solution has to be repeated a number of times, for example to
optimise the shape of the reflector.
The antenna can be removed by using the equivalence theorem, in particular the apertures cre-
ated with the AP card. This requires two model files. The first (example_35a.pre) calculates
the near fields on six planes surrounding the antenna and writes it to *.efe and *.hfe files for
later use. (It also calculates the far field pattern, but that will be discussed later.)
** Example_35 considers a horn antenna in front of a parabolic reflector

** The example is split into four parts
** -This first part calculates the near fields radiated by the horn in
** the absence of the reflector. The fields are written to *.efe and
** *.hfe files to use for the aperture excitation. It also calculates
** the far fields and write this to a *.ffe file for use as a point
** source with a specified pattern.
** -The second part uses these near fields to define an equivalent
** aperture to replace the horn. The aperture is then used to excite
** the parabolic reflector.
** -The third part models the horn and reflector together for verification.
** -The forth part use the far fields as a point source.
** We include the constants as well as the scaling from a file

** such that the dimensions need only be modified in one place
IN 0 "example_35.inc"
** Define the corner points for a quarter horn in the quadrant y>0 and z>0
** Points on the waveguide back wall
DP C #xback #wg_w/2 #wg_h/2
DP CZ #xback 0 #wg_h/2
DP CY #xback #wg_w/2 0
DP C0 #xback 0 0

** Points on the transition from wave guide to horn

DP B -#horn_l #wg_w/2 #wg_h/2
DP BZ -#horn_l 0 #wg_h/2
DP BY -#horn_l #wg_w/2 0
** Points on the horn opening
DP A 0 #horn_w/2 #horn_h/2
DP AZ 0 0 #horn_h/2
DP AY 0 #horn_w/2 0
** Points along the feed wire
DP DU #xfeed 0 -#seg_l/2
DP DO #xfeed 0 #seg_l/2
DP DZ #xfeed 0 #wg_h/2
** Create the surfaces in the quadrant y>0 and z>0

** Wave guide end
BP C CZ C0 CY
** Wave guide top
BT C CZ DZ
BQ C DZ BZ B
** Wave guide walls
BP C B BY CY
** Horn walls
BQ B A AY BY
** Horn top
BQ B A AZ BZ
** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall.
SY 1 0 3 0
** Create half of the feed wire

BL DO DZ
** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall.

SY 1 0 0 2
** Create the feed segment with the label 1

LA 1
BL DU DO

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** The excitation
FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
** We will write the near and far fields to file

DA 1 1 1 0 0
** Now calculate the near fields on a closed aperture around the horn
** Planes of constant x
FE 3 1 #Ny #Nz 0 #xneg #ystart #zstart #xskip #yskip #zskip
FE 3 1 #Ny #Nz 0 #xpos #ystart #zstart #xskip #yskip #zskip
** Planes of constant y
FE 3 #Nx 1 #Nz 0 #xstart -#ypos #zstart #xskip #yskip #zskip
FE 3 #Nx 1 #Nz 0 #xstart #ypos #zstart #xskip #yskip #zskip
** Planes of constant z

FE 3 #Nx #Ny 1 0 #xstart #ystart -#zpos #xskip #yskip #zskip

FE 3 #Nx #Ny 1 0 #xstart #ystart #zpos #xskip #yskip #zskip
** To determine the phase centre, we calculate the near field in front of the horn
** (In the far field region, 20m to 30m, or about about 100 to 150 wavelengths)
**FE 1 101 1 1 0 20/#sf 0 0 0.1/#sf 0 0
** Finally we calculate the far field pattern referenced to the phase centre
** (See the example guide on how to determine the phase centre)
OF 1 0 -0.216/#sf 0 0
FF 1 37 73 0 0 0 5 5
** End
EN
The second (example_35b.pre) uses the AP card with the field data in the *.efe and *.hfe
files to replace the horn with an equivalent aperture:

** -The first part calculates the near fields radiated by the horn in
** -This second part uses these near fields to define an equivalent
** -The forth part use the far fields as a point source.


** First set the reflector meshing (keep the segment settings)
IP #seg_rad #ref_tri #seg_l
** Use label 2 in order to specify the reflector for PO
LA 2
** Define the points -- the reflector face in the negative x-direction
DP R1 #focal 0 0
DP R2 #focal/2 0 0
DP R3 #focal 0 #ref_rad
DP R4 #ref_rim 0 #ref_rad
PB R1 R2 R3 R4 90 #ref_tri
** Mirror the quarter in the plane y=0 (xz-plane, ideal magnetic wall)
** and the plane z=0 (xy-plane, ideal electric wall) at the same time.
SY 1 0 3 2
** Apply PO to the reflector

PO 2 1 0 0 0
** Define the corner points for the six apertures

DP A1 #xneg -#ypos -#zpos
DP A2 #xpos -#ypos -#zpos
DP A3 #xneg #ypos -#zpos
DP A4 #xpos #ypos -#zpos

DP A5 #xneg -#ypos #zpos

DP A6 #xpos -#ypos #zpos
DP A7 #xneg #ypos #zpos

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** The excitation
FR 1 0 #freq
** Define the apertures which replace the horn

** - Note that the two aperture axes must be in the order x, y, z (any two of these,
** depending on the aperture orientation); and pointing in the direction of the
** positive axis. (This is the order of the data samples in the near field files.)
** On surfaces this could lead to normals pointing inward whereas the surface
** equivalence formulation requires normals pointing outward. This is rectified
** by adding a 180 degree phase to these apertures. (Effectively reversing the
** normal vector.)
** - Note also that all data points are in the same file. To keep track of where
** to start the data of a specific aperture, the variable #start is incremented
** with the size of each aperture to indicate the start of the next one’s data.
** Plane x = #xneg (inward pointing normal)

#start = 1
AP 0 -5 A1 A3 A5 #start #Ny #Nz 1 180 ...
"example_35a.efe" "example_35a.hfe"
** Plane x = #xpos
#start = #start + #Ny*#Nz
AP 1 -5 A2 A4 A6 #start #Ny #Nz 1 0 ...
** Plane y = -#ypos
#start = #start + #Ny*#Nz
AP 1 -5 A1 A2 A5 #start #Nx #Nz 1 0 ...
** Plane y = #ypos (inward pointing normal)

