Astm E104 - 2012 PDF
Astm E104 - 2012 PDF
Astm E104 - 2012 PDF
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TABLE 1 Humidity Fixed Point (HFP) Salt Solutions
HFP Designation Salt Name Chemical Symbol Temperature Range (°C)
HFP 4 Caesium fluoride CsF 15 to 80
HFP 7 Lithium bromide LiBr 5 to 80
HFP 12 Lithium chloride LiCl 5 to 80
HFP 23 Potassium acetate CH3COOK 10 to 30
HFP 33 Magnesium chloride MgCl2 5 to 80
HFP 43 Potassium carbonate K2CO3 5 to 30
HFP 59 Sodium bromide NaBr 5 to 80
HFP 70 Potassium iodide KI 5 to 80
HFP 75 Sodium chloride NaCl 5 to 80
HFP 85 Potassium chloride KCl 5 to 80
HFP 98 Potassium sulfate K2SO4 5 to 50
resistant, non-hygroscopic material such as glass. A metal or 9.2 The container should be small to minimize the influence
plastic container is acceptable if the solution is retained in a of any temperature variations acting upon the container and
dish or tray made of appropriate material. Refer also to 9.2 for contents. A maximum proportion of 25 cm3 volume/cm2 of
size restrictions. solution surface area is suggested, and overall container
headspace volume should be no larger than necessary to
8. Reagents and Materials confine a stored item.
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be 9.3 Measurement accuracy is strongly dependent on the
used for preparation of all standard solutions. Unless otherwise ability to achieve and maintain temperature stability during
indicated, it is intended that all reagents conform to the actual use of any solution system. Temperature instability of
specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the 60.1°C can cause corresponding instabilities in generated
American Chemical Society where such specifications are values of relative humidity of 60.5 %.
available.5 Other grades may be used, provided it is first
9.4 The compatibility of any constant relative humidity
ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to
system used for instrument calibration testing should be
permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determi-
confirmed by reference to the instrument manufacturer’s in-
nation.
structions.
8.1.1 Saturated salt solutions may be prepared using either
amorphous or hydrated reagents (that is, reagents containing 9.5 Important considerations leading to stability should
water of crystallization). Hydrated reagents are often preferred include (but are not necessarily limited to) the following:
to amorphous forms for their solvating characteristics. 9.5.1 Elimination of leakage paths.
9.5.2 Elimination of heat sources or heat sinks, or both, for
8.2 Purity of Water—Reagent water produced by
temperature stability.
distillation, or by ion exchange, or reverse osmosis followed by
9.5.3 Limiting flow rate to preclude source carry-over.
distillation shall be used. See Specification D1193.
8.3 Nomenclature for Salts—The proper nomenclature for 10. Preparations of Aqueous Solutions
the Humidity Fixed Point (HFP) salt chemicals and the 10.1 Caution—Some saturated salt-water systems should
corresponding acceptable temperature ranges are provided in be regarded as hazardous materials. Refer to 1.5 and 1.6 for
Table 1. The scale encompasses relative humidity ranges from guidelines.
2 % to 98.5 % and a temperature range from 5°C to 80°C.
When the salt solutions are used at temperatures above 40°C, 10.2 Saturated Salt-Water Systems:
the risk of salt crystals settling on the surface rather than being 10.2.1 Select a salt of characteristic value from Annex A1.
immersed in the solution must be taken into account. The reference document by Greenspan6 contains information
on many other saturated salt solutions which may be used.
9. Technical Precautions These additional systems, however, are less accurately or less
completely defined in value. Also, some may only be used
9.1 Although a container capable of airtight closure is
when freshly prepared (to limit the influence of chemical
described in Section 7, it may be desirable to have a vent under
instability such as hydrolysis or acid gas absorption). The salts
certain conditions of test or with some kinds of containers
listed in Annex A1 can be used for a year or more.
(changes in pressure may produce undesirable cracks in some
10.2.2 Place a quantity of the selected salt in the bottom of
types of containers). The vent should be as small as practical to
a container or an insert tray to a depth of about 4 cm for low
minimize loss of desired equilibrium conditions when in use.
rh salts, or to a depth of about 1.5 cm for high rh salts.
10.2.3 Add water in about 2-mL increments, stirring well
5
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
after each addition, until the salt can absorb no more water as
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
6
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia Greenspan, L., “Humidity Fixed Points of Binary Saturated Aqueous
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, Solutions,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
MD. Vol. 81A, 1977, pp. 89–96.
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evidenced by free liquid. Although a saturated solution system figures associated with each source value, as stated in the
is defined when any excess quantity of undissolved solute is Annex tables. In actual use, lack of temperature equilibrium
present, it is preferred to keep the excess liquid present to a (60.5°C) and other functional losses can reduce the bias
minimum for ease in handling and for minimal impact on statement to 62.5 %. Precision is 60.5 % rh.
stability should temperature variations occur.
10.2.4 Close the container and allow 1 h for temperature 12. Keywords
stabilization.
