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Distributed System (DS) : Distributed Systems Chapter One

The document discusses the key characteristics of distributed systems. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single coherent system to users. The computers in a distributed system can vary in size and function, ranging from microprocessors to large general-purpose computers. They are connected through a network and collaborate by sharing resources and exchanging information. Some key characteristics are that distributed systems hide the differences between interconnected computers from users and should be scalable.

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محمد احمد علي
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338 views

Distributed System (DS) : Distributed Systems Chapter One

The document discusses the key characteristics of distributed systems. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single coherent system to users. The computers in a distributed system can vary in size and function, ranging from microprocessors to large general-purpose computers. They are connected through a network and collaborate by sharing resources and exchanging information. Some key characteristics are that distributed systems hide the differences between interconnected computers from users and should be scalable.

Uploaded by

محمد احمد علي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Distributed Systems‬‬ ‫‪Chapter One‬‬

‫)‪Distributed System (DS‬‬


‫‪A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that‬‬
‫‪appears to the users as a single coherent system.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‪ :‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪ (independent‬ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ )‪ (coherent‬ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ أي‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ‪.WWW‬‬
‫‪The computers in a distributed system may vary in size and function.‬‬
‫‪They may include microprocessors, personal computers, and large general-‬‬
‫‪purpose computer systems. A general structure of a distributed system is‬‬
‫‪shown in Figure below.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت دﻗﯿﻘﺔ )ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺎﯾﻜﺮوﯾﺔ(‪ ،‬أو ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ )‪ ،(PC‬أو ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻷﻏﺮاض ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع‪.‬‬
‫‪Site C‬‬
‫‪Site A‬‬
‫‪server‬‬

‫‪network‬‬ ‫‪resources‬‬

‫‪communication‬‬

‫‪client‬‬

‫‪Site B‬‬
‫‪General Structure of a Distributed System‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ال ‪ site A‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ او ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺨﺎدم ‪ server‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ site B‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺰﺑﻮن او اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ ‪ ، client‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫أﺧﺮى ‪ site C‬ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮارد )‪ (resources‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ أي ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت(‪ .‬وﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Distributed Systems‬‬ ‫‪Chapter One‬‬

‫‪ Characteristics of Distributed Systems‬‬


‫‪• The distributed system consists of components (i.e., computers) that‬‬
‫‪are independent.‬‬
‫‪• The users (either people or programs) are dealing with a single‬‬
‫‪system.‬‬
‫‪• This components need to collaborate.‬‬
‫‪• Computers types could range from high-performance mainframe‬‬
‫‪computers to small nodes in sensor networks.‬‬
‫‪• No assumptions are made on the way that computers are‬‬
‫‪interconnected.‬‬
‫‪• The differences between the various computers and the ways in which‬‬
‫‪they communicate are mostly hidden from users.‬‬
‫‪• Distributed systems should also be relatively easy to expand or scale.‬‬
‫‪• A distributed system will normally be continuously available,‬‬
‫‪although perhaps some parts may be temporarily out of control.‬‬
‫‪• Users and applications should not notice that parts are being replaced,‬‬
‫‪fixed, or that new parts are added.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ذﻛﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ أﻋﻼه‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن )ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﻮا أﺷﺨﺎص أم ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ( ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻔﺮد‪ .‬أي ﯾﺒﺪو وﻛﺄﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت )أﺟﺰاء( اﻟﻨﻈﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون )‪ (collaborate‬ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪ .‬أي ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﺘﺪرج أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ذات اﻷداء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ )‪high-‬‬
‫‪ (performance mainframe‬إﻟﻰ اﻟ ُﻤﺴﺘَﺸﻌﺮات اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ )اﻟ ُﻤﺘﺤﺴﺴﺎت( )‪ .(sensor‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺴﺴﺎت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل أو اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺤﺮاﺋﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻓﺘﺮاض ﻣﻌﯿﻦ )أو طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة( ﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ .‬أي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن طﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة وطﺮاﺋﻖ رﺑﻄﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻣﺨﻔﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪ (hidden‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﺳﮭﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ً )أي ﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة أو ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ ‪.(nodes‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع داﺋﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ )‪ (continuously available‬ﺣﺘﻰ وإن ﺣﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أو اﺳﺘﺒﺪال أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ أو ﺗﺼﻠﯿﺤﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Distributed Systems‬‬ ‫‪Chapter One‬‬

‫‪ The Organization of Distributed System‬‬


‫‪ The distributed systems are often organized as a layer of‬‬
‫‪software -that is, logically placed between a higher-level layer‬‬
‫‪consisting of users and applications, and a layer underneath‬‬
‫‪consisting of operating systems and basic communication networks.‬‬
‫‪Such distributed system is called Middleware.‬‬
‫‪ The middleware layer extends over multiple machines.‬‬
‫‪ The distributed system provides the means for components of a single‬‬
‫‪application to be distributed over number of computers and‬‬
‫‪communicate with each other. Also, DS lets different applications to‬‬
‫‪communicate.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ أو ھﯿﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى )‪ (layer‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت‬
‫)‪ (software‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﻗﻌﮫ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬي ﯾُﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﺳﻔﻞ واﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ واﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮورﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع ﯾﺴﻤﻰ )‪ .(Middleware‬وﯾﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ إﺧﻔﺎء اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪) ،‬أي ﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾﺘﻮزع أو ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى )‪ (Middleware‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻮزع أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت وﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة أن‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬أي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻛﺒﯿﺮا‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءة وﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Distributed Systems‬‬ ‫‪Chapter One‬‬

‫وﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أدﻧﺎه ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ وﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وھﻨﺎك ﻣﺴﺘﻮى وﺳﻄﻲ ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت وھﻮ اﻟـ‬
‫)‪ .(Middleware‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﯾﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ )أي ﺗُﻨﻔﺬ أﺟﺰاءه ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ( ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Application B‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻮزع أﺟﺰاءه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺘﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪The Organization of Distributed System‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

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