#start = #start + #Nx*#Nz
AP 1 -5 A3 A4 A7 #start #Nx #Nz 1 180 ...
** Plane z = -#zpos (inward pointing normal)

#start = #start + #Nx*#Nz
AP 1 -5 A1 A2 A3 #start #Nx #Ny 1 180 ...
** Plane z = #zpos
#start = #start + #Nx*#Ny
AP 1 -5 A5 A6 A7 #start #Nx #Ny 1 0 ...
** Calculate the far fields in the principal planes

** Vertical cut
FF 1 361 1 0 0 180 0.5
** Horizontal cut
FF 1 1 721 0 90 0 0.5
** End

EN
Both of these read the crucial dimensions from the file example_35.inc such that the model
parameters need only be changed in one location:
** Common definitions for example_35
** Scaling. All coordinates are entered in mm and scaled with #sf to metre
** The field positions are also scaled.
#sf = 0.001 ** Multiple dimensions with this factor to get metre
** Implement scaling
SF 1 #sf
** Frequency, wavelength and segmentation

#freq = 1.645E9 ** Frequency in Hertz
#lam = (#c0/#freq)/#sf ** Wavelength in mm (coordinates before scaling)
#seg_l = #lam/15 ** Maximum wire segment length
#tri_l = #lam/7 ** Maximum triangle edge length
#seg_rad = 1 ** Segment radius
** Implement segmentation
IP #seg_rad #tri_l #seg_l
** Waveguide and horn parameters -- dimensions in mm

#horn_w = 550 ** Width at the horn opening (parallel to y-axis)
#horn_h = 428 ** Height at the horn opening (parallel to z-axis)
#horn_l = 460 ** Length (along x-axis) of horn flare
#wg_w = 129.6 ** Waveguide width
#wg_h = 64.8 ** Waveguide height
#wg_l = 302 ** Length of the section of straight waveguide.
#feedsep = 46 ** Distance between back wall and feed pin
** Derived parameters
#xback = -#wg_l - #horn_l ** x-coordinate at the back wall
#xfeed = #xback + #feedsep ** x-coordinate at the feed point
** Aperture parameters
#xpos = 30 ** x-coordinate of the plane at constant positive x
#xneg = -800 ** x-coordinate of the plane at constant negative x
#ypos = 300 ** y-coordinate of the plane at constant positive y
#zpos = 280 ** z-coordinate of the plane at constant positive z
#sample = #lam/2.5 ** Target sample density on aperture
#Nx = CEIL((#xpos-#xneg)/#sample)
#xskip = (#xpos-#xneg)/#Nx
#xstart = #xneg + #xskip/2
#Ny = CEIL(2*#ypos/#sample)
#yskip = 2*#ypos/#Ny
#ystart = -#ypos + #yskip/2
#Nz = CEIL(2*#zpos/#sample)
#zskip = 2*#zpos/#Nz
#zstart = -#zpos + #zskip/2
** Reflector parameters
#ref_rad = 6*#lam ** Radius of the parabolic reflector
#ref_h = #lam ** Height of the parabolic reflector
#ref_tri = #lam/4 ** Allow coarser meshing on the reflector
#focal = (#ref_rad^2) / (4*#ref_h) ** Focal distance
#ref_rim = #focal - #ref_h ** x-coordinate of the front rim of the reflector

A third model (example_35c.pre) is constructed for comparison. This model contains both the
MoM horn and the PO reflector. The coupling between the MoM and PO is not taken into account
during the solution. Using the aperture replaces the 4072 basis functions of the horn with 2128
point dipoles. This considerably reduces the time required to calculate the PO currents on the
reflector (from 37.3 to 8.3 seconds on a 2.4 GHz Pentium 4). For more complex feed models the
effect will be even larger. Figures 2-82 and 2-83 compare the far field patterns calculated with
the aperture replacement to those calculated with the MoM PO hybrid method.
One may also calculate the near fields on a spherical surface around the horn (using the OF card
to specify a local origin) and use a single spherical aperture. This may require more dipoles (612
more dipoles if one requires the same maximum spacing and the same nearest point to the horn
— due to the fact that the separation will decrease towards the poles of the sphere), but is much
simpler to set up.
It is also possible to replace the horn with its far field pattern. The pattern is also calculated in
example_35a.pre and then used with an AR card in example_35d.pre:

** -The first part calculates the near fields radiated by the horn in
** -The second part uses these near fields to define an equivalent
** -This forth part use the far fields as a point source.


** First set the reflector meshing (keep the segment settings)
IP #seg_rad #ref_tri #seg_l
** Use label 2 in order to specify the reflector for PO
LA 2
** Define the points -- the reflector face in the negative x-direction
DP R1 #focal 0 0
DP R2 #focal/2 0 0
DP R3 #focal 0 #ref_rad
DP R4 #ref_rim 0 #ref_rad
PB R1 R2 R3 R4 90 #ref_tri
** Mirror the quarter in the plane y=0 (xz-plane, ideal magnetic wall)
** and the plane z=0 (xy-plane, ideal electric wall) at the same time.
SY 1 0 3 2
** Apply PO to the reflector

PO 2 1 0 0 0

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** The excitation

FR 1 0 #freq
** Use the calculated radiation pattern excitation

** Note that the point source must be placed at the phase origin used to
** calculate the far field. In this case this is 216mm inside the horn mouth
** (See the Examples Guide how to obtain this value)
AR 0 1 1 37 73 1 0 -0.216/#sf 0 0 ...
0 0 0 "example_35a.ffe"
** Calculate the far fields in the principal planes