10.2.5 The container may be used as a reservoir from which 12.1 aqueous solution; constant relative humidity; control of
quantities of slush can be transferred for use, or the entire relative humidity; equilibrium relative humidity; humidity;
container may be used for conditioning tests. relative humidity; saturated salt solutions
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. EQUILIBRIUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY VALUES FOR SELECTED SATURATED AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS
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A1.1 Equlibrium Relative Humidity Values for Selected Saturated Aqueous Salt Solutions
HFP values according to Greenspan (ref-more refs needed from pH table)
t HFP4 HFP7 HFP12 HFP23 HFP33 HFP43 HFP59 HFP70 HFP75 HFP85 HFP98
(°C) Caesium Lithium Lithium Potassium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Potassium Sodium Potassium Potassium
fluoride bromide chloride acetate chloride carbonate bromide iodide chloride chloride sulfate
5 — 7.4 ± 0.8 13 (11.2 - 14.0) — 33.6 ± 0.3 43.1 ± 0.5 63.5 ± 0.8 73.3 ± 0.4 75.7 ± 0.3 87.7 ± 0.5 98.5 ± 1.0
10 — 7.1 ± 0.7 13 (11.3 - 14.3) 23.4 ± 0.6 33.5 ± 0.3 43.1 ± 0.4 62.2 ± 0.6 72.1 ± 0.4 75.7 ± 0.3 86.8 ± 0.4 98.2 ± 0.8
15 4.3 ± 1.4 6.9 ± 0.7 12 (11.3 - 13.8) 23.4 ± 0.4 33.3 ± 0.3 43.2 ± 0.4 60.7 ± 0.6 71.0 ± 0.3 75.6 ± 0.2 85.9 ± 0.4 97.9 ± 0.7
20 3.8 ± 1.1 6.6 ± 0.6 12 (11.1 - 12.6) 23.1 ± 0.3 33.1 ± 0.2 43.2 ± 0.4 59.1 ± 0.5 69.9 ± 0.3 75.5 ± 0.2 85.1 ± 0.3 97.6 ± 0.6
25 3.4 ± 1.1 6.4 ± 0.6 11.3 ± 0.3 22.5 ± 0.4 32.8 ± 0.2 43.2 ± 0.4 57.6 ± 0.4 68.9 ± 0.3 75.3 ± 0.2 84.2 ± 0.3 97.3 ± 0.5
30 3.0 ± 0.8 6.2 ± 0.5 11.3 ± 0.3 21.6 ± 0.6 32.4 ± 0.2 43.2 ± 0.5 56.0 ± 0.4 67.9 ± 0.3 75.1 ± 0.2 83.6 ± 0.3 97.0 ± 0.4
35 2.7 ± 0.7 6.0 ± 0.5 11.3 ± 0.3 — 32.1 ± 0.2 — 54.6 ± 0.4 67.0 ± 0.3 74.9 ± 0.2 83.0 ± 0.3 96.7 ± 0.4
40 2.4 ± 0.6 5.8 ± 0.4 11.2 ± 0.3 — 31.6 ± 0.2 — 53.2 ± 0.5 66.1 ± 0.3 74.7 ± 0.2 82.3 ± 0.3 96.4 ± 0.4
45 2.2 ± 0.5 5.7 ± 0.4 11.2 ± 0.3 — 31.1 ± 0.2 — 52.0 ± 0.5 65.3 ± 0.3 74.5 ± 0.2 81.7 ± 0.3 96.1 ± 0.4
50 2.1 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 0.4 11.1 ± 0.3 — 30.5 ± 0.2 — 50.9 ± 0.6 64.5 ± 0.3 74.5 ± 0.9 81.2 ± 0.4 95.8 ± 0.5
55 2.0 ± 0.4 5.4 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.3 — 29.9 ± 0.2 — 50.2 ± 0.7 63.8 ± 0.3 74.5 ± 0.9 80.7 ± 0.4 —
60 2.0 ± 0.4 5.3 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.3 — 29.3 ± 0.2 — 49.7 ± 0.8 63.1 ± 0.4 74.4 ± 0.9 80.3 ± 0.5 —
65 2.1 ± 0.5 5.3 ± 0.3 10.9 ± 0.3 — 28.5 ± 0.3 — 49.5 ± 1.0 62.5 ± 0.4 74.2 ± 0.9 79.9 ± 0.5 —
70 2.2 ± 0.6 5.2 ± 0.3 10.8 ± 0.4 — 27.8 ± 0.3 — 49.7 ± 1.1 61.9 ± 0.3 74.1 ± 0.9 79.5 ± 0.6 —
75 2.4 ± 0.7 5.2 ± 0.3 10.6 ± 0.4 — 26.9 ± 0.3 — 50.3 ± 1.3 61.4 ± 0.5 74.0 ± 0.9 79.2 ± 0.7 —
80 2.6 ± 0.8 5.2 ± 0.3 10.5 ± 0.5 — 26.1 ± 0.4 — 51.4 ± 1.5 61.0 ± 0.5 73.9 ± 0.9 78.9 ± 0.8 —
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