** Vertical cut
FF 1 361 1 0 0 180 0.5
** Horizontal cut
FF 1 1 721 0 90 0 0.5
** End
EN

Note that when using the AR card, an antenna is replaced by a point source with the specified
pattern. It is very important that this point source is located at the phase centre of the antenna it
represents and that the far field pattern is calculated relative to the same phase centre.
One may determine the phase centre of an antenna by using the fact that the electric far field of
the antenna should decay at 1r and by assuming that the origin of this decay will be the phase
centre of the antenna. Thus if one inverts the near field, extending the linear limit of this line
to its intersection with the distance axis should give the phase centre of the antenna in the
coordinate system where the near field was calculated. For the horn antenna, symmetry dictates
that the phase centre must be on the x axis.
To determine the phase centre of the horn, we calculate the electric near field from 20 m to 30 m
on the x axis in front of the antenna. (This is about 100 to 150 wavelengths — if we do not obtain
a consistent result, we must increase the distance — see below.) Next we plot this as a function
of distance (x) in POSTFEKO and obtain the inverse by selecting the Perform calculations from
series button. The expression to use is 1 / #series_1 to obtain a result that should be proportional
to x barring an offset. Switch to the series_2 tab. From the table on this panel, it can be seen
that the inverse at 20m is 16.0270 and at 30m it is 23.9548. The slope of this line is determined
from the difference between these numbers divided by the extent (here 7.9278/10 = 0.79278).
The next step is to determine the inverted near field value at x = 0. From elementary linear
mathematics, it is known that the axis crossing (c) can be determined from c = y − mx where m
is the gradient of the line. This is used to calculate the crossing point at the start of the line, and
the end. These two axis crossing values are 0.1714 and 0.1714 respectively. These two numbers
should be relatively close together. If this difference is too great, the result is not consistent and
we must increase the distance from the antenna (i.e. we are then not in the region where the
field decays with 1r ). This value c = 0.1714 is the left axis value where x is 0 and dividing this
with the slope m results in the negative distance from the origin to the phase centre. Here it is
m
c
=-0.216 m.
The far field result is almost the same as for the more exact techniques (see figure 2-83 — the
reflector is well inside the 2 D2 /λ far field criterion for the horn, such that one should expect
approximate results when using the far field source approximation), but the run time decreased
from 8.3 seconds to less than 0.1 seconds.
30
MoM/PO
25 AP/PO
20
15
Directivity (dB)
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Theta (degrees)
Figure 2-82: Far field pattern in the vertical plane

30
MoM/PO
25 AP/PO
20
15
10
Directivity (dB)
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Phi (degrees)
Figure 2-83: Far field pattern in the horizontal plane
Figure 2-84: Far field pattern around the main beam in the vertical plane

2.36 Example 36: Example of S-parameter calculation above a ground

plane
0
1
2
3
4
Figure 2-85: Strip dipole and grounded wire above an infinite ground plane
This example considers a strip dipole next to a grounded wire above a ground plane as shown in
figure 2-85. The centre feed of the dipole and the two feed segments connecting the wire to the
ground plane are considered to be a three port system. The S-parameters are calculated with the
SP card.
The input file (example_36.pre) is as follows.
** Example file using the SP card to calculate S-parameters
** A strip dipole next to a wire attached to a ground plane
** Parameters
#lambda = 1
#hgt_w = 0.05 * #lambda ** Height of the wire above ground
#len_w = 0.5*#lambda ** Length of half the wire
#hgt_s = 0.05*#lambda ** Height of the strip dipole above ground
#len_s = 0.75*#lambda ** Length of half the strip dipole
#wid_s1 = 0.03*#lambda ** Distance from wire to near end of strip
#wid_s2 = 0.08*#lambda ** Distance from wire to near end of strip
** Segmentation
#edgelen = #lambda/15
#seglen = #lambda/20
#segrho = #seglen/100
** Define the points in space

DP A 0 #len_w 0
DP B 0 #len_w #hgt_w
DP C 0 0 #hgt_w
DP B1 -#wid_s1 0 #hgt_s
DP B2 -#wid_s1 #len_s #hgt_s
DP B3 -#wid_s2 #len_s #hgt_s
DP B4 -#wid_s2 0 #hgt_s
** Create the geometry

** Horizontal wire
BL C B
** Strip dipole arm
LA 1
BP B1 B2 B3 B4
** Use symmetry in the y=0 plane

SY 1 0 1 0 1
** We must add the port segment AFTER symmetry, since below different
** load impedances are used, and thus geometrical symmetry cannot be
** used (FEKO gives warning 536)
LA 3
BL A B
** Create the symmetrical element

TG 1 3 3 1 2 -2*#len_w
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Specify an infinite ground plane

BO 2
** Excitations of all 3 ports

** Only specify a port impedance for the second one, the rest will use the SP card value
AE 0 1 2 1 0
A1 1 4 1 0 100
A3 1 3 1 0 #segrho 2*#segrho
** Export the S-parameters to a Touchstone *.SnP file

DA 0 0 0 0 0 1
** Frequency loop
FR 10 0 0.9*#freq 1.1*#freq
** Initiate the S-parameter computation

SP 50
** End
EN
Note that the port wires are created after geometrical symmetry has been defined. Symmetry —
even geometrical symmetry — implies that the loading will also be symmetrical. In this example,
different port impedances are specified and thus these segments are loaded unsymmetrically.
Extracts of the S-parameters as listed in the output file are given on the next page.

SCATTERING PARAMETERS
ports magnitude phase

sink source real part imag. part linear in dB in deg.
S 1 1 4.40767E-01 -8.05506E-01 9.18213E-01 -0.7411 -61.31
S 2 1 2.27276E-01 -5.91538E-02 2.34848E-01 -12.5843 -14.59
S 3 1 -1.59453E-01 4.80535E-02 1.66536E-01 -15.5698 163.23
Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: 9.26003E-01 -0.3339
The S-parameters are also listed in a Touchstone format file ( example_36.s3p) requested
by the DA card. They are displayed in figure 2-86 — note that S21 ≈S12 and S23 ≈S32 which is
expected for a passive device. (The S-parameters are calculated from a small number of port
current values and may therefore be sensitive to the mesh density — the maximum segment
and edge lengths used in this example are therefore smaller than normal. Note that the small
separation between the strip and the wire also influences the mesh requirements.)
Figure 2-86: S-parameters of a three port system above a BO card ground

2.37 Example 37: Proximity coupled circular patch antenna with microstrip
feed
Figure 2-87: Proximity coupled circular patch antenna. The lighter triangles are on a lower level (closer
to the ground plane). The dielectric layers are hidden to show the geometry of the triangular
elements.
This example considers a proximity coupled circular patch antenna. The geometry of the triangles
is shown in figure 2-87 and the parameters of the dielectric layers can be obtained from the GF
card in the listing of the input file (example_37.pre) below. The mesh size is related to the
width of the strip to avoid having triangles with a large aspect ratio. Note that magnetic symmetry
is used to reduce the number of unknowns. The AE card is used to define a line between points
as the strip line feed port — this line must extend to both sides of the symmetry plane.
** Analysis of a circular patch antenna proximity coupled to microstrip line.

** Compare with Fig.’s 7 and 8 in the paper "Green’s Functions Analysis of
** Planar Circuits in a Two-Layer Grounded Medium", F Alonso-Monferrer,
** A A Kishk and A W Glisson, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,
** vol. 40, no.6, pp. 690-696, June 1992
** Everything in mm, set correct scaling factor

SF 1 0.001
** Variables:
#freq = 2.8e9 ** the starting frequency
#d = 1.590 ** half of the dielectric thickness
#er = 2.62 ** relative permittivity
#ur = 1.00 ** relative permeability
#w = 4.373 ** width of feedline
#r = 17.5 ** radius of the circular patch
#l = 79 ** length of the microstrip line
#lam = 1000*#c0 / #freq / sqrt(#er) ** the wavelength in the dielectric
#edgelen = min(#lam/12,0.8*#w) ** mesh size on patch and feed strip
IP #edgelen
** Define the points required by the geometry

** Circular patch
DP s1 0 0 0
DP s2 0 0 #r
DP s3 #r 0 0
** Rectangular feed-line
DP p1 0 0 -#d
DP p2 #w/2 0 -#d

DP p3 #w/2 #l -#d
DP p4 0 #l -#d
DP p3m -#w/2 #l -#d
** Build the circular patch

LA 0
KR s1 s2 s3 90
** Symmetry plane y=0

SY 1 0 1 0
** Feedline of the antenna

LA 1
BP p3 p4 p1 p2
** Magnetic symmetry plane x=0

SY 1 3 0 0
** Geometry end
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** The dielectric layers

GF 10 1 0 1 1
2*#d #er #ur
** Excitation of the microstrip line

AE 0 p3 p3m 3 1 0
** Frequency loop:
FR 8 0 #freq 0.05e9
** Just calculate the impedance

OS 0
** The end
EN
Extracts of the S-parameters as listed in the output file are given on the next page. Figure 2-88
shows the input impedance on the Smith chart. There is a small frequency shift which can be
reduced by using a finer mesh.

EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT EDGE
Name:
Electrical edge length in m: LEN = 4.37300E-03
Indices of the edges:
410 411

bottom GPLANE_BOT = Yes

Current in A 5.2283E-02 -3.7638E-02 6.4422E-02 -35.75
Admitt. in A/V 5.2283E-02 -3.7638E-02 6.4422E-02 -35.75
Figure 2-88: Reflection coefficient of the proximity coupled patch.

2.38 Example 38: Microstrip filter
Port 1 Port 2
Figure 2-89: Simple microstrip filter
In this example we consider a simple two port microstrip filter. A single stub is used to block
transmission at the centre frequency. The SP card is used to determine the S-parameters. The
two ports can be fed by making a physical connection to ground and feeding the edge between
the line and the vertical strip. (The “voltage” in a microstrip line is between the line and ground.
It yields better results to feed the edge at the line than the one connected to ground.) The input
file, example_38a.pre, is as follows
** Microstrip filter example, see G. V. Eleftheriades and J. R. Mosig,

** "On the Network Characterization of Planar Passive Circuits Using
** the Method of Moments", IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 44, no. 3, March 1996,
** pp. 438-445, Fig. 9.
**
** The analysis here is just for the microstrip circuit, without the
** shielding cavity. This can of course be added as well in FEKO.
** Here we model the microstrip lines with vertical connections to
** ground (see options used at the AE-cards).
** All dimensions in mm
SF 1 0.001
** Substrate height
#t = 1.57
** Meshsize
#fmax = 4.0e9
#lam = #c0 / #fmax * 1000 ** in mm
#l1 = #lam / 10 ** along lines
#l2 = #lam / 20 ** across lines
IP #l1
** Define the points for the filter structure

#x = 0
#y = 23
DP P1 #x #y 0
DP Q1 #x #y -#t
#x = #x + 41.4
DP P2 #x #y 0
#x = #x + 4.6
DP P3 #x #y 0
#x = 92
DP P4 #x #y 0
DP Q4 #x #y -#t
#y = #y + 4.6
DP P5 #x #y 0
DP Q5 #x #y -#t

#x = 41.4 + 4.6
DP P6 #x #y 0
#y = #y + 18.4
DP P7 #x #y 0
#x = #x - 4.6
DP P8 #x #y 0
#y = #y - 18.4
DP P9 #x #y 0
#x = #x - 41.4
DP P10 #x #y 0
DP Q10 #x #y -#t
** Create the structure

LA 1
BP P1 P2 P9 P10 #l2
LA 3
BP P2 P3 P6 P9 #l2 #l2
BP P9 P6 P7 P8 #l2
LA 2
BP P3 P4 P5 P6 #l2
** Vertical elements to ground

LA 5
BP P1 P10 Q10 Q1 #l2
BP P4 P5 Q5 Q4 #l2
** End of geometry
EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Green’s function
GF 10 1 0 1 1
#t 2.33 1
** Excitation of the two ports

** (The edges at the top of the vertical connections to ground)
AE 0 1 5 0 1
AE 1 2 5 0 1
** Frequency loop and S-parameter computations (Use the first FR card with FEKO LITE)
** FR 10 0 2.0e9 3.8e9
FR 51 0 1.0e9 4.0e9
SP
** End
EN

Extracts from the output file example_38a.out are

2 6

S 1 1 -6.09731E-02 2.68205E-01 2.75049E-01 -11.2118 102.81
S 2 1 -9.57949E-01 -6.99244E-02 9.60498E-01 -0.3501 -175.83
Name:
90 92

S 1 2 -9.58381E-01 -6.99558E-02 9.60931E-01 -0.3462 -175.83
S 2 2 2.06992E-02 2.74190E-01 2.74970E-01 -11.2143 85.68
CPU-time runtime
...
Initialisation of the Green’s function 79.844 79.840
...
Calcul. of matrix elements 48.361 48.365
...
total times: 129.438 129.437

One may also — see the file example_38b.pre — use the AE card to excite the end of the
microstrip line without a connection to ground. The two vertical strips and unused points are
then omitted; and the two AE cards modified to specify the line where the port is located:
AE 0 P1 P10 3 1 0
AE 1 P4 P5 3 1 0
The comparative extracts from the output file example_38b.out are
Name:
89 90

S 1 1 -7.26299E-02 2.33305E-01 2.44349E-01 -12.2398 107.29
S 2 1 -9.59998E-01 -1.27969E-01 9.68489E-01 -0.2781 -172.41
Name:
91 92

S 1 2 -9.59980E-01 -1.27966E-01 9.68472E-01 -0.2783 -172.41
S 2 2 9.63821E-03 2.44251E-01 2.44441E-01 -12.2365 87.74
CPU-time runtime
...
Initialisation of the Green’s function 4.562 4.563
...
Calcul. of matrix elements 35.000 34.997
...
total times: 40.547 40.547

The results agree very well as can also be seen in figure 2-90, but there is a significant difference
in the run time. The model using the vertical connections has vertical currents and thus requires
a 3D interpolation table for the Green’s functions while the model without it needs only a 2D
interpolation table. The difference in run time reflects the calculation time required for these
interpolation tables.
Figure 2-90: S-parameters of the single stub filter

2.39 Example 39: Log periodic antenna
Labels
0 5 10
1 6 11
2 7 12
3 8
4 9
Figure 2-91: Log periodic antenna. Note the unique labels of the centre segments.
This example uses the non-radiating transmission lines to form the connections for a log periodic
antenna. The location of the transmission lines can be shown with POSTFEKO. Note that the
lines on the figure cross to show crossed transmission lines as required for a log periodic antenna.
This depends on the orientation of the segment as well as whether a crossed transmission line is
specified. The example also demonstrates how one may use !!FOR . . . !!NEXT loops to create
repetitive geometry. The last transmission line is also used to specify a termination load. The
input file, example_39.pre, is as follows
** Analysis of a 12-element logarithmic periodic antenna

** (corresponds to the NEC example 5).
** Some definitions for the geometry

#sigma = 0.70 ** initial spacing
#tau = 0.93 ** scaling factor for elements
#len = 2 ** length of first element (the shortest element)
#rad = 0.00667 ** radius of first element
#Zline = 50 ** transmission line impedance
#Zload = 50 ** load impedance at the last element
** Frequency specification and segmentation

#lambda = #c0 / #freq
IP #seglen
** We can either use a !!FOR ... !!NEXT loop to construct the 12 elements,
** or we can use the TG-card. With the TG card one would create one
** element and duplicate it 11 times using the scaling factor 1/#tau.
** However, then the number of segments used for each dipole would be
** the same. Therefore use here rather a !!FOR ... !!NEXT loop construction.
** Initial values for the loop

!!for #i = 1 to 12
!!if (#i = 1) then
** This is the first element to be created, at origin
#x = 0
!!else

** Other elements with a certain distance from previous element

#x = #x - #sigma
!!endif
** Create the wire with the correct radius, use a unique
** label #i for the centre segment
#y = 0.4*#seglen ** ensure that just one segment at the centre
DP P1 #x -#len/2 0
DP P2 #x -#y 0
DP P3 #x #y 0
DP P4 #x #len/2 0
LA 0
BL P1 P2 #rad
LA #i
BL P2 P3 #rad
LA 0
BL P3 P4 #rad
** Apply scaling
#sigma = #sigma/#tau
#len = #len/#tau
#rad = #rad/#tau
!!next

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Create all the transmission lines (again a loop is very useful)

!!for #i = 1 to 11
** Extra shunt admittance at the last element 12
!!if (#i=11) then
#YS = 1 / #Zload
!!else
#YS = 0
!!endif
** Define the transmission line from label #i to label #i+1 (crossed)
TL 1 #i #i+1 1 -1 #Zline #YS
!!next
** Excitation by a voltage source

FR 1 0 #freq
A1 0 1 1 0
** Vertical radiation pattern

FF 1 73 1 0 90 0 -5
EN
DATA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES (TL cards)
No. Type Segments Length Losses Transm. line impedance ...

numbers in m in dB/m real part imag. part
1 2 3 -8 7.52688E-01 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00
2 1 8 -13 8.09342E-01 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00
3 1 13 -18 8.70260E-01 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00
...
11 1 60 -68 1.55520E+00 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00
Shunt adm. port 1 in S Shunt adm. port 2 in S NW- Name

real part imag. part real part imag. part block

0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 3
...
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.00000E-02 0.00000E+00 11
NETWORK DATA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES (TL cards)
No. Port Port voltage in V Port current in A Port impedance in Ohm ...
real part imag. part real part imag. part real part imag. part
1 1 1.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.1868E-02 -4.5764E-04 4.5710E+01 9.5661E-01
1 2 -7.2976E-01 7.2933E-01 1.6292E-02 -1.3682E-02 -4.8314E+01 4.1928E+00
2 1 -7.2976E-01 7.2933E-01 -1.5311E-02 1.4273E-02 4.9259E+01 -1.7146E+00
2 2 1.1594E-02 -1.0570E+00 -5.1672E-04 2.0413E-02 -5.1765E+01 7.4237E-01
3 1 1.1594E-02 -1.0570E+00 -2.9827E-03 -2.2954E-02 4.5221E+01 6.3813E+00
3 2 8.5021E-01 5.9067E-01 -1.7784E-02 -1.5421E-02 -4.3728E+01 4.7038E+00
Power in W
1.0934E-02
-1.0934E-02
1.0792E-02
-1.0792E-02
1.2114E-02
-1.2114E-02
SUMMARY OF LOSSES
Metallic elements: 0.0000E+00 W

Dielectric (surface equiv. princ.): 0.0000E+00 W
Dielectric (volume equiv. princ.): 0.0000E+00 W
Mismatch at feed: 0.0000E+00 W
Non-radiating networks: 1.6650E-03 W
-------------
Sum of all losses: 1.6650E-03 W
Efficiency of the antenna: 85.7209 %

(based on a total active power: 1.1660E-02 W)


90.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.559E+00 -27.83 -999.9999 10.3854 10.3854
85.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.542E+00 -26.85 -999.9999 10.3267 10.3267
80.00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 2.490E+00 -23.92 -999.9999 10.1475 10.1475
POLARISATION
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
The vertical pattern is shown in figure 2-92.

15º 0º 345º
30º 330º
10
45º 5 315º
0
60º 300º
-5
75º -10 285º
-15
90º 270º
105º 255º
120º 240º
135º 225º
150º 210º
165º 180º 195º
Figure 2-92: Directivity of a log periodic antenna in the vertical plane

2.40 Example 40: Coupling between impedance matched dipoles
Port 2, label 2
Port 1, label 1
Figure 2-93: Two half wavelength dipole antennas, each fed with an active impedance matching network.
This example shows how to use impedance loading in the presence of an SP card. The two dipoles
are fed with active impedance matching networks. This is modelled by adding a load to cancel
the imaginary part of the impedance and calculating the S-parameters for a source impedance
equal to the real part of the input impedance. This results in maximum power transfer to the
second dipole at all frequencies. (The two dipoles are identical, thus we will use the same load
on both ports.)
The input file (example_40.pre) which contains two frequency loops, is as follows
** Coupling between two half wavelength dipoles fed with matching networks
** Set the frequency and wavelength

#f_min = 400e6 ** Start frequency
#f_o = 470e6 ** Centre frequency
#f_max = 490e6 ** End frequency
#Nf = 10 ** Number of frequencies
#lam_o = #c0/#f_o ** Wavelength at the centre frequency (defines the geometry)
#lam_m = #c0/#f_max ** Wavelength at the highest frequency (defines the mesh size)
#seg_len = #lam_m / 20
#seg_rad = 0.001
IP #seg_rad #seg_len
** Geometry parameters
#h = #lam_o/4 ** Half the dipole length
#d = 2*#lam_o ** Separation between dipoles
#l = 0.4*#seg_len ** Half the length of the feed segment

DP A 0 0 -#h
DP B 0 0 -#l
DP C 0 0 #l
** Define the lower half of the first dipole (without feed)

BL A B
** Mirror the lower half of the dipole upwards

SY 1 0 0 2
** Create feed segment with the label 1

LA 1
BL B C
** Create the second dipole by copying the first

** Note that this does not destroy the symmetry
** Note also that label 0 is not incremented
TG 1 0 1 1 0 #d
** End of the geometric input -- write complete geometry to output file

EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Define the frequency

FR #Nf 0 #f_min #f_max
** Calculate the S-parameters in a 50 ohm system and write them to file

** Excite both dipoles as ports for S-parameter calculations
DA 0 0 0 0 0 1
A1 0 1 1 0
A1 1 2 1 0
SP 50
** Now we create a FOR loop frequency loop to allow loading the dipoles.
** We load the dipoles in order to cancel the imaginary part of the input
** impedance and then calculate the S-parameters in a system impedance
** that match the real part of the input impedance.
** Note that loading ports change the interaction matrix such that it is
** not a severe penalty to create a second frequency loop here.
** #Nf = -1 ** For the first run we need to skip this loop
!!for #n = 1 to #Nf
** Read the frequency and antenna input impedance from the prepared file
#freq = fileread("example_40.dat",#n+1,1) * 1.0E6
#Zr = fileread("example_40.dat",#n+1,2)
#Zi = fileread("example_40.dat",#n+1,3)

FR 1 #freq
** Now determine the load to cancel the imaginary part of the impedance
** Note that we cannot use the LZ card as this impedance is overwritten
** by the SP card
!!if #Zi < 0 then
** Negative impedance, add an inductive load
#L = -#Zi/(2*#pi*#freq)
LS 1 #L
LS 2 #L
!!elseif
** Positive impedance, add a capacitive load
#C = 1/(#Zi*2*#pi*#freq)

LS 1 #C
LS 2 #C
!!endif
** Finally calculate the S-parameters (we won’t write them to file)

** Now add the sources, specifying the system impedance
DA 0 0 0 0 0 0
A1 0 1 1 0 #Zr
A1 1 2 1 0 #Zr
** Note that we have specified the system impedance at the ports
** (This could allow using different system impedances for the various ports)
SP
** End of frequency loop

!!next
** End
EN
The first frequency loop calculates the S-parameters in a 50 Ω system. (Note that #Nf is set
to -1 to skip the second loop during this phase as the second loop tries to read from the file
example_40.dat which is calculated from the result of the first run.) The results are written to
a Touchstone format file (example_40.s2p). From this we can determine the input impedance
at one port if the second port is terminated in a conjugate matched load. (These calculations
were done in Mathematica and involved transforming from S-parameters to Z-parameters and
solving a complex matrix equation for the optimum input impedance given that the second port
is loaded with the complex conjugate of this input impedance.) Note that, since the coupling
between the two dipoles is very small, the input impedance of one dipole is not very dependent
on the load at the second dipole. Thus one will get a very similar result by just plotting the input
impedance — with 50 Ω loading subtracted — in POSTFEKO and writing this to a data file.

The calculated input impedance is
"Frequency [MHz]" "Re{Z_in matched load}" "Im{Z_in matched load}"

400 51.35897294752684 -98.24440217970796
410 54.78298951057599 -78.49672704243486
420 58.55367334913904 -59.10669618038157
430 62.65276893582022 -40.11841191634703
440 67.01399757492561 -21.55044496478654
450 71.56254189197807 -3.38173332666909
460 76.22303420171083 14.46290879409742
470 80.95653423584226 32.08598498017869
480 85.75940433192570 49.62447813617270
490 90.70622025526940 67.19024349043431
For comparison, the input impedance if the second dipole is loaded with 50 Ω is
"Frequency [MHz]" "Re{Z_in}" "Im{Z_in}"

400 51.69 -98.47
410 54.88 -78.84
420 58.42 -59.36
430 62.44 -40.16
440 66.92 -21.44
450 71.64 -3.29
460 76.36 14.39
470 80.97 31.87
480 85.57 49.42
490 90.36 67.15
The second loop reads the frequency and impedance from this file. This loop is done with a
FOR–NEXT loop rather than a FR card loop to allow reading the impedance values from file.
Both ports are then loaded to cancel the imaginary part of the input impedance. It would be
quite simple to do this with an LZ card, but the SP card overwrites the LZ card. Thus we use an
LS card with an inductor to cancel negative imaginary values and a capacitor to cancel positive
values.
Note that one may pay a significant penalty in performance if you construct two frequency loops
like this for, for example, two sets of sources. However, changing the loading at ports changes
the interaction matrix which requires a new LU decomposition such that in this case there is not
a severe penalty for using a second loop. (We do calculate the element interaction twice, but this
is usually a very small part of the total run time.)
Extracts from the second frequency loop in the output file example_40.out are
REFERENCE IMPEDANCES AT PORTS
port impedance in Ohm

1 7.15625E+01
2 7.15625E+01
Name:


DATA OF LABELS

Rss= 0.000E+00 Ohm/m Lss= 0.000E+00 H/m Css= 0.000E+00 F
Rs = 0.000E+00 Ohm Ls = 1.196E-09 H Cs = 0.000E+00 F
Rp = 0.000E+00 Ohm Lp = 0.000E+00 H Cp = 0.000E+00 F
Zs = ( 7.156E+01 +j 0.000E+00) Ohm (indep. of freq.)
Zload’=( 0.000E+00 +j 0.000E+00) Ohm/m (freq. dep.)
Zload =( 7.156E+01 +j 3.382E+00) Ohm (freq. dep.)

Current in A 6.9848E-03 -2.4974E-06 6.9848E-03 -0.02
Admitt. in A/V 6.9848E-03 -2.4974E-06 6.9848E-03 -0.02
Impedance in Ohm 1.4317E+02 5.1190E-02 1.4317E+02 0.02

S 1 1 2.93916E-04 3.57448E-04 4.62769E-04 -66.6927 50.57
S 2 1 -2.12063E-02 6.34288E-02 6.68799E-02 -23.4941 108.49
Figure 2-94 shows the input impedance at the voltage source ports of either dipole. The first two
lines (solid red and green with + symbols) shows the input impedance in the 50 Ω system of
the first frequency loop. Note that the real part includes the 50 Ω load added by the SP card.
The next two lines (yellow with square markers and blue with circular markers) shows the input
impedance at the voltage sources for the matched system. As expected, the imaginary part is
zero while the real part includes the loading (which is approximately equal to the real part of the
50 Ω system less the 50 Ω load) which explains the increased slope.
Finally figure 2-95 shows the S-parameters. The reflection coefficient is drastically reduced — it
is less than -80 dB for the matched system — which shows in the increased coupling to the second
dipole away from the resonance frequency. (Using the input impedance for a single dipole when
the second dipole is loaded with 50 Ω instead of a matched load, increases S11 to about -60 dB.)

Re{Z_s} 50 W Im{Z_s} 50 W Re{Z_s} matched Im{Z_s} matched

200
Impedance [Ohm] 150
100
50
-50
-100
400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490
Frequency [MHz]
Figure 2-94: The impedance at the source port of either dipole in a 50 Ω system and a matched system.
Note that the added loads contribute to these impedances.
|S11| 50 W system |S21| 50 W system |S21| matched system

0
-5
S parameters [dB]
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490
Frequency [MHz]
Figure 2-95: S-parameters for the two dipole antennas in a 50 Ω system and a matched system. Note that
S11 for the matched system is less than -80 dB and is not included in the figure.

2.41 Example 41: Using the MLFMM

Z
Figure 2-96: Plane wave incident on an electrically large trihedral
In this example we consider a single plane wave incident (from ϑ=60◦ and ϕ=0◦ ) on a trihedral.
The size of the trihedral (13.5λ2 surface area) was chosen such that we can still solve it incore
on a PC with 768 MByte of RAM. This is on the small side for the MLFMM, but enough to
demonstrate the advantage thereof.
The file example_41.pre is listed below. Note the use of the FM card at the end of the geometry
section in the input file and the wrapped EG card which includes the Single precision field (the 1
in column 101).
** RCS computation of a tetrahedral using the

** Multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM)
** General parameter settings

#a = 3*#lambda ** Length of an edge
IP #tri_len
** Define the points for the plate

#b = sqrt(0.5)*#a ** Projected length
DP O 0 0 0
DP L #b -#b 0
DP R #b #b 0
DP T 0 0 #a
** Create trihedral
BT O L R
BT O R T
BT O T L

** Use the MLFMM instead of the standard MoM

FM
** End of the geometry (we switch here to single precision storage

** to reduce the MLFMM memory requirement)
EG 1 0 0 0 ...
1

FR 0 #freq

A0 0 1 1 1 0 60 0 0
** Bistatic radar cross section in the vertical plane Phi=0

FF 1 91 1 0 0 0 2
** End
EN
FAST MULTIPOLE METHOD (FMM)
Multilevel FMM is used

Storage of elements with single precision (saves memory)
DATA FOR MEMORY USAGE
Number of metallic triangles: 3915 ...
DATA FOR THE FMM
Level of the MLFMM: 5

Finest box size DELTA/LAMBDA: 0.2300
Number of near field matrix elements: 1437056 ( 4.2601 % of full MoM)
SUMMARY OF MEMORY REQUIREMENT FMM (in MByte)
Near field matrix: 16.47

Far field matrix
Direction vectors Fourier trans: 0.03
Fourier trans. basis functions: 8.51
Transfer function: 3.08
Interpolation and filtering: 0.18
Matrix-vector-multiplication: 2.88
-------------
total: 31.14 MByte
for comparison classical MoM: 514.72 MByte
PRE-CONDITIONING OF THE LINEAR SET OF EQUATIONS

...
Memory requirement for preconditioner: 53.578 MByte
A total memory of 86.391 MByte has been allocated dynamically

(peak memory usage so far 95.246 MByte)
The solution required 47 seconds on a Pentium 4 2.4 GHz PC. For comparison the MoM result
required about 515 MByte of RAM and 240 seconds solution time. Even if one sets up the model
to exploit the single plane of symmetry, the MoM requires 262 MByte or RAM and 66 seconds
solution time. As the problem size increase, the difference will become more and more significant.
Figure 2-97 compares the results obtained with the MLFMM with those obtained with the MoM.
30
MoM MLFMM
25
20
RCS (dBsm)
15
10
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
Theta (degrees)
Figure 2-97: Bistatic RCS of a trihedral. Comparison of the MLFMM and MoM results.

Index
A0 card, 2-13, 2-20, 2-39 far fields, 2-4, 2-6, 2-10
A1 card, 2-1, 2-4 as source, 2-142
A2 card, 2-116, 2-122 FE card, 2-4, 2-10, 2-58
A4 card, 2-116 feed, see sources
A5 card, 2-68, 2-86 FF card, 2-1, 2-4, 2-10
AE card, 2-154, 2-157 fields in dielectrics, 2-58
AP card, 2-142 FM card, 2-172
aperture, 2-142 FO card, 2-65
AR card, 2-142 Fock theory, 2-65
attachment to UTD plate, 2-82 for loops, 2-162
FR card, 2-1, 2-4
BL card, 2-1, 2-4
BO card, 2-42 gain
BP card, 2-4, 2-10 power compensation, 2-26
BQ card, 2-26 geometry
BT card, 2-26 copy and transform, 2-70
GF card, 2-42, 2-62, 2-91, 2-100, 2-116
CB card, 2-59, 2-70 Green’s function
circular section, 2-23 coaxial probe feed, 2-116
CL card, 2-20 planar substrate, 2-91, 2-100, 2-157
coaxial cable, 2-132 real ground, 2-42
coaxial probe feed, 2-116 sphere, 2-62
cone section, 2-96 ground
copy geometry, 2-70 perfect conducting, 2-151
coupling, 2-166 real, 2-42
cuboid sphere, 2-55 reflection, 2-42
currents Sommerfeld, 2-42
output, 2-20, 2-23, 2-49 wires inside, 2-122
cylinder, 2-65, 2-96, 2-109
UTD, 2-105 Hertzian dipole, 2-86
DI card, 2-13, 2-17, 2-52 impedance

dielectric loading, 2-103, 2-166
coated sphere, 2-52 transformation, 2-132
fields inside, 2-58 infinite substrate, 2-91
finite substrate, 2-112 input impedance, 2-1
Green’s function, 2-42, 2-62 IP card, 2-1, 2-4
parameter setting, 2-13, 2-17
physical optics, 2-109 KA card, 2-49
sphere, 2-62 KK card, 2-96
substrate, 2-91, 2-100, 2-112, 2-116 KL card, 2-59
surface equivalence, 2-13, 2-17, 2-96, 2-112 KR card, 2-23
volume equivalence, 2-39, 2-55 KU card, 2-13, 2-52
DK card, 2-55
LA card, 2-1, 2-4
DP card, 2-1
labels, 2-2, 2-6, 2-59
edge corrected PO, 2-49 large models, 2-172
edge excitation, 2-100 loading
elements, 2-4, 2-10, 2-26 and SP card, 2-166
excitations, see sources wire segments, 2-103
I-1
loops feed pin, 2-112, 2-116
FOR–NEXT, 2-162 Hertzian dipole, 2-68, 2-86
losses on plates, 2-6 microstrip line, 2-154, 2-157
LS card, 2-166 on coaxial cable, 2-132
LZ card, 2-103, 2-166 plane wave, 2-13, 2-20, 2-39
transmission line, 2-162
magnetic media, 2-55 voltage at a node, 2-122
ME card, 2-13, 2-17, 2-52, 2-96, 2-112 voltage on a segment, 2-1, 2-4
microstrip voltage on an edge, 2-100, 2-154, 2-157
feed line, 2-154 SP card, 2-151, 2-157, 2-166
filter, 2-157 spherical section, 2-13, 2-52
wire approximation, 2-91 stub
MLFMM, 2-172 shorted, 2-132
substrate
near fields, 2-4, 2-10
finite, 2-112
non-radiating network, 2-162
infinite, 2-91, 2-154, 2-157
OS card, 2-20, 2-23, 2-49 surface equivalence, 2-13, 2-17
as source, 2-142
parabolic reflector, 2-68, 2-142 SY card, 2-1, 2-4
patch antenna, 2-91, 2-100, 2-112, 2-116, 2-154 symmetry, 2-2, 2-4
pattern source, 2-142 loading requirements, 2-152
PB card, 2-68
physical optics, 2-10 TG card, 2-70, 2-166
dielectric media, 2-109 TL card, 2-162
edge correction, 2-49 TO card, 2-20
Fock currents, 2-65 torus section, 2-20
wedge correction, 2-59 transform geometry, 2-70
plane wave incidence, 2-13, 2-20, 2-39 transmission lines, 2-103, 2-162
PO card, 2-10, 2-109, 2-151
UT card, 2-78, 2-82
points, 2-5
UTD, 2-78, 2-86
polygons, 2-78, 2-82
current attachment, 2-82
power
cylinder, 2-105
gain compensation, 2-26
UZ card, 2-105
output setting, 2-23, 2-42
proximity coupling, 2-154 volume equivalence, 2-39, 2-55
PS card, 2-4
PW card, 2-23, 2-42 wedge corrected PO, 2-59
PY card, 2-78, 2-82
ZY card, 2-65, 2-96, 2-109
QU card, 2-39
radiation pattern, 2-1

real (reflection) ground, 2-42
resistive loading, see loading
S-parameters, 2-151, 2-157

scaling, 2-13, 2-26
segments, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4
SF card, 2-13, 2-26
SK card, 2-4, 2-126, 2-129
skin effect losses, 2-6
sources
far field pattern, 2-142
I-2

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Copyright 1998 – 2013: EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

2 Scripting only examples 2-1

October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd October 2013

Running FEKO LITE

October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

2 Scripting only examples

2.1 Example 1: Half wavelength dipole

Figure 2-1: Half wavelength dipole antenna

** A lambda/2 dipole antenna in free space

** Set the wavelength

** Define the points

** Define lower half of the dipole without the feed

October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

** Create feed segment with the label 1

** End of the geometric input -- write complete geometry to output file

** Calculate and set the frequency (approximately 75 MHz)

** Excite by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) on the segment with label 1

** Calculate the far field in the vertical plane

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. 1

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd October 2013

real part imag. part magn. phase

Power in Watt: 5.51599E-03

VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V

LOCATION ETHETA EPHI directivity in dB ...

0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR

October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

2.2 Example 2: A dipole antenna in front of a plate

Figure 2-2: Dipole antenna in front of a conducting plate

** A lambda/2 dipole antenna 3/4 lambda in front of a plate with

** Define the points

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd October 2013

** Create the top half of the dipole antenna (without excitation)

** End of the geometry input

** Calculate and set the frequency

** Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field)

October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

Figure 2-3: The meshed geometry of Example 2

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. 1

real part imag. part magn. phase

Power in Watt: 4.86725E-03

VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd October 2013

VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m

VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V

LOCATION ETHETA EPHI directivity in dB ...

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. 1

real part imag. part magn. phase

Power in Watt: 4.86725E-03

October 2013 FEKO Scripting Examples

POWER LOSS METAL (in Watt)

| in the segments | in the

Total loss in the segments: 0.0000E+00 W

Loss metal (total): 3.0107E-07 W

VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m

(total field, incident and scattered)

VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m

(total field, incident and scattered)

VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V

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